Namma Kalvi

www.nammakalvi.org

SHRI KRISHNA ACADEMY

NEET,JEE & BOARD EXAM(10th,+1,+2) COACHING CENTRE
SBM SCHOOL CAMPUS, TRICHY MAIN ROAD,NAMAKKAL
CELL: 99655 31727 , 94432 31727

gj;jhk; tFg;G

Gj;jf Gwtatpdhf;fs; &

mftatpdhf;fs;
myF -1

tpilf;fsQ;rpak;
2019 - 2020
jkpo;j; Jiw
tpilf;fsQ;rpak;
= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727
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 www.nammakalvi.org

,ay; - 1 - nkhop
mKjCw;W
ghlE}y; tpdh
gyTs; njhpf.
1. „nkj;jtzpfyd;‟ vd;Dk; njhlhpy; jkpoofdhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ-------------
m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk;
M) ngUk; tzpfKk; ngUk; fyd;fSk;
,) Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
<) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
2. fha;e;j ,iyAk; fha;e;j NjhifAk; epyj;Jf;F ey;y cuq;fs;. ,j;njhlhpy;
mbf;Nfhbl;lgFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ ------------
m) ,iyAk; rUFk; M) NjhifAk; rz;Lk;
,) jhSk; XiyAk; <) rUFk; rz;Lk;
3. ve;jkpo;eh vd;gijg; gphpj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk; ----------------
m) ve;+ jkpo; + eh M) ve;j + jkpo;; +eh
,) vk;+ jkpo;+ eh <) ve;jk; + jkpo; +eh
4. Nfl;lth; kfpog; ghba ghly; ,J - njhlhpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s njhopw;ngaUk;
tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; KiwNa---------------
m) ghba; Nfl;lth; M) ghly;; ghba
,) Nfl;lth; ; ghba <) ghly; ; Nfl;lth;
5. Nth;f;fliy> kpsfha; tpij> khq;nfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; gaph;tif-----
m) Fiytif M) kzptif ,) nfhOe;J tif <) ,iytif

FWtpdh
1. „Ntq;if‟ vd;gijj; njhlh;nkhopahfTk;; nghJnkhopahfTk; NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Lf.
i) Ntq;if: Ntq;if vd;Dk; kuj;ijj; Fwpf;Fk; (jdpnkhop)
ii) Ntk;+ if : Ntfpd;w if vdTk; nghUs; jUfpwJ (njhlh;nkhop)

2. “kd;Dk; rpyg;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt!

Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk!” - ,t;tbfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
Ik;ngUq;fhg;;gpaq;fisj; jtpu vQ;rpAs;s fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.
 rPtf rpe;jhkzp
 tisahgjp
 Fz;lyNfrp
3. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd

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xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd

Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; rhpahd njhlh;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b> vQ;rpa gpioahd
njhlhpYs;s gpiof;fhd fhuzj;ij vOJf.
rhpahd njhlh;fs;
 xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd
 xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd
gpioahd njhlh;
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd
gpiof;fhd fhuzk;
jhW - thiof;Fiy; rPg;G - thioj; jhw;wpd; gFjp
thioj;jhw;wpy; gy rPg;Gfs; cs;sd vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;
4. “cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; fhzpd; gpwh;Nky;
tLf;fhz; tw;whFk; fPo;”- ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s msngilapd; tifiar;
Rl;b> mjd; ,yf;fzk; jUf.
cLg;gJ}k;: ,d;dpir msngil te;Js;sJ
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpy; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msngLg;gJ ,d;dpir
msngilahFk;.
5. jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpNyil mikAk; eaj;jpw;F xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
xU nrhy;Nyh> nrhw;nwhlNuh ,U nghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; mzp
vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; „rpNyil mzp‟ vd;Wk; miog;gh;. jw;fhy ciueil
gapYk; Nkilg;Ngr;rpYk; rpNyilfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
v.fh. nrd;id tuNtw;fpwJ vd;gij Mk;> nrd;id tu Nth;f;fpwJ
(tpah;f;fpwJ vd;gjd; Ngr;R tof;F) vd;W rpNyil %yk; gfbahfr;
nrhy;yyhk;.

rpWtpdh:
1. jkpod;idia tho;j;Jtw;fhd fhuzq;fshfg; ghtyNuW Rl;Ltd ahit?

md;id nkhopNa! mofhh;e;j nre;jkpNo!

Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id Kfpo;j;j eWq;fdpNa!
fd;dpf; Fkhpf; fly;nfhz;l ehl;bilapy;
kd;dp murpUe;j kz;Zyfg; NguuNr!

njd;dd; kfNs! jpUf;Fwspd; khz;GfNo!

,d;dWk; ghg;gj;Nj! vz;njhifNa ew;fzf;Nf!
kd;DQ; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt!
Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk!

md;id nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop goikf; Fg; goikahfj; Njhd;wpa

eWq;fdpahfTk;> fly; nfhz;l Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J murhz;l
kz;Zyfg; NguurhfTk;> ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfshfTk; jpUf;Fwspd; ngUk;
= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727
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 ngUikf;FhpatshfTk; gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif Kjypa rq;f E}y;fshfTk;
epiyj;J epw;Fk; rpyg;gjpfhukhfTk; mofhd kzpNkfiyahfTk; tpsq;Ftjhy;
jkpod;idia tho;j;Jfpd;whh;.

2. „Gspaq;fd;W Mokhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ.‟

,J Nghy; ,sk; gaph; tif Ie;jpd; ngah;fisj; njhlh;fspy; mikf;f.
 fz;zd; taypy; ney;ehw;wpw;Fj; jz;zPh; gha;r;rpdhd;.
 jhj;jh epiwa njd;dk;gps;isfis thq;fp te;jhh;.
 fj;jhp ehw;wpy; ntl;Lf;fpspfs; ,Ue;jd
 khq;fd;W kiof;Fg;gpwF jsph; tpl;Ls;sJ
 thiokuj;jpdbap;y; thiof;fd;Wfs; cs;sd.
 tlyp- fhl;by; gidtlypiag; ghh;j;Njd;
 igq;$o; - Nrhsg; igq;$o; gRikahf cs;sJ

3. „ mwpe;jJ> mwpahjJ> Ghpe;jJ> GhpahjJ> njhpe;jJ> njhpahjJ> gpwe;jJ>

gpwthjJ ,it midj;ijAk; ahk; mwpNthk; mJ gw;wpa ckJ mwpTiu
vkf;Fj; Njit ,y;iy. vy;yhk; vkf;Fj; njhpAk;. ,f;$w;wpy; tz;z
vOj;Jfspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; njhopw;ngah;fshf khw;wp vOJf.

tpidKw;W njhopw;ngah;
mwpe;jJ mwpjy;
mwpahjJ mwpahik
Ghpe;jJ Ghpjy;
GhpahjJ Ghpahik
njhpe;jJ njhpjy;
njhpahjJ njhpahik
gpwe;jJ gpwj;jy;
gpwthjJ gpwthik

4. jkpoofdhh; jkpioAk; fliyAk; ,ul;LwnkhopAk; ghq;fpid tpsf;Ff.

Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy; Kr;rq;fk; fz;ljhy;

nkj;j tzpfyKk; Nktyhy; - epj;jk;
mizfple;Nj rq;fj; jth;fhf;f Mopf;F
,izfple;j Njjkpo; <z;L
- jdpg;ghly; jpul;L

jkpo; :
jkpo;> jkpo;> ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpoha; tsh;e;jJ@ Kjy;>
,il> fil Mfpa Kr;rq;fq;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ@ Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fis

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mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ@ rq;fg; gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j rq;fg;Gyth;fshy;

fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
fly;:
fly;> Kj;jpidAk;> mkpo;jpidAk; jUfpwJ@ ntz;rq;F> ryQ;ryk;>
ghQ;rrd;ak; Mfpa %d;W tifahd rq;Ffisj; jUfpwJ@ kpFjpahd tzpff;
fg;gy;fs; nry;Yk;gb ,Uf;fpwJ@ jd; miyahy; rq;fpidj; jLj;J epWj;jpf;
fhf;fpwJ.

neLtpdh
1. kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhhpd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg; ghliyAk; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd;
jkpo;tho;j;ijAk; xg;gpl;L Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

 Kd;Diu
 ehLnkhop
 ngUik
 ngUikia gug;Gjy;
 KbTiu

Kd;Diu:
jhNa! jkpNo tzf;fk;
jha; kfd; cwTk;kh. cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;
nra;As; xd;wid ,aw;Wk; NghJ nja;tj;ijNah> ,aw;ifiaNah>
cah;e;jhiuNah> ehl;ilNah> nkhopiaNah tho;j;jpj; njhlq;FtJ ftpQh;fspd;
,ay;G. ,q;F ,U ftpQh;fspd; tho;j;Jg; ghly;fs; gw;wp Ma;e;J xg;gpLNthk;
ehLnkhop:
ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; jkpo;nkhopia md;id nkhopahfTk;
nre;jkpohfTk;> ew;fdpahfTk;> NguurhfTk;> ghz;badpd; kfshfTk;>
jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikf;FhpatshfTk; xg;Gikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;shh;.
kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhh; jkpo; epyj;ijg; ngz;zhf cUtfk; nra;Js;shh;
me;epyg;ngz; fliy Milahf mzpe;Js;shs;> mts; new;wpapypl;l nghl;L
kzk; tPRtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. jkpo; kzk; vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; Gfo;
kzf;Fk; gb ,Uf;fpd;w jkpo;g;ngz;Nz vd;W ngz; nja;tj;jpw;F xg;gpl;Ls;shh;
ngUik
jpUf;Fws;> vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L> gjpndz;fPo;ff
; zf;F> epiyj;j
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Mfpa E}y;fspd; %yk; nghq;fp vOk; epidTfshy;
jiygzpe;J tho;j;JfpNwhk; vd;W ghtyNuW tho;j;Jfpwhh;.
ngUikia gug;Gjy;:
gok;ngUikAk;> jdf;nfdj; jdpr;rpwg;Gk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;
nfhz;ljhfTk; jkpo; cs;sJ. ePz;l epiyj;j jd;ikAk; nfhz;l jkpo;nkhop>
cs;sj;jpy; fdy; %s> tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj; Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg;
ghLtJ Nghd;W ehq;fs; cd;idr; Ritj;J cd; ngUikia vq;Fk;
Koq;Ffpd;Nwhk;
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 jkpo;g; ngz;Nz ,d;Wk; ,sikahf ,Uf;fpd;w cd; rpwg;ghdj;
jpwikia tpae;J vq;fs; nray;fis kwe;J cdJ Gfiog; Nghw;WNthk;.
KbTiu:

rhFk;NghJk; jkpo;g;gbj;Jr; rhfNtz;Lk;- vd;wd;

rhk;gYk; jkpo;kze;J NtfNtz;Lk;

vd;W ftpQh; f. rr;rpjhde;jd; $Wtjw;Ff; fhuzk; $l jkpopd;

Nkw;fz;l rpwg;GfNs vd;W $wyhk;.
2. jkpopd; nrhy;tsk; gw;wpAk; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit Fwpj;Jk;
jkpo;kd;wj;jpy; NgRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;Gfis vOJf.
tzf;fk;!
nrhy;tsk;:
 ,yf;fpar; nrk;nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; nghJNtDk;;> jkpo;kl;Lk; mjpy; jiy
rpwe;jjhFk;.
 jkpo;r;nrhy; tsj;ijg; gyJiwfspYk; fhzyhk;
 xU nghUl; gy nrhy; thpirfs; jkpioj; jtpu NtW ve;jj; jpuhtpl
nkhopfspd; mfuhjpfspYk; fhzg;gltpy;iy
 “gpw jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fhpadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fSk; jkpopy;; cs”
vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lnty;
nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit:
 nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit vd;gJ mjd; gad;ghl;L Kiwiaf; nfhz;Nl
mikfpwJ
 ,d;iwa mwptpay; tsh;;r;rpf;Nfw;g E}y;fisg; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fj;Jld;
gilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
 ,yf;fpa Nkd;ikf;Fk; kf;fs; mwpTilath;fshf cah;tjw;Fk;. Gjpa
nrhy;yhf;fk; Njit.
 nkhop vd;gJ cyfpd; Nghl;b Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xU Nghh;f;fUtpahFk;.
mf;fUtp fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 jkpopd; ngUikAk; nkhopapd; rpwg;Gk; Fd;whky; ,Uf;f jkpopy; Gjpa
nrhy;yhf;fk; Njit
 cyfpd; gpw Ma;Tr; rpe;jidfisj; jkpo;g;gLj;jp vOJk; NghJ gpwnkhop
mwpah jkpoDk; mr;rpe;jidfs; Fwpj;J mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
 nkhopNa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; topfhl;b> MfNt nkhopapd; %yk; fyhr;rhuj;ij
epiyehl;l Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fk; Njit
 kf;fspilNa gue;j kdg;ghd;ikiaAk; tphpthd MSikiaAk; epiyehl;l
Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
 gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; fye;jhy; jkpopd; ,dpik FiwAk; mj;Jld;
jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ehsiltpy; kiwe;J may;nkhopr; nrhw;fNs epiyngw;wpl
tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. ,j;jifa epiy Vw;glhjpUf;f jkpopy; Gjpa
nrhy;yhf;fk; Njit

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 jkpopd; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; jd;ik khwhkypUf;fTk; nrhy;yhf;fk; mtrpakhd

xd;W.
 jkpOf;Fr; rpwe;j vjph;fhyk; Ntz;Lkhapd; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fk; Njit

3. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vOJf.

