T 10 Tim 128

fHehlf rq;fPjk;
MrphpaH topfhl;b
juk; 10
(2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)
mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kùfk
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www.nie.lk
[email protected]
fHehlf rq;fPjk;
k
MrphpaH topfhl;b
juk; 10
(2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)
mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kùfk
,yq;if!
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www.nie.lk
[email protected]
fHehlf rq; f P j k;
juk; - 10
MrphpaH topfhl;b
Kjw; gjpg;G : 2014
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN
mofpay; Jiw
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
gjpg; G :
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;
fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiw
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa
fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j
cs;slf;fk; rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2015Mk;
Mz;bypUe;J juk; 6> 10 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e;
Nehf;fj;ij milAk; nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff;
nfhz; l NgWfisAk; Mu; t yu; f Sila gy; N tW MNyhridfisAk;
gyjug; g l; l tu; fsplkpUe; J k; ngw; W f; n fhz; l J. mtw; w pd; mbg; g ilapy;
epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd
ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhf tpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.
,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapw; fiyj;jpll
; kWrPuikg;gpd; NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhd
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midj; J ghlq; f Sf; F khd Nju; r ; r p kl; l q; f s; Kiwikahf tpUj; j p
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr;
nry;Yk; tifapy; mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw;
fhzg;gLk; $wpaJ $wy; kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opepiyf;F
,l;Lr; nry;yTk; khztu; NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpll ; nkhd;iw
cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;
fw; gpf; fTk; nraw; ghLfis Kd; ndLf; fTk; mstP L kw; Wk; kjpg; gP Lfis
Nkw; n fhs; s Tk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau; topfhl; b apw; Gjpa tbtikg; G
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk;
cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk; tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;
ju cs;sL P fisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;
Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr;
Rikia tpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg;
g+uzg; gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg;
gad;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;gl;l
ghlE}y;fisAk; nghUj;jkhd tifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj;
jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpwF ; Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fis
tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;J
ntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j
fy;tp Kiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk;
kw; W k; Mrpupau; topfhl; b apd; Gjpa tbtikg; G vd; g tw; w pd; mbg; g il
Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
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epWtfj;jpd; fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J
tsthsu; fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.
gzpg; g hsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp
fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg;
gz;gLj;jp Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.
fw;wYf;fhf ngWkjpkpff
; it vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;
fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;>
trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J
nfhs;fpd;wd.
,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika
kWrP u ikg; G fspD}lhf vl; L Mz; L fSf; n fhUKiw ,w; i wg; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
fiyj; j pl; l j; J f; F upa xU fw; w y; tskhf ,t; t hrpupau; topfhl; b fs;
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikia Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk;
gprfhJ mr;nrhl;lhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis
mz;kpg;gjw;fhf fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpyi
; y.
khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk;
mjw; f hd trjpfisr; nra; J nfhLf; F k; MrpupauJ tfpghfj; j pw; F
ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $l gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd;
ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; XU rhjdkhd ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b
kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa
,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gL

P elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;l guPlr
; fu;fshy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg;
ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy; trjpnra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.
fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
gpujpg; gzpg; g hsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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ghl mwpKfk;
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,Uf;fpdw
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fl;lhakhFk;. me;j tifapy; jw;fhy Njitfspwf ; ika ghlrhiy fiyj;jpll ; khdJ
mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;baJ vd;gJ fy;tpayhsHfspd; xUkpj;j fUj;jhFk;.
,irf;fiyahdJ eilKiwapy; cs;s ghlrhiy fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xU ghlkhf

,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,iriaf; fw;gjhy; khzthpilNa cs;sj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
,urpj;jy; jpwd;> Mf;fj;jpwd;> tpkHrpf;Fk; jpwd; vd;gd ntspf;nfhzug;gLtJld;
xUthpd; rkepiy MSik tsHr;rpf;F ,j;jpwd;fs; ahTk; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gly;
mtrpakhFk;.
md;G> gf;jp> tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F gpwiu kjpj;jy; rNfhjuj;Jtk; gpwehl;L

,irfisAk;> kf;fspd; czHTfisAk; kjpf;Fk; gz;G Nghd;w ew;Fzq;fis
nfhz;l gpui[fis cUthf;Ftjpy; ,ir Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.
,urpj;jy; Mf;fj;jpwd;> nrad;Kiw> mwpKiw> fyhrhug; gpd;dzp Mfpatw;wpd;

fw;ww; NgW miltjw;fhd fw;wy; NjHr;rpfs; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;L mtw;wpw;fika
,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; tbtikg;gpw;fika 2015 Mk; Mz;L juk; 6> 10 ,w;fhd
fHehlf rq;fPj Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
khztHfs; NjHr;rp> NjHr;rp kl;lq;fspw;F Vw;wthW fw;ww;Ngw;iw miltjw;fhf

khztHfsplk; cs;s ,aw;ifahf cs;s jpwd;fis cgNahfpj;J fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;
mZFKiwAk; nraw;ghLfSk; mikAk; Kiw> kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
gzpg; g hsH
mofpaw; fy;tpj;Jiw
Njrpafy;tp epWtfk;
kùfk.
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MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; - fy;tprhH mYty;fs; rig
nraw; w pl; l ,izg; g hsu; - nraw;jpl;l mjpfhhp

Qhd= B. fkNf
tphpTiuahsH
mofpaw;fy;tpjJ
; iw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtk;
1. jpU. it. fNzrypq;fk; - Mrphpa MNyhrfH

tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> nfhOk;G.
2. jpUkjp. tp. ehNf];tud; - cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH

tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> typfhkk;.
3. jpUkjp. f. n[aghyrpq;fk; - cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH

tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> aho;g;ghzk;.
4. jpUkjp. f. =];fe;juh[h - Mrphpa MNyhrfH

tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> nfhOk;G.
5. jpUkjp. ,. rz;Kfypq;fk; - cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH

tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> tTdpah tlf;F.
6. nry;tp. f. re;jphpf;fh - MrphpaH

ah/nrd;w; Md;]; fy;Y}hp
khdpg;gha;
7. jpU. m. fpU\;zhde;jd; - MrphpaH

ah/`hl;ypf; fy;Y}hp
gUj;jpj;Jiw
8. jpUkjp. k. fiythzp - cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH

tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b.
nkhop Nkw; g hHit - jpU. J. uhN[e;jpuk;

rpNu];l tphpTiuahsH fy;tpgg
; l
P k; (Xa;T)
jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;.
- jpUkjp. A+. tpNtfhde;jd;

Mrpupau;> jpf;xa tpj;jpahyak;> jpf;xa
vi
Mrphpau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa mwpTWj;jy;fs;
2015 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;s juk; 10 ,w;fhd fHehlf rq;fPj
ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;Kiwia ntw;wpfukhf elhj;Jtjw;F JizGhptjw;fhfNt ,e;j MrphpaH
mwpTiug;G topfhl;b cq;fspw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;JkhW mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
v ghlrhiyapd; tUlhe;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthf Neu Kfhik nra;jy;.
v 5 NjHr;rpfspd; fPo; thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s cs;slf;fj;jpw;fikthf 1.0 njhlf;fk;

5.0 tiuapyhd nrad;Kiw NjHr;rpfspd; kl;lq;fSf;fhf khjphpr; nraw;ghlhdJ
jug;gl;Ls;sJ. me;je;j NjHr;rp kl;lj;jpw;fikthf tpiue;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s
jiyg;Gf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jpl;lkpl;L nraw;ghLfis mikj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
v jhNk xU nraw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlHghf

ftdnkLg;gJ gaDilajhFk;.
Ø mofpay; rhHe;j my;yJ ghlj;Jld; ,ize;j Rthurpakhd Kd;itg;
nghd;wpd; %yk; fspg;g+l;lj;jf;fthW gbf;Fk; tplaq;fspd; %yk; khztiu
ghlj;jpd; ghy; <Hj;jy;. Kd;dwpit> kPl;ly;> Cf;fkspj;jy; %yk; ghlr;
nraw;ghl;il mZFjy;.
Ø khztuJ ,ay;ghd Mw;wy;fis ,dq;fz;L Mf;fg+Htkhd fw;wy; fw;gpjj ; y;
Kiwfis Nkw;nfhz;L gpd;D}l;liy ifahz;L nraw;ghl;il ,Wjptiu
,l;Lr; nry;yy;.
Ø Kd;itg;Gf;fs;> kjpg;gPL> kPsha;T> gpd;D}l;ly; Ntiyfs; xg;gilfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fp xl;Lnkhj;j ghlj;ij epiwT nra;jy;.
Ø ,e;j MrphpaH topfhl;b xU topfhl;ly; khj;jpuNk MFk;. ghlk; rhHe;j
E}y;fs;> ,izaj;jsq;fs; Nghd;w Clfq;fis crhTjy; %yk; khztH
mwpt+l;lk; ngWtjhy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia NkYk; nrOikg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
v mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s 5 NjHr;rpfSk; jdpahspd; MSik tpUj;jpia mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L jl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sikahy; 5 NjHr;rpfSf;FKhpa tpla
cs;slf;f Kiwikia tFg;giwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
v gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gpl;lthW %d;W jtizf;Fhpa nraw;ghl;bid