#oy; - ntspehl;bypUe;J cq;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdupd;
kfSf;Fj; jkpo; nkhopiag; Ngr kl;LNk njupAk;. Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; gbj;j
mtuplk; jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
gq;F ngWNthh; - jkpod;> cwtpdh; kfs;
cwtpdh; kfs; : tzf;fk;. Iah!
jkpod; : tzf;fk;.
cwtpdh; kfs; : ciuj;jy; my;yJ nrhy;Yjy; vd;why; vd;d?
jkpod; : ePAk; ehDk; Ngrpdhy; ciuahly; mijNa vOjpdhy;
ciueil
cwtpdh; kfs; : ciueil tsh;r;rp gw;wp cq;fs; fUj;J ahJ?
jkpod; : jkpo; ,d;W mw ,yf;fpaq;fshf fhg;gpaq;fshf>
rpw;wyf;fpaq;fshf> re;jf;ftpijfshf> GJf;ftpijfshf
ciueilapy; tUfpwJ. ciueilapd; tsh;r;rpNah
mstw;wJ. rpWfij> fl;Liu> Gjpdk; Nghd;wit ciueil
tbtq;fNs.
cwtpdh; kfs; : jkpo; ciueilapd; NtW rpwg;Gfisf; $Wq;fs; Iah.
jkpod; : czh;r;rpfisf; fhl;l ctik nfhz;l nkhopeilf;F Vw;w
fUtp. ciueilapy; ctikia tpl cUtfNk
czh;Tfisj; J}z;b vOg;Gtjpy; ntw;wp ngWfpd;wd.
cwtpdh; kfs; : vLj;Jf;fhl.;L ctikazpia ciueilapy; gad;gLj;j
KbAkh?
jkpod; : KbAk;. vt;thnwdpy; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia
ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; ,iz xg;G vd;fpNwhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf “GNuhfpjUf;fhf mkhthir
fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy” vd;W vOj;jhsh; t. uhkrhkp „kioAk;
GaYk;‟ vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,J kl;Lky;y
m/wpizg; nghUis cah;;jpizahff; fUjp> fw;gid
nra;J ciueilapy; vOJth;.
cwtpdh; kfs; : ciueilapy; Xir ,d;gk; Vw;gLkh?
jkpod; : vJif Nkhid nrhw;fis kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jp
ciuahrphpah;fs; gyh; ciunaOjp cs;sdh;.
= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727
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 vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,uh. gp. NrJgps;isapd; jkpopd;gk; vd;Dk;
E}iyf; $wyhk;
cwtpdh; kfs; : ePq;fs; ciueilapy; NtW vd;d cj;jpfisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwPh;fs;?
jkpod; : nrhy;iyNah fUj;ijNah jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;Yjy;. rpy
,lq;fspy; msthfg; gad;gLj;jp ciueilia moF
nra;th;
cwtpdh; kfs; : Kuz; Fwpj;j NtW nra;jpfisf; $Wq;fs; Iah!
jkpod; : fyg;gpy;yhj ngha;‟ . . . ,ijr; nrhy;Kuz; vd;fpNwhk;
vjpUk; GjpUkhd Kuz;gLk; fUj;Jf;fSf;F mOj;jk;
nfhLg;gij vjphpiz ,irT vd;fpNwhk;.
cwtpdh; kfs; : czh;r;rpapd; cr;rpepiy vd;d?
jkpod; : nrhy;iyNah> fUj;JfisNah mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk; Kiw
cr;repiy jhNd!
cwtpdh; kfs; : kpf;f ed;wp Iah> jq;fsplkpUe;J ciueilapd; rpwg;gpid
ed;F mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;.
jkpod; : tzf;fk;.

nkhopia Ms;Nthk;
gbj;Jr; Ritf;f
ghlypy;> kuk; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g nghUs; jUtjha; 11
,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ nghUs;fisg; nghUj;jpg; gbj;Jr; Ritf;f.
“kukJ1 kuj;jpy;2 Vwp
kukijj;3 Njhspy; itj;J
kukJ4 kuj;ijf;5 fz;L
kuj;jp6dhy; kuj;ijf;7 Fj;jp
kukJ8 topNa nrd;W
tskidf; NfFk; NghJ
kukJ9 fz;l khjh;
kuKld;10 kuk;11 vLj;jhh;”
- jdpg;ghly; jpul;L – Re;juftpuhru;

1 2 3 4>9 5>7 6 8 10 11
murd; kh- Nty; murd; Gyp Nty; fhl;L My; mj;jp
(murkuk;) Fjpiu (fUNtyk;) (Ntq;if) top (My (mj;jp kuk;)
(khkuk;) kuk;) My;+mj;jp=
Muj;jp

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 www.nammakalvi.org
tpil :
“ murd; Fjpiuapy; Vwp
Ntiyj; Njhspy; itj;Nj
murd; Gypiaf; fz;L
Ntypdhy; Gypiaf; Fj;jp
fhl;L topNa nrd;W
tskidf; Nfl;Fk; NghJ
muridf; fz;l khjh;
Muj;jp vLj;jhh;.”
ம ொழிமெயர்ப்பு
1. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you
talk to him in his own language that goes to his heart – Nelson Mandela
ePq;fs; xU kdpjdplk; VjhtJ xU nkhopapy; Ngrpdhy; mij mtd; Ghpe;J
nfhz;L mtd; %isf;Fr; nry;fpwJ. Mdhy; mtDila nkhopapy; Ngrpdhy;
,J mtd; neQ;rj;ij njhLk;- ney;rd; kz;Nlyh.

2. Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from
and where they are going – Rita Mae Brown
nkhopNa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; topfhl;b. mJNt kf;fs; vq;fpUe;J te;jhh;fs; vq;F
Nghfpwhh;fs; vd;gijr; nrhy;Yk; - hpl;lh Nk gpuTz;.
3. re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiofisj; jpUj;Jf.
”NjzpNy Chpa nre;jkpopd; - Rit
NjUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij
CdpNy vk;Kaph; cy;yyTk; - epjk;
Xjp Adh;e;jpd; GUNthNk”
- ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafdhh;
jpUj;jk;:
“NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; -Rit
NjWk; rpyg;gjp fhukij
CdpNy vk;Kaph;cs;ssTk; - epjk;
Xjp Azh;e;jpd; GWNthNk”

4. fPo;fhZk; nrhw;fspd; $l;lg;ngah;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J vOJf.

(Ftpay;> Fiy> ke;ij> Rl;L)
nrhy; $l;lg;ngah; nrhy; $l;lg;ngah;
fy; Ftpay; (fw;Ftpay;) Gy; fl;L (Gw;fl;L)
gok; Fiy (gof;Fiy) ML ke;ij(Ml;Lke;ij)

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5. tpidKw;iw tpidahyizAk; ngauhf khw;wpj; njhlh;fis ,izj;J
vOJf.
1. fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwhh; . mtiu mioj;J thUq;fs;
v.fh fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu mioj;J thUq;fs;
2. Cl;lkpF czT cz;lhh; . mth; ePz;l tho;ehs; ngw;whh;
Cl;lkpF czT cz;lth; ePz;l tho;ehs; ngw;whh;
3. New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jhh;. mth; vd; ez;gh;.
New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jth;; vd; ez;gh;.
4. nghJ mwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg; gbj;jhh;. Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy; ntd;whh;.
nghJ mwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg; gbj;jth;. Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy; ntd;whh;.

6. njhlh;fspy; cs;s tz;zr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mNj nghUSila

NtWnrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp njhlh;fis kPs vOJf.
1. cyfpy; thOk; kf;fspy; rpyh; fdpapUf;ff; fha; Grpj;jiyg;Nghy> ,d;nrhy;
td;nrhy; Ngrp ,d;dw;gLfpd;wdh;.
Gtpapy; thOk; khDlh;fs; rpyh; gokpUf;ff; fha; cz;gijg;Nghy; ,d;nrhy;
td;nrhy; Ngrp Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdh;.
2. ts;sy; Fkzd; tWikahy; thbte;j GytDf;Fj; jdJ jiyiaf;
nfhLj;J kq;fhg; Gfo; ngw;whd;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; Jd;gj;jhy; thbte;j mwpQh;fSf;Fj; jdJ jiyiaf;
<e;J kq;fhg; ngUik ngw;whd;.
3. esDk; mtdJ JiztpAk; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L> me;ehl;L
kf;fs; kioKfpy; fz;l kQ;iQ Nghyf; fsp nfhz;ldh;.
esDk; mtdJ kidtpAk; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L> me;ehl;L
kf;fs; kio Nkfk; fz;l kapiyg; Nghy kfpo;r;rp nfhz;ldh;.
4. Nrhiyapw; G+j;j kzkyh;fspy; RUk;Gfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghb kJTz;ld.
ee;jtdj;jpy; G+j;j kzkyh;fspy; tz;Lfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghb Njid
cz;ld.
5. gRNghy; rhe;jKk; GypNghy; jPuKk; ahid Nghy ciog;Gk; kdpjDf;F
Ntz;Lk;
Mg;;Nghy; mikjpAk; Ntq;if Nghy;; tPuKk; fspW Nghy ciog;Gk;
kdpjDf;F Ntz;Lk;.

fl;Liu vOJf.
Fkhpf; fly;KidiaAk; Ntq;fl kiyKfl;ilAk; vy;iyahff;
nfhz;l njd;dth; jpUehl;bw;Fg; Gfo; Njbj;je;j ngUik> jifrhy;
jkpod;idiar; rhUk; vopy;Nrh; fd;dpaha; vd;Wk; jpfOk; mt;td;idf;F>
gps;isj; jkpo; Ngrp rjfk; rikj;J guzp ghb> fyk;gfk; fz;L> cyhte;J>
me;jhjp $wp> Nfhit ahj;J mzpahfg; G+l;b mo$l;b mfk;kpf kfpo;e;jdh;
nre;ehg;Gyth;fs;.
,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;L „rhd;Nwhh; tsh;j;j jkpo;‟ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
fl;Liu vOJf.

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„rhd;Nwhh; tsh;j;j jkpo;‟

Fwpg;Gr; rl;lk;

 Kd;Diu
 jkpopd; njhd;ik
 [p.A. Nghg;gpd; jkpo;g;gzp
 tPukhKdpthpd; jkpo;g;gzp
 MWKf ehtyhpd; jkpo;g;gzp
 ehd;fhk; jkpo;r;rq;fk;
 cyfj;jkpo; khehL
 KbTiu

Kd;Diu
fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; Xiria xspahf;fp mjw;F thptbtk; je;J>
nkhopahf epiyngwr; nra;j kdpjdpd; nraYf;F ,izahd gilg;Ngh
fz;Lgpbg;Ngh ,JfhWk; Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;gNj cz;ik. mt;thW Njhd;wpa
Kjy; nkhopNa jkpo;nkhop jhd; vd;gJ kpfTk; ngUikf;Fhpa xd;whFk;.
,j;jkpo;nkhop rhd;Nwhh;fs; gyhpd; jpahfj;jhYk; ciog;ghYk; mJ ,d;W
cah;jdpr; nrk;nkhopahf epiyngw;W epw;fpwJ. nkhop tsh;j;j rhd;Nwhh;fs;
rpyiug; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
jkpopd; njhd;ik:
“fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf;
fhyj;Nj thNshL Kd;Njd;wpa %j;jFb”
vdj; jkpodj;jpd; njd;ikiag; Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy $WfpwJ. jkpopd;
njhd;ikiaf; fUjp “vd;WKs njd;jkpo;” vd;ghh; fk;gh; „cyfk; Nt&d;wpa
ehs;Kjy; caph;nkhop‟ vd;whh; ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;.
[p.A. Nghg;gpd; jkpo;g;gzp
jkpo;nkhopahy; <h;f;fg;gl;L jkpoha; kyh;e;J kzk; gug;gp vd;Wk;
jkpOyfpy; mopahg;Gfo; ngw;wth;. jpUf;Fwis ehw;gjhz;Lfs; gbj;Jr; Ritj;j
Nghg; mjid Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;jJ 1886Mk; Mz;L ntspapl;L
jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikia cyfwpar; nra;jhh;. Mq;fpy nkhopia md;i d
nkhopahf; nfhz;l Nghg; „,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;”
vdj; jdJ fy;yiwapy; vOJkhW ,WjpKwpapy; vOjp jd;idj; jkpouhfNt
Mf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;.

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tPukhKdpthpd; jkpo;g;gzp:
,j;jhyp ehl;by; gpwe;j tPukhKdpth; jkpofk; te;J jkpiof; fw;whh;;.
jkpo;nkhopg; gw;wpdhy; „ijhpa ehjh;’ vd Kjypy; #l;bf;nfhz;l jdJ ngaiuj;
jdpj;jkpohf;fp‟tPukhKdpth;‟ vdr; #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;. ,th; jkpopy; Kjd;Kjyhfr;
rJufuhjp vd;Dk; mfuKjypia ntspapl;lhh;.
MWKf ehtyhpd; jkpo;g;gzp:
aho;g;ghzk; ey;Y}hpy; gpwe;j MWKfdhuJ nkhopj;jpwikiaAk; thf;F
td;ikiaAk; nghUs; tpsf;Fk; jd;ikiaAk; fz;l jpUthJiw Mjpdj;jhh;
,tUf;F ehtyh; vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij mspj;jdh;. ,tiu „trdeil ifte;j
ty;yhsh;‟ vdg; ghpjpkhw; fiyQh; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. MWKf ehtyh; nrd;idapy;
mr;Rf;$lk; mikj;J rpwe;j jkpo; E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;J midtUk; jkpior;
Ritf;fr; nra;jhh;.
ehd;fhk; jkpo;r; rq;fk;:
Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa Kr;rq;fq;fs; mikj;J jkpio tsh;j;jdh;
jkpo;g; Gyth;fs;. mr;rq;fq;fs; flw;Nfhshy; nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dh; ghpjpkhw;
fiyQh; c.Nt rhkpehjh;. ,uhftdhh; Mfpa Nguhrphpah;fs; JizAld; ghRfu
NrJgjp jiyikapy; ghz;bj;Jiu Nkw;ghh;itapy; kJiuapy; ehd;fhk;
jkpo;r;rq;fj;ij mikj;Jj; jkpio tsh;j;jdh; jkpoh;
cyfj;jkpo; khehL:
cyfpNyNa nkhopf;fhf Kjd;Kjypy; khehL elj;jpa ehL kNyrpah
mJTk; jkpo;nkhop;f;fhf eilngw;wJ. ,yq;if rpq;fg;G+h; kNyrpah Mfpa
ehLfspy; ,d;Wk; jkpNo Ml;rp nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpwJ. fhuzk; mt;tplq;fspy;
Fbngah;e;j jkpoh;fspd; jkpo;g;gw;Wk; jkpio tsh;f;Fk; Nehf;fKNkahFk;.

KbTiu:
Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jkpopdk; cyfnkyhk; gutpj; jd;Gfio
epiyehl;b tUtjw;Fk; fhuzk; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh;fspd; jpahfNk vd;why;
kpifahfhJ.
“jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L
jdpNa mtw;nfhU FzKz;L”

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gh eak; ghuhl;Lf.
NjdpDk; ,dpaew; nre;jkpo; nkhopNa
njd;dhL tpsq;Fwj; jpfOe;njd; nkhopNa
CdpDk; xsph;TWk; xz;lkpo; nkhopNa
czh;tpDf; Fzh;tjha; xsph;jkpo; nkhopNa
thdpDk; Xq;fpa tz;lkpo; nkhopNa
khe;jUf; fpUfzh taq;Fed; nkhopNa
jhddp rpwg;GWe; jdpj;jkpo; nkhopNa
jioj;jpdp Njhq;Ftha; jz;lkpo; nkhopNa
- fh. ekr;rpthau;
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;:
 jpuz;l fUj;J
ikaf;fUj;J
 njhil eak;
 Nkhid eak;
 rPh;Nkhid
 mbNkhid
 vJif eak;
 rPh;vJif
 ,iaG eak;
 mzp eak;
 re;j eak;
 nghUs; eak;

jpuz;l fUj;J :
„thiof;F moF FUj;J
nra;ASf;F moF jpuz;l fUj;J
„NjdpYk; ,dpikahd nrk;ik ngw;w nkhop jkpo; nkhop njd;dhl;by;
rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;w nkhop jkpo;nkhop xsp tPrp mwpTk;> nrwpTk; El;gKk;
nfhz;l nkhop jkpo;nkhop czh;NthL czh;thd nkhop> thdpDk; cah;e;j
tsk;kpf;f nkhop jkpo; jioj;J Xq;Ftha; Fsph;r;rp jq;fpa jkpo; nkhopNa”
vdj; jkpo;nkhopiar; rpwg;gpj;Jr; $wpAs;shh; fh.ekr;rpthah;.
ikaf;fUj;J
jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;Gfis ,dpikahd nkhop> czh;Tf;Nfh czh;itj;
jUk; nkhop> ,U fz;fsha; tpsq;Fk; nkhop vd;W $Wfpwhh;. ,dpAk; jkpo;
nkhop jioj;J tsUk; vd;fpwhh;.
njhil eak;:
„njhilaw;w ghl;L
eilgw;Wg; NghFk;;‟

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 nra;AshdJ vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG> Kjyptw;why; njhFf;fg;gLtJ njhil
vdg;gLk;. ,g;ghlypy; njhil eaq;fs; rpwg;ghf ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
„Nkhid eak;:
„Nkhidaw;w ghl;L
Nridaw;w ehL‟
nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; my;yJ rPh;NjhWk; Kjyhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj;
njhLg;gJ Nkhidj; njhil.
rPh;Nkhid:
njd;dhL - jpfo;;e;njd;
xsph;TWk; - xz;lkpo;
thdpDk; - tz;lkpo;
jhddp - jdpj;jkpo;
mbNkhid:
NjdpDk; - njd;dhL
CdpDk; - czh;tpDf;
jdpj;jkpo; - jz;lkpo;
tz;lkpo; - taq;Fed;
vJif eak;:
„tPuj;Jf;F moF Ntq;if
nra;ASf;F moF vJif
nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk;my;yJ rPh;NjhWk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tuj;
njhLg;gJ vJifj; njhil
rPh;vJif:
NjdpDk;. ,dpaew;
czh;tpDf;> Fzh;tha;
,iaG eak;:
„ghlypd; ,iaG
; tpag;G‟
gbg;Nghh;fF
nra;Aspy; filrp vOj;Njh rPNuh mirNah xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ ,iaGj;
njhil MFk;. nkhopNa‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; mbNjhWk; te;J ,iaghf
mike;Js;sJ. mbNjhWk; %d;whk; rPhpy; nre;jkpo;> xz;lkpo;> xsph;jkpo;>
tz;lkpo;> jdpj;jkpo;> jz;lkpo; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; te;J ghlYf;F ,iaghf
mike;Js;sd.

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mzp eak;:
„NfhtpYf;F moF kzp
nra;ASf;F moF mzp.
,g;ghlypy; „nkhop‟ vd;w nrhy; xNu nghUspy; gyKiw te;J nrhw;nghUl;
gpd;tU epiyazpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ghtif: vz;rPh; fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jk;.
re;j eak; :
„ahidf;F moF je;jk;
nra;ASf;F moF re;jk;‟
,g;ghlyhdJ ghLtjw;F ,dpikahfTk; nghUs; Ghptjw;F vspikahfTk;
mofpa re;j eaj;JlDk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nghUs; eak;:
„kdpjDf;Fj; Njit ,iwaUs;
nra;ASf;Fj; Njit nghUs;‟
nre;jkpo; - nrk;ikahd jkpo;
xz;lkpo; - mwpTk; > nrwpTk; El;gKk; nfhz;l jkpo;
tz;lkpo;- tskpf;f jkpo;
vd ,g;ghlypy; nghUs; eak; rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sJ
nkhopNahL tpisahL
nrhw;fis ,izj;Jg; Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
Njd;> tpsf;F> kio> tpz;> kzp> tpyq;F> nra;> Nkfiy> thd;> nghd;> G+
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : G+kzp
Gjpa nrhw;fs;
 nghd;tpyq;F>
 kzpNkfiy
 thd;kio
 G+kio
 nghd;kzp
 nghd;tpsf;F
 nra;Njd;
 nra;thd;
 Njd;G+
 tpsf;Fthd;
 tpz;kzp

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Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L tpdhtpNyNa tpil ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W tpdhj; njhlh;fs;
mikf;f.
(Fwspd;gk;> Ritf;fhj ,sePh;> fhg;gpar; Rit> kdpjFy Nkd;ik>
tpLKiwehs;) v.fh : Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jopod; cz;lh?
1. kd;dd; Ritf;fhj ,sePh; cz;Nlh?
2. fk;gh; fhyj;jpy; fhg;gpar; Rit cr;repiyapy; ,Ue;jNjh?
3. ,eE}w;whz;by; kdpjFy Nkd;ik rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;FfpwNjh?
4. NjNuhl;lk; md;W tpLKiw ehs; vd mwptpf;fg;gLkh?

vz;Zg; ngah;fisf; fz;L> jkpo; vz;;fspy; vOJf.

nra;As; mb vz;Zg;ngah; jkpo;
ehw;wpirAk; nry;yhj ehby;iy ehd;F r
vWk;Ge;jd; ifahy; vz;rhz; vl;L m
Ie;Jrhy;G Cd;wpa J}z; Ie;J U
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F cWjp ehd;F> ,uz;L r >c
Mid Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w Mapuk; f000
khztDf;F tFg;gJ guzp

mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
1. mltp - fhL jpus;> njhFjp> Nrhiy
2. mty; - gs;sk;> tpisepyk;> Fsk;> ney; ,bay;
3. Rty; - gplhp> KJF> NkL> njhy;iy
4. nrW - tay;> Fsk; > ghj;jp> Nfhgk;
5. godk; - tay;> kUjepyk;. ngha;if
6. GwT - Gwh> rpWfhL> Ky;iyf;nfhb> gaphpLk; epyk;
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf.
tpil :
ez;gh!...
cd; ifapy;
Gj;jfg; igia vL
mkh;
Mo;e;JNahrp
fy;tpiag; gw;wp
cdf;Fg; Ghpe;jpUf;Fk;
midtUf;Fk; Ghpait
fy;tpiag; gw;wp
cdf;Fg; Ghpe;jpUf;Fk;
midtUf;Fk; Ghpait
fy;tpiag; gw;wp
fhyj;ij nty;yyhk;
fy;tp gapY
cyfj;ijAk; nty;yyhk;
fy;tp gapY
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gb
gbj;Jf; nfhz;NlapU
Gj;jfk;
cd;id
Gdpjuhf;Fk;.

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf.

,d;nrhy; top jPa nrhy; top
gpwh; kdk; kfpOk; gpwh; kdk; thLk;
mwk; tsUk; mwk; NjAk;
Gfo; ngUFk; ,fo; ngUFk;
ey;y ez;gh;fs; NrUth; ey;y ez;gh;fs; tpyFth;
md;G epiwAk; gifik epiwAk;

,jpy; ePq;fs; nry;Yk; top ahJ? cq;fs; ez;gUf;Ff; fhl;Lk; top ahJ?
ehq;fs; ,d;nrhy; topiaNa gpd;gw;WNthk;. vq;fs; ez;gUf;Fk; mt;topiaNa
fhl;b mth;fisAk; mt;topapd; gb elf;fr; nra;Nthk;.

fiyr;nrhy; mwpNthk;
Vowel - capnuOj;J conversation - ciuahly;
Consonant - nka;naOj;J Discussion - fye;Jiuahly;
Homorgraph - xg;ngOj;J
Monolingual - xU nkhop

mfta tpdhf;fs;
ftpijg;Ngio - md;id nkhopNa
1. ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; md;id nkhopNa vd;Dk; ghly; fdpr;rhW
njhFjpapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. jkpOf;Ff; fUT+ykha; mike;j ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ciuE}y; jpUf;Fws;
nka;g;nghUSiu
3. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ,aw;ngah; Jiu. khzpf;fk;.
4. rhFk;NghJk; jkpo;g;gbj;Jr; rhfNtz;Lk; vd;wd;
rhk;gYk; jkpo;kze;J NtfNtz;Lk; vd;W $wpath; f. rr;rpjhde;jd;
5. md;id nkhopNa vd;Dk; ghly; jkpo;j;jha; tho;;j;J> Ke;Jw;Nwhk; ahz;Lk;
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mike;Js;sJ.
6. md;id nkhopNa vd;Dk; ghlypy; „njd;dd;‟ vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kd;dd;
ghz;ba kd;dd;.
7. vz;njhifNa vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; E}y; vl;Lj;njhif
8. ghg;gj;Nj vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ gj;Jg;ghl;L
9. ew;fzf;Nf vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F
10. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; rpwg;Gg;ngah; ghtyNuW
11. Jk;gp vd;gjd; nghUs; tz;L
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12. fdy; vd;gjd; nghUs; neUg;G
13. Ke;ij vd;gjd; nghUs; gioik
14. tpe;ij vd;gjd; nghUs; tpag;G
15. fdpr;rhW vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;igg; gilj;jUspath; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
16. nre;jkpiog; gug;gg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; fskhff; nfhz;;l ,jo;fs; njd;nkhop
jkpo;r;rpl;L
17. „cyfpay; E}W‟ vd;w E}ypid ,aw;wpath; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
18. „ghtpaf;nfhj;J‟ vd;w E}ypid ,aw;wpath; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
19. „E}whrphpak;‟ vd;w E}ypid ,aw;wpath; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
20. „vz; Rit vz;gJ‟ vd;w E}ypid ,aw;wpath; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
21. „kfGFtQ;rp‟ vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
22. „gs;spg;gwit‟ vd;w E}ypid ,aw;wpath; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
23. njd;dd; kfs; ahh;? - jkpo;nkhop
24. Kbjho tho;j;JtNk - ,jpy; „Kb‟ vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - jiy
25. Kd;Dk; epidT vd;gjd; nghUs; nghq;fp vOk; epidT
26. kd;Djy; vd;gjd; nghUs; epiyj;jy;
27. „ahz;Lk;‟ vd;gjd; nghUs; vt;tplj;Jk;
28. Ke;Jw;Nwhk; vd;gjd; nghUs; Kw;gLfpd;Nwhk;.
29. nre;jhkiuj; Njd; Fbj;J rpwF tphpj;jJ - Jk;gp
30. jkpopd; ngUk; ngUikf;Fhpa E}yfkhfg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ
jpUf;Fws;
31. vd;Wk; epiyj;j E}yfkhfg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;
32. jkpopd; fiytbtha;j; jpfOk; E}y; kzpNkfiy
33. nrg;Gjy; vd;gjd; nghUs; nrhy;Yjy;
gphpj;njOJf.
1. nre;jkpo; - nrk;ik + jkpo;
2. vz;njhif - vl;L + njhif
3. ve;jkpo;eh - vk; + jkpo; + eh
4. mofhh;e;j - moF + Mh;e;j
5. GfOiu - Gfo; + ciu
6. kz;ZyF - kz; + cyF
7. cs;Saph; - cs; + caph;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
1. ghb - tpidnar;rk;
2. vOg;g - nganur;rk;
3. fdy;%s - tpidnar;rk;
4. nkhopNa - tpspj;njhlh;
5. nre;jkpNo - tpspj;njhlh;
6. NguuNr - tpspj;njhlh;
7. eWq;fdpNa - tpspj;njhlh;
8. khz;GfNo - tpspj;njhlh;
9. ghg;gj;Nj - tpspj;njhlh;
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10. jdpj;jkpNo - tpspj;njhlh;

11. vl;Lj;njhif - gz;Gj;njhif
12. gj;Jg;ghl;L - gz;Gj;njhif
13. NguuR> neLepiyg;G - gz;Gj;njhif
14. Kfpo;e;j> Koq;f - nganur;rk;
15. ciutphpf;Fk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
16. Fbj;J - tpidnar;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. Kfpo;e;j - Kfpo; + j;(e;) + j; + m
Kfpo; - gFjp
j; - re;jp> (e;) - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp
2. tphpf;Fk; - tphp + f; + f; + ck;
tphp - gFjp
f; - re;jp
f; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
ck; - tpFjp
3. vOg;g - vO + g; + g; + m
vO - gFjp
g; - re;jp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp
4. Fbj;J - Fb + j; + j; + c
Fb - gFjp
j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
5. Koq;f - Koq;F + m
Koq;F - gFjp
m - nganur;r tpFjp
FWtpdhf;fs;:
1. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit?
 cyfpay; E}W
 ghtpaf;nfhj;J
 E}whrphpak;
 fdpr;rhW
 vz;Rit vz;gJ
 kfGFtQ;rp
 gs;spg;gwitfs;.

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2. jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;gpid vLj;jpak;Gk; E}y;fsha;g; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Fwpg;gpLk;
E}y;fs; ahit?
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;
 kzpNkfiy
 vl;Lj;njhif
 gj;Jg;ghl;L
 gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;
 jpUf;Fws;.
3. vz;njhif vdg;ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;fs; ahit?
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; :
 ew;wpiz>
 FWe;njhif
 Iq;FWE}W
 gjpw;Wg;gj;J
 ghpghly;
 fypj;njhif
 mfehD}W
 GwehD}W
4. „ghg;gj;J‟ vdg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;fs; ahit?
 jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
 nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
 rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
 ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
 neLey;thil
 FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
 Ky;iyg;ghl;L
 kJiuf;fhQ;rp
 gl;bdg;ghiy
 kiygLflhk;.
5. ew;fzf;F vdg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;fs; ahit?
 ehybahh;
 ehd;kzpf;fbif
 Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
 Ie;jpiz vOgJ
 jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ
 jpiznkhop Ik;gJ
 fhh;ehw;gJ
 fstopehw;gJ
 ,d;dhehw;gJ
 ,dpait ehw;gJ
 jpUf;Fws;
 jphpfLfk;
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 KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp
 Mrhuf;Nfhit
 gonkhop
 Vyhjp
 ife;epiy
 rpWgQ;r%yk;.
6. mofhh;e;j nre;jkpNo vd tpspj;J ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; jkpo;nkhopiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk;
ngUikfisr; Rl;Lf.
md;id nkhopNa! mofha; mike;j nrOe;jkpNo! goikf;Fk;
goikaha;j; Njhd;wpa eWq;fdpNa! fly;nfhz;l Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J
murhz;l kz;Zyfg;NguuNr! vdg; ngUikfisr; Rl;bAs;shh;.
7. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; ahit?
 kzpNkfiy
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;
 rPtfrpe;jhkzp
 tisahgjp
 Fz;lyNfrp
8. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; vkf;Fapu; vd vjidf; $Wfpwhh;?
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; jkpNo vkJaph; vdf; $Wfpwhh;.
9. tz;ilg; Nghy; ehk; vd;d nra;tjhf Mrphpau; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;?
nre;jhkiuj; Njidf; Fbf;fr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLk; tz;ilg; Nghy ehk;
jkpior; Ritj;J jkpopd; ngUikia Koq;Ftjhf Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
rpWtpdh:
1. Ke;Jw;Nwhk; vdg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; $Wk; fUj;Jfs; ahit?
nre;jkpNo! cs;SapNu nrg;ghpa epd;ngUik
ve;jkpo;eh vt;thW vLj;Nj ciutphpf;Fk;?
Ke;ijj; jdpg;GfOk; Kfpo;j;j ,yf;fpaKk;
tpe;ij neLepiyg;Gk; Ntwhh; GfOiuAk;

ce;jp czh;ntOg;g cs;sf; fdy;%sr;

nre;jh kiuj;Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfhh;e;j
me;Jk;gp ghLk; mJNghy ahk;ghb
Ke;Jw;Nwhk; ahz;Lk; Koq;fj; jdpj;jkpNo!

nrOik kpf;f jkpNo! vkf;FapNu! nrhy;Yjw;fhpa epd; ngUikjid

vd;Dila jkpo; ehf;F vt;thW tphpj;Jiuf;Fk;? gok;ngUikAk; jdf;nfd
jdpr;rpwg;Gk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; nfhz;l jkpNo! tpaf;fj;jf;f cd; ePz;l
epiyj;j jd;ikAk; Ntw;W nkhopahh; cd;idg; gw;wp ciuj;j GfOiuAk;
vkf;Fs; gw;wzh;it vOg;Gfpd;wd. vk; jdpj;jkpNo tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj;
Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ Nghd;W ehq;fs; cd;idr; Ritj;J
cs;sj;jpy; fdy;%s cd; ngUikia vq;Fk; Koq;Ffpd;Nwhk;.

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2. jkpo;nkhopiag; Nghw;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzkha; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Fwpg;gpLk;
mUq;fUj;Jfs; ahit? (my;yJ) jkpod;idia tho;j;Jtjw;fhd
fhuzq;fshfg; ghtyNuW Rl;Ltd ahit?

md;id nkhopNa! mofhh;e;j nre;jkpNo!

Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id Kfpo;j;j eWq;fdpNa!
fd;dpf; Fkhpf; fly;nfhz;l ehl;bilapy;
kd;dp murpUe;j kz;Zyfg; NguuNr!

njd;dd; kfNs! jpUf;Fwspd; khz;GfNo!

,d;dWk; ghg;gj;Nj! vz;njhifNa ew;fzf;Nf!
kd;DQ; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt!
Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk!

md;id nkhopNa! mofha; mike;j nrOe;jkpNo! goikf;Fg;

goikaha;j; Njhd;wpa eWq;fdpNa! fly; nfhz;l Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J
murhz;l kz;Zyfg; NguuNr! ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfNs! jpUf;Fwspd; ngUk;
ngUikf;FhpatNs! gj;Jg;ghl;Nl! vl;Lj;njhifNa! rpyg;gjpfhuNk! mofhd
kzpNkfiyNa! nghq;fpnaOk; epidTfshy; jiygzpe;J tho;j;Jfpd;Nwhk;.

nre;jkpNo! cs;SapNu nrg;ghpa epd;ngUik

ve;jkpo;eh vt;thW vLj;Nj ciutphpf;Fk;?
Ke;ijj; jdpg;GfOk; Kfpo;j;j ,yf;fpaKk;
tpe;ij neLepiyg;Gk; Ntwhh; GfOiuAk;

ce;jp czh;ntOg;g cs;sf; fdy;%sr;

nre;jh kiuj;Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfhh;e;j
me;Jk;gp ghLk; mJNghy ahk;ghb
Ke;Jw;Nwhk; ahz;Lk; Koq;fj; jdpj;jkpNo!

nrOik kpf;f jkpNo! vkf;FapNu!nrhy;Yjw;fhpa epd; ngUikjid

vd;Dila jkpo; ehf;F vt;thW tphpj;Jiuf;Fk;? gok;ngUikAk; jdf;nfdj;
jdpr;rpwg;Gk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; fz;l jkpNo! tpaf;fj;jf;f cd; ePz;l epiyj;j
jd;ikAk; Ntw;W nkhopahh; cd;idg; gw;wp ciuj;j GfOiuAk; vkf;Fs;
gw;Wzh;it vOg;Gfpd;wd. vk; jdpj;jkpNo! tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj; Njidf;
Fbj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ Nghd;W ehq;fs; cd;idr; Ritj;J cs;sj;jpy;
fdy; %s> cd; ngUikia vq;Fk; Koq;Ffpd;Nwhk;.

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ciueil
jkpo;r; nrhy;tsk;
mfta tpdhf;fs;:
1. ehLk; nkhopAk; ekjpU fz;fs; vd;wth; ghujpahh;
2. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;w E}iy vOjpath; fhy;Lnty;
3. ney;> Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mb jhs; vdg;gLk;.
4. fPiu> thio Kjypatw;wpd; mb jz;L.
5. Nfhy; vdg;gLk mbapid cila nrb kpsfha;> nel;b
6. Fj;Jr;nrb> Gjh; Kjypatw;wpd; mb J}W
7. fUk;gpd; mb fop
8. %q;fpypd; mb fio
9. mb kuj;jpd;W gphpAk; khngUk; fpis fit
10. fitapd; gphpT nfhk;G (m) nfhg;G
11. Nghj;jpd; gphpT Fr;R
12. Fr;rpapd; gphpT ,zf;F
13. fha;e;j fopapd; ngah; ntq;fop
14. fha;e;j Fr;rpd; ngah; Rs;sp
15. fha;e;j jhSk; NjhifAk; rz;L vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
16. Nrhsk;> fUk;G Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy Njhif vdg;gLfpwJ.
17. ney;> Gy; Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy tif jhs;

18. nghUj;Jf.
ney;> Gy; - jsph; (m) Jsph;
Gsp> Ntk;G - nfhOe;J (m) Kwp
Nrhsk;> gid - FUj;J
fUk;G - nfhOe;jhil
19. kuQ;nrbapdpd;W g+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy tP
20. g+ thbd epiyapd; ngah; nrk;ky;
21. g+ tphpaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy NghJ
22. g+tpd; Njhw;w epiy mUk;G
23. g+tpd; kyh;e;j epiy kyh;(myh;)
24. jpUts;Sth; jtr;rhiyia mikj;jth; jkpo;j;jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;
25. jpUts;Sth; jtr;rhiy vq;Fs;sJ? jpUr;rp mUfpy; my;Y}h;
26. ghthzh; E}yfk; mikj;jth; jkpo;j;jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;
27. tpopfis ,of;f Nehpl;lhy; $l jha;j;jkpopid ,oe;Jtplf;$lhJ vd;W
vz;zpath; jkpo;j;jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;
28. ,ikfis %bagb vOJk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lth; jpU.tp.f
29. ,yf;fz tuyhW> ghthzh; tuyhW ahg;ngUq;fyk; ciu> fhf;ifg; ghbdpa
ciu vOjpath; jkpo;j;jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;
30. g+NthL $ba ,sk; gpQ;R g+k;gpQ;R
31. ,sk; fhapd; NtWngah; gpQ;R
32. khk;gpQ;rpd; ngah; - tL
33. ghyhg; gpQ;rpd; ngah; -%R
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34. vs; gpQ;rpd; ngah; -ft;it
35. njd;id> gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,sk; gpQ;R - FUk;ig
36. rpWFUk;ig Kl;Lf;FUk;ig vdg;gLfpwJ
37. Kw;whj Njq;fha; ,sePh;
38. ,sk;ghq;F Eoha;
39. ,sney;ypd; ngah; fUf;fy;
40. thiog;;gpQ;R fr;ry;
41. mtiu> Jtiu Kjypatw;wpd; Fiy tif - nfhj;J
42. nfhb> Ke;jphp Nghd;wtw;wpd; Fiy - Fiy
43. thiof;Fiyapd; ngah; jhW
44. Nfo;tuF> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; fjph; - fjph;
45. ney;> jpid Kjypatw;wpd; fjph; myF (m) Fuy;
46. thioj; jhw;wpd; gFjp - rPg;G
47. Edpapy; RUq;fpa fha; #k;gy;
48. RUq;fpa gok; - rptpay;
49. GO> G+r;rp mhpj;j fha; my;yJ fdp - nrhj;ij
50. #l;bdhy; gOj;j gok; - ntk;gy;
51. FSFSj;j gok; - mspay;
52. FSFSj;J ehwpa gok; my;yJ fha; - mOfy;
53. gjuha;g; Nghd kpsfha; - nrhz;L
54. Nfhl;lhd; cl;fhh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l fha; - Nfhl;lhd; fha; / $iff;fha;
55. Njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l fha; - Njiuf;fha;
56. Njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l Njq;fha; - my;ypf;fha;
57. njd;idapy; nfl;l fha; - xy;ypf;fha;
58. nghUj;Jf.
njhyp - kpf nky;ypaJ
Njhy; - nky;ypaJ
NjhL - td;ikahdJ
XL - kpftd;ikahdJ
kl;il - Njq;fha; new;wpapd; Nkw;gFjp
FLf;if - Riuapd; XL
59. ney;> fk;G Kjypatw;wpd; %b - ckp
60. tuF> Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; ckp - nfhk;ik
61. $yk; - ney;> Gy;(fk;G)
62. mtiu> cSe;J Kjypait - gapW
63. Nth;f;fliy> nfhz;ilf;fliy - fliy
64. fj;jhp> kpsfha; Mfpatw;wpd; tpj;J - tpij
65. Gsp> fhQ;rpiu Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J fho; vdg;gLfpwJ.
66. fhQ;rpiu vd;gJ er;R kuk;
67. Ntk;G> Mkzf;F Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J Kj;J tif.
68. kh> gid Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J nfhl;il
69. njd;idapd; tpj;J Njq;fha;
70. mtiu> Jtiu> Kjypa gapWfspd; tif kzptif / Kjpiu
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71. nghUj;Jf.
ney;> fj;jhp - ehw;W
kh> Gsp - fd;W
njd;id - gps;is
thio - FUj;J
72. nghUj;Jf.
tpsh - Fl;b
gid - klyp (m) tplyp
ney;> Nrhsk; - igq;$o;
73. Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; Leaf
74. jkpo;g;nghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik nkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;> ,iy Njhif> Xiy
vdg;ghFghL nra;ag;gltpy;iy
75. cyfj;jpNyNa xU nkhopf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy; ehL kNyrpah
76. nkhopf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpajw;fhd vOg;gg;gl;l Kjy;nkhop jkpo; vd;W
$wpath; gd;nkhopg; Gyth; f. mg;ghj;Jiuahh;.
77. rpW$yq;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; kl;LNk tpisfpd;wd.
78. xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa me;ehl;L kf;fspd; mwpnthOf;fk;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
79. jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpd;W gphpj;Jf;fhl;LtJ nkhop
80. nkhopQhapW vd;wiof;fg;gLgth; NjtNeag;ghthzh;
81. „jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk;‟ vd;Dk; fl;Liuapd; RUf;fk; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk;n gw;Ws;sJ?
- nrhy;yha;Tf; fl;Liufs;
82. jkpo;r;nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; cr;rk; njhl;lth; - NjtNeag;ghthzh;
83. nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj;jpl;l ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;
NjtNeag; ghthzh;
84. cyfj; jkpo;f; fofj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jth; NjtNeag;ghthzh;
85. Nghh;r;RfPR ehl;bd; jiyefh; ypRgdpy;
86. fhh;byh vd;Dk; E}y; Kjd;Kjyhfj; jkpo;nkhopapy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;l
Mz;L 1554
87. Nuhkd; vOj;JUtpy; ntspte;j fhh;byhtpd; KOg;ngah; Carthila de lingoa e
portugues
88. fhh;byh Kjd;Kjypy; mr;rbf;fg;gl;lJ Nuhkd; thptbtk;
89. fhh;byh vDk; E}y; fWg;G> rptg;G vd;w ,Utz;zq;fspy; mr;rbf;fg;gl;lJ.
90. ,e;jpa nkhopfspNyNa Nkiyehl;L vOj;JUtpy; Kjypy; mr;Nrwpa nkhop
jkpo;nkhop
91. Nkiyehl;L vOj;JUtpy; Kjypy; mr;Nrwpa nkhop jkpo; vd;gij czh;j;Jk;
khehL Mwhk; cyfj;jkpo; khehL.

FWtpdh:
1. jkpo;nkhop Fwpj;J fhy;Lnty; $Wk; fUj;J ahJ?
“jkpoy;yhj jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; mfuhjpfis MuhAk;NghJ jkpopYs;s
xUnghUl; gynrhy; thpirfs; mtw;wpy; ,y;yhf;Fiw ve;jj; jkpowpQh;f;Fk;
kpfj;njspthfj; Njhd;Wk;. jkpopy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj; jkpOf;Nf rpwg;ghf
= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727
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 chpadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fs; kl;Lkpd;wpj; njYq;F> fd;dlk; Kjypa
gpwjpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fhpadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fSk; jkpopy; cs”
vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lnty; (jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpay; ,yf;fzk;)

2. jhtuj;jpd; mbg;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; jkpo;r;nrhw;fshfg; ghthzh; $Wtd

ahit?
xU jhtuj;jpd; mbg;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd nrhw;fs;
jhs; ney;> Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mb
jz;L fPiu> thio Kjypatw;wpd; mb
Nfhy; nel;b> kpsfha;r;nrb Kjypatw;wpd; mb
J}W Fj;Jr;nrb> Gjh; Kjypatw;wpd; mb
jl;L my;yJ fk;G> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mb
jl;il
Rop fUk;gpd; mb
fio %q;fpypd; mb
mb Gsp> Ntk;G Kjypatw;wpd; mb

3. jhtuj;jpd; fpisg;gphpTfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fshf ghthzh; Fwpg;gpLf.

xU jhtuj;jpd; mbapypUe;J gphpe;J nry;Yk; gphpTfSf;F toq;Fk;
nrhw;fs;
mbkuj;jpdpd;W gphpAk;
fit
khngUk; fpis
nfhk;G (m) nfhg;G fitapd; gphpT
fpis nfhk;gpd; gphpT
rpid fpisapd; gphpT
Nghj;J rpidapd; gphpT
Fr;R Nghj;jpd; gphpT
,Zf;F Fr;rpapd; gphpT

4. fha;e;j jhtuj;jpd; gFjpfSf;Fj; jkpopy; toq;Fk; nrhw;fs; ahit?

fha;e;j jhtuj;jpd; gFjpfSf;F toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;
Rs;sp fha;e;j Fr;R (Fr;rp)
tpwF fha;e;j rpWfpis
ntq;fop fha;e;j fop
fl;il fha;e;j nfhk;Gk; fitAk; mbAk;

5. jhtuj;jpd; ,iytiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ahit?

jhtuq;fspd; ,iytiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;
,iy Gsp> Ntk;G Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
jhs; ney;> Gy; Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy

= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727

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 www.nammakalvi.org

Njhif Nrhsk;> fUk;G Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy

Xiy njd;id> gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
rz;L fha;e;j jhSk; NjhifAk;
rUF fha;e;j ,iy

6. jhtuj;jpd; Edpg;gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ahit?

jhtuj;jpd; Edpg;gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;
Jsph; (m) jsph; ney;> Gy; Kjypatw;wpd; nfhOe;J
Kwp (m) nfhOe;J Gsp> Ntk;G Kjypatw;wpd; nfhOe;J
FUj;J Nrhsk;> fUk;G> njd;id> gid
Kjypatw;wpd; nfhOe;J
nfhOe;jhil fUk;gpd; Edpg;gFjp

7. g+tpd; ntt;NtW epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; jkpo;r;nrhw;fshf ghthzh; Fwpg;gpLtd

ahit?
g+tpd; epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;
mUk;G g+tpd; Njhw;wepiy
NghJ g+ tphpaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy
kyh; g+tpd; kyh;e;j epiy
tP kuQ;nrbapdpd;W g+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy
nrk;ky; g+ thbd epiy

8. jhtuj;jpd; gpQ;R tiffSf;F toq;Fk; ngah;fis vOJf.

jhtuj;jpd; gpQ;R tiffSf;F toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;
g+k;gpQ;R g+NthL $ba ,sk;gpQ;R
gpQ;R ,sk; fha;
tL khk;gpQ;R
%R gyhg;gpQ;R
ft;it vs; gpQ;R
FUk;ig njd;id> gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,sk; gpQ;R
Kl;Lf;FUk;ig rpW FUk;ig
,sePh; Kw;whj Njq;fha;
Eoha; ,sk;ghf;F
fUf;fy; ,sney;
fr;ry; thiog;gpQ;R

9. jhtuq;fspd; Fiytiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;g;ngah;fs; ahit ? (my;yJ)

fha;fdpfspd; njhFjpfSf;F toq;Fk; jkpo;g;ngah;fs; ahit?
 nfhj;J - mtiu> Jiu Kjypatw;wpd; Fiy
 Fiy - nfhb Ke;jphp Nghd;wtw;wpd; Fiy
= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727
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  jhW - thiof;Fiy
 fjph; - Nfo;tuF> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; fjph;
 myF (m) Fuy; - ney;> jpid Kjypatw;wpd; fjph;
 rPg;G - thioj;jhw;wpd; gFjp

10. ,iyg;gFjpfisg; ghFghL nra;tjpy; Mq;fpy nkhopapdpd;Wk; jkpo;nkhopNa

rhyr;rpwe;jJ vt;thW?
gpwnkhopfspypUe;J nrhw;fisf; fldhfg; ngw;w Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
jhtuj;jpd; ,iyg;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;f Leaf vd;w xU nrhy;Ny cs;sJ. Mdhy;
mt;tpiyapid gy Mq;fpy E}y;fs; ntt;Ntwhf tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;sd.
Mdhy; jkpo; kf;fNs ,iyfspd; td;ik> nkd;ik Mfpatw;wpid mwpe;J
,iyjio Njhif vdg;ghFghL nra;Js;sdh;.

11. ghthzh; Fwpg;gpLk; ney;tiffs; ahit?

jkpo;ehl;by; tpisAk; new;fs; nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;> fhh;ney;> vd;Wk;
rk;gh> kl;il> fhh; vd;Wk; gytiffs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy;
 rk;gh vd;Dk; ney;tiffs; Mtpuk;G+r; rk;gh
 Midf;nfhk;gd; rk;gh
 Fz;Lr;rk;gh
 Fjpiuthypr;rk;gh
 rpWkzpr;rk;gh
12. rPufr;rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ cs;tiffs; cs;sd.
jkpofj;jpw;Nf chpa $yq;fshf Fwpg;gpLtd ahit?
tuF> fhilf; fz;zp> Fjpiuthyp Kjypa rpW$yq;fs; jkpo;ehl;by;
Ntnwq;Fk; tpistjpy;iy
13. thioj;jz;L fPNof; fple;jJ. ,JNghd;W jhtuj;jpd; mbtiffis mwpe;J
nrhw;nwhlh; mikf;f.
nel;bNfhy; el;ldh;
Gjh;J}W tskhf tsh;e;jpUe;jJ
fUk;gq;fop ntl;bNdd;
%q;fpy; fio fhl;by; fple;jJ
14. njd;id Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jdh;. ,JNghd;W - ,iy tiffis mwpe;J
nrhw;nwhlh; mikf;f.
Nrhsj;Njhif fha;e;J tpl;lJ
Ntk;G ,iy kUj;Jtf; FzKilaJ
new;whs; el;ldh;
gid Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jdh;.
thio ,iyapy; czT cz;ldh;
15. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; ahiug; Nghy ,ikfis %bagb vOJk; Mw;wiyf;
fw;wpUe;jhh;?
,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; jkpo;j; njd;wy; jpU.tp.f Nghy ,ikfis %bagb
vOJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;wpUe;jhh;.

= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727

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 www.nammakalvi.org

16. vjid ,of;ff; $lhnjd;W ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; $Wfpwhh;?

tpopfis ,of;f Nehpl;lhYk; jha;j;jkpio ,of;ff;$lhnjd;W vz;zpath;
,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;.
17. fha;e;j mbAk; fpisAk; vt;thW ngah;ngWfpwJ?
fha;e;j Fr;rp Rs;sp vdTk;> rpWfpis tpwnfdTk;> fha;e;j fop
ntq;fopnadTk; fha;e;j nfhk;Gk;> fitAk;> mbAk; fl;il vdTk; ngah;
ngWfpwJ.
18. goj;Njhy; tiffSf;fhd ngah;fis vOJf.
kpf nky;ypa Nkw;gFjp njhyp> jpz;zkhdJ Njhy;> td;ikahdJ NjhL>
kpf td;ikahdJ XL Riuapd; XL FLf;if> Njq;fha; new;wpd; Nkw;gFjp
kl;il> ney;> fk;gpd; %b ckp> tuF> Nfo;tuF ,tw;wpd; ckp nfhk;ig vdg;
gy;NtW ngah;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
19. jhtuj;jpd; mbg;gFjpia Fwpg;gjw;fhd nrhw;fs; ahit?
jhs;> jz;L> Nfhy;> J}W> jl;L> fop> fio> mb
20. jhtuq;fspd; mbapypUe;J gphpe;J nry;Yk; gphpTfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; nrhw;fs;
ahit?
fit> nfhk;G> nfhg;G> fpis> rpid> Nghj;J> Fr;rp> ,Zf;F
21. jhtuq;fspd; Edpg;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; ahit?
Jsph; my;yJ jsph;
FUj;J
Kwp my;yJ nfhOe;J
nfhOe;jhil
22. jhtuq;fspd; Fiy tiffisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd nrhw;fs; ahit?
nfhj;J> Fiy> jhW> fjph;> myF my;yJ Fuy;> rPg;G
23. nfl;Lg;Nghd fha;f;Fk; fdpf;Fk; jhtuj;jpw;Nfw;g toq;fg;gLk; nrhw;fs; ahit?
#k;gy;> rptpay;> nrhj;ij> ntk;gy;> mspay;> mOfy;> nrhz;L>
Njiuf;fha;> my;ypf;fha;> xy;ypf;fha;> Nfhl;lhd;fha; (m) $iff;fha;.
24. jhdpaq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; nrhw;fs; ahit?
njhyp> Njhy;> NjhL>XL> FLf;if> kl;il> ckp> nfhk;ik
25. jhtuq;fspd; ,sikg; ngah;fis vOJf.
ehw;W> fd;W> FUj;J> gps;is> Fl;b> igq;$o;> klyp (m) tlyp
26. NfhJikapd; tiffspy; rpytw;iwf; $W.
rk;ghf;NfhJik> Fz;Lf;NfhJik> thw;NfhJik
27. rk;gh ney; tiffis vOJf.
Mtpuk;g+r;rk;gh> Midf; nfhk;gd; rk;gh> Fz;Lr;rk;gh> Fjpiuthypr;
rpWkzpr;rk;gh> rPufr;rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ tiffs; rk;ghtpy; cs;sd.
28. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhhpd; jkpo;g;gzpiaj; juKah;j;jpa ey;y Kj;Jf;fs; ahit?
,yf;fz tuyhW
jkpopir ,af;fk;
jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;
ghthzh; tuyhW
Fz;lyNfrp ciu
ahg;gUq;fyk; ciu
= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727
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 Gwj;jpul;L ciu
jpUf;Fws; jkpo; kuGiu
fhf;ifg; ghbdpa ciu
NjtNeak;
29. cyfj;jkpo; khehL Fwpj;J f. mg;ghj;Jiuahh; $Wtd ahit?
cyfj;jpNyNa xU nkhopf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy;ehL
kNyhrpah khehl;Lf;Fhpa mk;Kjy; nkhopAk; jkpNo! vd;W gd;nkhopg; Gyth;
f. mg;ghj;Jiuahh; $Wfpd;whh;.

rpWtpdh :
1. nfl;Lg;Nghd fha;fdp tiffisj; jhtuj;jpw;Nfw;g toq;Fk; nrhw;fis vOJf.
nfl;Lg;Nghd fha;fdp tiffisj; jhtuj;jpw;Nfw;g toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;
 #k;gy; - Edpapy; RUq;fpa fha;
 rptpay; - RUq;fpa gok;
 nrhj;ij - GOG+r;rp mhpj;j fha; my;yJ fdp
 ntk;gy; - #l;bdhy; gOj;j gpQ;R
 mspay; - FSFSj;j gok;
 mOfy; - FSFSj;J ehwpa gok; (my;yJ) fha;
 nrhz;L - gjuha;g; Nghd kpsfha;
 Nfhl;lhd; fha;(m)$iff;fha; - Nfhl;lhd; cl;fhh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l fha;
 Njiuf;fha; - Njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;lfha;
 my;ypf;fha; - Njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l Njq;fha;
 xy;ypf;fha; - njd;idapy; nfl;l fha;

2. goj;Njhy; tiffshf ghthzh; toq;Fk; jkpo;g;ngah;fs; ahit?

goj;Njhy; tiffshf ghthzh; toq;Fk; jkpo;g;ngah;fs;
 njhyp - kpf nky;ypaJ
 Njhy; - jpz;zkhdJ
 NjhL - td;ikahdJ
 XL - kpf td;ikahdJ
 FLf;if - Riuapd; XL
 kl;il - Njq;fha; new;wpd; Nkw;gFjp
 ckp - ney;> fk;G Kjypatw;wpd; %b
 nfhk;ik - tuF> Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; ckp

3. jhtuq;fspd; kzptiffshfg; ghthzh; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit? (my;yJ)

jhdpaq;fSf;F toq;Fk; jkpo;ngah;fs; ait? (m) $yq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;
jkpo;g;ngah;fshfg; ghthzh; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit?
jhtuq;fspd; kzptiffshfg; ghthzh; Fwpg;gpLtd
 $yk; - ney;> Gy; (fk;G) Kjypa jhdpaq;fs;
 gaW - mtiu> cSe;J Kjypait
 fliy - Nth;f;fliy> nfhz;ilf;fliy Kjypait
= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727
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 www.nammakalvi.org

 tpij - fj;jhp> kpsfha; Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J

 fho; - Gsp> fhQ;rpiu (er;R kuk;) Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
 Kj;J - Ntk;G> Mkzf;F Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
 nfhl;il - kh> gid Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
 Njq;fha; - njd;idapd; tpj;J
 Kjpiu - mtiu> Jtiu Kjypa gaWfs;
4. jhtuq;fspd; ,sk; gaph; tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;g;ngah;fs; ahit?
jhtuq;fspd; ,sk; gaph; tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;g;ngah;fs;
 ehw;W - ney;> fj;jhp Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy
 fd;W - kh> Gsp> thio Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy
 FUj;J - thioapd; ,sepiy
 gps;is - njd;idapd; ,sepiy
 Fl;b - tpshtpd; ,sepiy
 klyp my;yJ tlyp - gidapd; ,sepiy
 igq;$o; - ney;> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; gRk;gaph;

5. jkpo;nkhopapd; nghUs;tsk; Fwpj;J ghthzh; $Wk; fUj;J ahJ?

 jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg;nghUs;tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd; tpisnghUs;
tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
 gpwehLfspYs;s $yq;fnsy;yhk; rpythfTk;
rpy;tifg;gl;ldthfTkpUf;f> jkpo;ehl;bYs;sitNah> gythfTk; fopgy
tifg;gl;ldthfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> NfhJikia vLj;Jf;nfhs;spd; mjpy; rk;ghf;NfhJik>
Fz;Lf;NfhJik> thw;NfhJik Kjypa rpytiffNsAz;L.
 jkpo;ehl;L ney;ypNyh> nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;> fhh;ney; vd;Wk; rk;gh>
kl;il> fhh; vd;Wk; gy tiffs; ,Ug;gJld; mtw;Ws; rk;ghtpy; kl;Lk;
Mtpuk;G+r;rk;gh> Midf;nfhk;gd; rk;gh> Fz;Lr;rk;gh> Fjpiuthypr;rk;gh>
rpWkzpr;rk;gh> rPufr;rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ cs;tiffs; cs;sd.
 ,tw;NwhL tuF> fhilf;fz;zp> Fjpiuthyp Kjypa rpW$yq;fs;
jkpo;ehl;byd;wp Ntnwq;Fk; tpistjpy;iy.
 jkpo;ehl;Ls;Sk; njd;dhl;bNyNa mit tpisfpd;wd.
 goq;fhyj;jpy; tpise;j msT nghd;Dk; kzpAk; Kj;Jk; gtsKk; ,d;W
tpisahtpbDk; mUikahd $yq;fSk; rpW$yq;fSk; ,d;Wk;
njd;jkpo; ehl;by; tpise;J tUtJ fz;$L.

6. jkpoh;fspd; edpehfhpfr; rpwg;gpidg; gw;wp ghthzh; $Wtd ahit?

jkpoh;fspd; edpehfhpfr; rpwg;gpidg; gw;wp ghthzh; $Wtd

 xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa> me;ehl;L kf;fspd;

mwpnthOf;fq;fSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
 ehl;bd; jdpg;ngUk; tsj;jpdhNyNa gz;ilj; jkpo;kf;fs; jdpg;ngUk;
ehfhpfj;ij cilatuhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.

= fpU\;zh mfhlkp> ehkf;fy; - 99655-31727

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  jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf;fhl;LtJ nkhopahjypd;
mJNt xU ehl;lhhpd; my;yJ ,dj;jhhpd; ehfhpfj;ij mse;jwptjw;Fk;
rpwe;j topahFk;.
 nghUisf; $h;e;J Nehf;fp Ez;ghFghL nra;J mtw;wpw;Nfw;gg;
gUg;nghUl; nrhw;fSk; Ez;nghUl;nrhw;fSk; mikj;Jf;nfhs;tJ rpwe;j
kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;Nf ,aYk;.
7. ghthzh; jkpo;r;nrhy;tsk; fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fpAs;s jkpo;r; nrhy;tsq;fs;
ahit?
ghthzh; jkpo;r;nrhy;tsk; fl;Liuapy; tpj;Jtif> Ntu;tif> mhpj;jhs;
tif> fha;e;j ,iytif> ,iyf;fhk;G tif> G+kly; tif> mUk;G tif>
g+f;fhk;G tif> ,jo;tif> fha;tif> fdptif> cs;sPl;L tif> jhtuf;fopT
tif> tpijj;Njhy; tif> gjh; tif> gapu; tif> nfhb tif> ku tif>
fUk;G tif> fha;e;j gapu; tif> ntl;ba tpwFj;Jz;L tif> kug;gl;il
tif> gapu;r;nrwpT tif> epyj;jpd; njhFg;G tif> nra; tif> epy tif>
ed;nra; tif> Ntyp tif> fhl;L tif Mfpatw;wpd; nrhy;tsq;fisAk;
tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
8. ghthzh; rpwg;Gfs; ehd;fpid vOJf.
NjtNeag; ghthzh; nkhopQhapW vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
„nrhy;yha;Tf; fl;Liufs;‟ vd;Dk; E}ypy; jkpo;r; nrhy;tsk; Fwpj;J
tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
,yf;fzf; fl;LiufisAk; nkhopahuha;r;rpf; fl;LiufisAk;
vOjpAs;shh;.
jkpo;r;nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapd; cr;rk; njhl;lth;
nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj; jpl;l ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;
cyfj;jkpo;f; fofj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jth;.
9. nrhy;yhuha;rpapy; ghthzUk; tpae;j ngUkfdhh; ahh;?
 jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s my;Y}hpy; “jpUts;Sth;
jtr;rhiy” xd;iw mikj;jpUg;gth;@
 ghthzh; E}yfk; xd;iw cUthf;fpath;@
 jkpofk; KOtJk; jpUf;Fws; nrhw;nghopTfis toq;fp tUgth;@
 jkpo;topj; jpUkzq;fis elj;jp tUgth;.
 gw;gy E}y;fis vOjpapUg;gpDk; ,yf;fz tuyhW> jkpopir ,af;fk;>
jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;> ghthzh; tuyhW> Fz;lyNfrp ciu> ahg;ngUq;fyk;
ciu> Gwj;jpul;L ciu> jpUf;Fws; jkpo; kuGiu> fhf;ifg; ghbdpa
ciu> NjtNeak; Kjypad ,th;jk;; jkpo;g; gzpiaj; juKah;j;jpa
ey;Kj;Jfs;> mth;jhd; cyfg; ngUe;jkpoh; jkpo;j;jpU. ,uh.
,sq;Fkudhu;.
,ul;Lw nkhopjy;
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :
1. Kr;rq;fk; gphpj;njOJf: %d;W + rq;fk;
2. Mop vd;gjd; nghUs; fly;
3. „Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy;‟ vd;Dk; ghlypd; gh tif Nehpir ntz;gh

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4. jkpOf;F mzpfyd;fsha; Gyth; jkpoofdhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;

5. nkj;j tzpfyk; gphpj;njOJf
nkj;j + mzpfyd;> nkj;j+tzpf+fyd;
6. rq;fg;gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j rq;fg; Gyth;fshy; fhf;fg;gl;lJ vJ? jkpo;nkhop
FWtpdh:
1. Kj;jkpo; vd;Dk; njhifr;nrhy;ypypUe;J ehk; mwpag;gLk; jkpo;r;nrhw;fs;
ahit?
%d;W+jkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; nghOJ %d;W vd;Dk;
vz;Zg;ngah; jkpo; vd;Dk; nkhopf;F toq;Fk; ngah; mwpag;gLfpwJ. Kj;jkpo;
vd;gJ njhifr; nrhy;yhf nfhs;Nthk; Mdhy; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;Dk;
%d;W nrhw;fs; mwpaKbfpwJ. Kj;J +mkpo; vdg;gphpf;Fk; NghJ Kj;J
vd;Dk; kzpapd; ngaUk; mkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy; filFiwahf nfhz;L
mkpo;(J) vd;Dk; ngaUk; mwpaKbfpwJ. Kj;J +mkpo; vd;gij Kj;J
%o;Fjy; vd;Wk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.

2. Kj;jkpo; vd;git ahit?

,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo;> ehlfj;jkpo;
3. fly; jUk; tsq;fs; ahit?
Kj;J> mkpo;J> rq;F
4. rq;fpd; tiffs; ahit?
ntz;rq;F> ryQ;ryk;> ghQ;rrd;ak;
5. jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;Gfshfj; jkpoofdhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahit?
jkpo;> ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpoha; tsh;e;jJ. Kjy;> ,il>
fil Mfpa Kr;rq;fq;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fis
mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ. rq;fg; gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j rq;fg;Gyth;fshy;
fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. ,ul;Lw nkhopjypd; tiffs; ahit?
,ul;Lw nkhopjypd; tiffs; :
,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit:
 nrk;nkhopr;rpNyil
 gphpnkhopr;rpNyil
7. „Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy;‟ vdj; njhlq;Fk; rpNyil mzpg;ghly; vt;tif rpNyil
mzpiar; rhh;e;jJ?
nrk;nkhopr;rpNyil
8. cdf;F njhpe;j ,ul;Lw nkhopapy; mike;j nrhw;nwhlh; Ie;jpid mikf;f.
 New;W khiyapy; kyh;e;j kyhpy; tz;L nkha;j;jJ
 fliy thq;f fhR ,y;iy
 ,d;W fhiy eha;fbj;jJ
 ehis Kjy; Njhirf;F rl;dp ,y;iy
 ngz;ikf;F moF FWeif
9. jkpo; ahuhy; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ?
jkpo; rq;fg; gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j rq;fg;Gyth;fshy; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lJ.

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 10. jkpo; vtw;NwhL ,izj;Jg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ?
tpz;NzhLk;> KfpNyhLk;> cLf;fNshLk;> fjputNdhLk;> flNyhLk; jkpo;
,izj;Jg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.
11. jkpo; vt;thW tsh;e;jJ?
jkpo; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;Dk; Kj;jkpoha; tsh;e;jJ.
12. jkpo; vjdhy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ?
Kjw;rq;fk;> ,ilr;rq;fk;> filr;rq;fk; Mfpa Kr;rq;fq;fshy; jkpo;
tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
13. jkpo; vtw;iw mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ?
jkpo; Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fis mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ.

rpWtpdh:
1. jkpOf;Fk; flYf;Fk; xg;Gikahfj; jkpoofdhh; $Wtd ahit? (my;yJ)
Mopf;F ,iz vdj; jkpoofdhh; jkpioAk; fliyAk; xg;Gik gLj;Jtij
Fwpg;gpLf.
Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhhy; Kr;rq;fk; fz;ljhy;
nkj;j tzpfyKk; Nktyhy; - epj;jk;
mizfple;Nj rq;fj; jth;fhf;f Mopf;F
,iz fple;j Njjkpo; <z;L
- jdpg;ghly; jpul;L
jkpo; :
jkpo;> jkpo;> ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpoha; tsh;e;jJ@ Kjy;>
,il> fil Mfpa Kr;rq;fq;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ@ Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fis
mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ@ rq;fg; gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j rq;fg;Gyth;fshy;
fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
fly;:
fly;> Kj;jpidAk;> mkpo;jpidAk; jUfpwJ@ ntz;rq;F> ryQ;ryk;>
ghQ;rrd;ak; Mfpa %d;W tifahd rq;Ffisj; jUfpwJ@ kpFjpahd tzpff;
fg;gy;fs; nry;Yk;gb ,Uf;fpwJ@ jd; miyahy; rq;fpidj; jLj;J epWj;jpf;
fhf;fpwJ.
,ay; - 1
vOj;J> nrhy;
1. KjnyOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
m) ,uz;L M) %d;W ,) ehd;F
2. KjnyOj;Jfs; nkhj;jk; vj;jid?
m) gd;dpuz;L M) gjpndl;L ,) Kg;gJ
3. rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
m) gj;J M) ,uz;L ,) gjpndl;L
4. msngil vd;why; vd;d?
m) ePz;L xypj;jy; M) Fiwe;J xypj;jy; ,) ,ay;ghf xypj;jy;
5. msngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
m) %d;W M) ehd;F ,) ,uz;L

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6. capusngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
m) %d;W M) ehd;F ,) ,uz;L
7. capusngilapy; msngLf;Fk; vOj;J
m) caph;neby; M) caph;Fwpy; ,) nka;
8. capusngil nrhy;ypd; ----------- tUk;
m) Kjypy; kl;Lk; M) ,ilapy; kl;Lk;
,) <w;wpy; kl;Lk; <) %tplq;fspYk;
9. capusngilapy; msngLf;Fk; vOj;Jfs;
m) VO M) Ie;J ,) gjpndl;L
10. capusngilapy; capnuOj;J msngLj;jijf; Fwpf;f ----------- vOj;J tUk;
m) caph;f;Fwpy; M) caph;neby; ,) nka;
11. nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ Xiria epiwTnra;a caph;neby;
msngLg;gJ
m) ,irepiw msngil M) nrhy;ypir msngil ,) ,d;dpir msngil
12. nra;Aspir msngilapd; NtWngah;
m) ,irepiw msngil M) nrhy;ypir msngil ,) ,d;dpir msngil
13. Xxjy; Ntz;Lk; - ,J -------------- msngilf;Fr; rhd;W
m) nra;Aspir M) nrhy;ypir msngil ,) ,d;dpir
msngil
14. Xxjy; Ntz;Lk; - ,J nkhopf;F ----------- te;j nra;Aspir msngilf;F
rhd;W
m) Kjypy; M) ,ilapy; ,) <w;wpy;
15. cwhmh;fF ; - ,J --------------msngilf;Fr; rhd;W
m) ,irepiw msngil M) nrhy;ypir msngil ,) ,d;dpir msngil
16. cwhmh;fF ; - ,t;tsngil nkhopf;F --------------- te;j nra;Aspir msngil
m) Kjypy; M) ,ilapy; ,) <w;wpy;
17. ey;yglhm - ,J --------------------- msngilf;Fr; rhd;W
m) ,irepiw msngil M) nrhy;ypir msngil ,) ,d;dpir msngil
18. ey;yglhmh; - vd;Dk; ,t;tsngil nkhopf;F ----------------- te;j nra;Aspir
msngilf;Fr; rhd;W
m) Kjypy; M) ,ilapy; ,) <w;wpy;
19. nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahjtplj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msngLg;gJ
m) nra;Aspir msngil M) nrhy;ypir msngil ,) ,d;dpir msngil
20. nfLg;gJ}ck; - vd;gJ --------------- msngilf;Fr; rhd;W
m) ,d;dpir msngil M) ,irepiw msngil ,) nrhy;ypir msngil
21. nra;Aspy; xU ngah;r;nrhy; vr;rr; nrhy;yhfj; jphpe;J msngLg;gJ
m) nrhy;ypir msngil M) ,irepiw msngil ,) ,d;dpir msngil
22. nrhy;ypir msngilapy; ngah;r;nrhy; msngLj;J --------------- Mf khWk;
m) ngauil M) tpidail ,) chpr;nrhy;
23. tudir, - ,J ------------------ msngilf;Fr; rhd;W
m) nrhy;ypir msngil M) ,d;dpir msngil ,) ,irepiw msngil

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 24. cudir,> tudir, - KiwNa ,t;tsngilapy; eir, vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;
nghUs;
m) tpUk;Gjy; M) tpUg;gk; ,) tpUk;gp
25. nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ mjid epiwT nra;Ak; nghUl;L
nka;naOj;Jfs; msngLg;gJ
m) xw;wsngil M) capusngil ,) nra;Aspir msngil
26. xw;wsngilapy; msngLf;Fk; nka;naOj;J vz;zpf;if
m) gj;J M) gjpndhd;W ,) gjpndl;L
27. xw;wsngilapy; msngLf;Fk; vOj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if
m) gj;J M) gd;dpuz;L ,) gjpndhd;W

epug;Gf
1. nrhy;ypd; NtWngah; gjk;> nkhop> fpstp
2. Xh; vOj;J - gy vOj;Jfs; - Nrh;e;J nghUs; jUtJ nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
3. nkhop %d;W tifg;gLk;
4. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ jdpnkhop
5. fz;> gb vd;gJ jdpnkhop
6. fz;> gb vd;gJ gfhg;gjk;
7. fz;zd;> gbj;jhd; vd;gJ jdpnkhop
8. fz;zd;> gbj;jhd; vd;gJ gFgjk;
9. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jdpnkhopfs; njhlh;e;J tUtJ njhlh;nkhop
10. jdpnkhopf;F xU rhd;W nry;tp glk; tiue;jhs;
11. fz;zd; gbj;jhd; vd;gJ njhlh;nkhopf;Fr; rhd;W
12. jdpnkhopf;Fk; njhlh;nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha; mikAk; nkhop nghJnkhop
13. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk; mr;n rhy;Ny njhlh;e;J epd;W
NtWnghUisAk; jUk; nkhop nghJnkhop
14. nghJnkhopf;F xU rhd;W vl;L> Ntq;if> jhkiu> gyif> me;jkhd;
15. vl;L vd;Dk; nrhy; jdpnkhopahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ vl;L vd;w vz;Zg;
nghUisj; jUk;
16. vl;L vd;Dk; nrhy; vs;+J vdg;gphpe;J vs;is cz; vd;Dk; nghUisj;jUk;.
17. Ntq;if vd;Dk; nrhy; jdpnkhopapy; Ntq;if kuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
18. Ntk;+if vd Ntq;if vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg;gphpj;jhy; mJ Ntfpd;w if vdg;
nghUs; je;J njhlh;nkhop MFk;.
19. jdpnkhop> nghJnkhop Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; Xh; nrhy; nghJthf mike;jhy;
mJ nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;.
20. xU nray; my;yJ xU tpidapidf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; njhopw;ngah;
21. njhopw;ngauhdJ vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;ghfNth
ntspg;gilahfNth czh;j;jhky; tUk;
22. tpidabAld; tpFjp Nrh;e;jhy; cUthFk; njhopw;ngah; tpFjpngw;w
njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
23. elj;jy; vd;Dk;njhopw;ngahpd; tpFjp jy;
24. tho;f;if vd;Dk; njhopy; ngahpd; tpidab tho;
25. if vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah; tpFjpapy; mike;j nrhy; xd;W tho;f;if
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26. Msy; vd;Dk; nrhy; tpFjpngw;w njhopw;ngah;f;Fr; rhd;W

27. xU tpidab gy tpFjpfisAk; Vw;W tUk;
28. vjph;kiwg; ngahpy; tUk; njhopw;ngah; vjph;kiwj;njhopw;ngah;
29. vjph;kiwj; njhopy;ngaUf;Fr; rhd;W nfhy;yhik> elthik> mwpahik
30. xU nrhy;ypy; tpidapd; gFjpNa njhopw;ngauhf mike;jhy; mJ Kjdpiyj;
njhopw;ngah; MFk;.
31. jl;L> ciu> mb> fb> eb Nghd;wit Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;f;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
32. jl;Ljy; vd;Dk; tpFjpngw;w njhopw;ngaiu Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngauhf khw;Wf
- jl;L
33. RL vd;Dk; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngauhdJ #L vd Kjdpiyj;jphpe;jhy; mJ
Kjdpiyj;jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
34. xU tpidahyidAk; ngah; ngahpd; jd;ikia mile;J Ntw;Wik cUig
Vw;Wk;> Vw;fhkYk; tUk;.
35. tpidahyizAk; ngah; fhyk; fhl;Lk;
36. njhopw;ngah; %tplj;jpw;F kl;Lk; chpaJ
37. njhopiyr; nra;Ak; fUj;jhitf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah;
38. tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;Fr; rhd;W ghbatd;> gbj;jth;
39. tpid ngahpd; jd;ikahfp tpidiaNa czh;j;jp epw;gJ njhopw;ngah;
40. xU nkhop xU nghUsdthk; njhlh;nkhop> gynghUnsd nghJ ,UikAk;
Vw;gd
FWtpdh:
1. ,yf;fzk; vd;why; vd;d?
nkhopiaj; njspTwg; NgrTk; vOjTk; cjTtJ ,yf;fzk;. nkhopapd;
rpwg;Gfis mwpaTk; ,yf;fzk; Jiz nra;Ak;.
2. rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; gj;J tifg;gLk;. mit
 caph;nka;
 Ma;jk;
 capusngil
 xw;wsngil
 Fw;wpaYfuk;
 Fw;wpaypfuk;
 Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
 xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
 kfuf;FWf;fk;
 Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
3. capusngil vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.
 nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ me;j Xiria epiwT nra;a caph;
neby; vOj;Jfs; VOk; msngLf;Fk;.
 msngLf;Fk; NghJ mtw;Wf;F ,dkhd Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; gf;fj;jpy;
tUk;.
 rhd;W : cohmh;
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4. capusngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;?
capusngil %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit
 nra;Aspir msngil
 ,d;dpir msngil
 nrhy;ypir msngil
5. nra;Aspir msngiliar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ mij epiwT nra;a> nel;nlOj;Jfs;
msngLj;jiyr; nra;Aspir msngil vd;Nghk;. ,jid ,irepiw msngil
vd;Wk; $Wth;.
rhd;W:
XXjy; Ntz;Lk; - nkhop Kjy;
cwhmh;fF ; cWNeha; - nkhopapil
ey;y glhm giw - nkhopapWjp
6. ,irepiw msngil ngah;f;fhuzk; jUf.
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ mij epiwT nra;a> nel;nlOj;Jfs;
msngLj;jiyr; nra;Aspir msngil vd;Nghk;. ,jid ,irepiw msngil
vd;Wk; $Wth;.
7. ,d;dpir msngil vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msngLg;gJ
,d;dpir msngil MFk;.
rhd;W:
nfLg;gJ}ck; nfl;lhh;fF; r; rhu;tha; kw;whq;Nf
vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio.
8. nrhy;ypir msngil vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.
nra;Aspy; xU ngah;r;nrhy; vr;rr; nrhy;yhfj; jphpe;J msngLg;gJ
nrhy;ypir msngil MFk;.
v.fh cudir, cs;sk; Jizahfr; nrd;whh;
tudir, ,d;Dk; cNsd;.
9. xw;wsngil vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ mjid epiwTnra;a
nka;naOj;Jfshd q; > Q;> z;> e;> k; d;> t;> a;;> y;> s; Mfpa gj;Jk;> /
vd;Dk; Ma;j vOj;Jk; msngLg;gJ xw;wsngil MFk;.
v.fh v/fpyq;fpa ifauha; ,d;Daph;
nt//Fthh;ff
; py;iy tPL.
10. xw;wsngilapy; msngLf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs; ahit?
 nka;naOj;Jfs; - q; > Q;> z;> e;> k; d;> t;> a;;> y;> s; Mfpa gj;Jk;>
 Ma;j vOj;J / (xd;W
 nkhj;jk; -11
11. nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?
xU vOj;J jdpj;Njh> gy vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; jUkhapd; mJ
nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

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12. nrhy;ypidf; Fwpf;Fk; NtW ngah;fs; ahit?

nrhy;ypidf; Fwpf;Fk; NtW ngah;fs; : (gjk;> nkhop> fpstp)

13. nkhop vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?

nkhop %d;W tifg;gLk; mit jdpnkhop> njhlh; nkhop> nghJ nkhop.

14. jdpnkhop vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.

xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ jdpnkhop vdg;gLk;
rhd;W: fz;> gbj;jhd;.

15. njhlh;nkhop vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jdpnkhopfs; njhlh;e;J te;J nghUs;
jUtJ njhlh;nkhop vdg;gLk;
rhd;W: fz;zd; te;jhd;
16. nghJ nkhopiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff
xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk; mr;nrhy;N yg; gphpe;J epd;W
NtWnghUisAk; je;J jdpnkhopf;Fk; njhlh;nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha; miktJ
nghJ nkhop vdg;gLk;
v.fh: vl;L - vz;iz Fwpf;fpwJ
vl;L - vs;+ J - vs;is cz;
17. njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d?
xU tpid my;yJ nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ngauhdJ vz;> ,lk; ghy;> fhyk;
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;ghfNth ntspg;gilahfNth czh;j;jhky; tUtJ
njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;
v.fh: <jy; > tho;f;if

18. tpFjp ngw;w njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.

tpidabAld; tpFjp Nrh;tjhy; cUthFk; njhopw;ngah; tpFjp ngw;w
njhopw;ngah; MFk;.
v.fh: elj;jy; . el - tpidab> jy;- tpFjp
19. vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngaiur; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; tUtJ vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;
v.fh: elthik> nfhy;yhik.
20. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d?
tpFjp ngwhky; tpidg; gFjpNa njhopw;ngauhjy; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngauhFk;
v.fh: jl;L> ciu> mb-,r;nrhw;fs; jl;Ljy;> ciuj;jy;> mbj;jy; vd;W
nghUs;gLk; NghJ Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;fshfpd;wd.
21. Kjdpiyj; jphpe;j njhopw;ngaiur; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; vd;gJ tpFjp ngwhky; Kjdpiy jphpe;J
tUtJ. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngauhFk;
v.fh : nfL>-NfL> RL-#L( nfL> RL vd;Wk; Kjdpiyfs; NfL> #L
vdj;jphpe;J te;Js;sJ)

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22. tpidahyizAk; ngah; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.
xU tpidKw;W ngahpd; jd;ikia mile;J Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Wk;
Vw;fhkYk; NtnwhU gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;
vdg;gLk;. mJ jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;fi
; f Mfpa %d;W ,lq;fspYk; %d;W
fhyq;fspYk; tUk;
v.fh: te;jth; mth;jhd;
nghWj;jhh; G+kpahs;thh;

23. njhopw;ngaUf;Fk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?

njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk; ngah;
tpid> ngah;j; jd;ikahfp njhopiyr; nra;Ak; fUj;jhitf;
tpidiaNa czh;j;jp epw;Fk; Fwpf;Fk;
fhyk; fhl;;lhJ fhyk; fhl;Lk;
glh;f;iff;Nf chpaJ %tplj;jpw;Fk; chpaJ
v.fh: ghLjy;> gbj;jy; v.fh: ghbats;> gbj;jth;

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