tFg;giwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.
jtiz 1 jtiz 2 jtiz 3

nraw;ghl;L ,yf;fk; : nraw;ghl;L ,yf;fk; : nraw;ghl;L ,yf;fk; :
1.1.1> 2.1.1> 3.1.1> 3.1.2> 1.2.1> 2.2.1> 3.1.3> 3.2.1> 1.3.1> 2.3.1> 3.1.3> 3.2.2>
3.3.1> 4.1.1> 3.4.1 4.1.2> 4.2.2> 4.2.3> 4.3.2> 4.4.1> 3.5.1> 3.6.1> 4.1.3> 4.2.4>
4.2.1> 4.3.1> 5.1.1> 5.2.1 4.5.1> 5.1.2 4.3.3> 4.4.2> 5.2.2
vii
cs; s lf; f k;
gf; f k;
gzpg; g hsu; ehafj; j pd; nra; j p iii
gpujpg; gzpg; g hsu; ehafj; j pd; nra; j p iv
mwpKfk; v
ghlj; j pl; l f; F O vi
Mrpupau; topfhl; b iag; gad; g Lj; J tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; f s; vii
cs; s lf; f k; viii
ghlj; j pl; l k; ix - xix
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
jtiz I 01 - 30
jtiz II 31 - 56
jtiz III 57 - 81
Vida cjtpfs; 82
viii
ghlj;jpll
; k;
mwpKfk;
eilKiwapYs;s ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fu;ehlf rq;fPjKk; xU ghlkhfr; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ilepiy tFg;Gf;fspy;

,g;ghlj;ijj; njupT nra;J fw;Fk; fzprkhd khztu;fs; csu;. ,uridiaAk;> Mf;fj;jpwidAk;> Mw;WifiaAk; ntspfn; fhzuf;$ba>
fu;ehlf rq;fPj ghlj;jpD}lhf epiwT nra;ag;gLk; r%fg;gzp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. khztu; xUtupd; MSik tsur;rpf;Ff; fu;ehlf
rq;fPj mwpT ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. 2012Mk; Mz;L ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
• eilKiwapYs;s Nju;r;rpAk; Nju;r;rpkl;lKk;.
• fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; fw;gpf;fpd;w Mrpupau;fsplk; ngwg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs;.
• guPl;irapy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs;.
eilKiwapYs;s ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s rpy ghlg; gFjpfisf; Fwpj;j ghlNtisfspy; epiwT nra;a Kbahj FiwghL fu;ehlf
rq;fPjk; fw;gpf;fpd;w Mrpupau;fs;> tsthsu;fs;> tpupTiuahsu;fs; vd;Nghuhw; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fikthf> rpy ghlg;gFjpfs;
x
ePff
; g;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;ghlj;Jf;Fupa Ie;J Nju;rr
; pfspYk; ,Jtiu ,Ue;j nraw;ghLfspw; rpy khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf>
nra;Kiw tplaq;fspy; cs;s rpy cUg;gbfspw;Fg; gjpyhfg; Gjpjhfr; rpy cUg;gbfs; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; khztu;fspw;F
];tuQhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ];tuf; Nfhu;itfis Mf;fpg;ghLk; ghlg;gFjp Mf;fj;jpwd; tplaj;jpw; Gjpjhf cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mwpKiw njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpAld; ,Jtiu fhyKk; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;j thf;Nfafhuu; rupj;jpuk; vd;w gFjp fyhrhug; gpd;dzp
vd;w Nju;r;rpf;Nf nghUj;jkhf miktjhy; mj;Nju;r;rpapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. juk; 6 - 9 tiuahd tFg;Gf;fspy; fu;ehlf
rq;fPj;jpw; fw;Wf;nfhz;l tplaq;fis khztu;fs; juk; 10> 11 ,Yk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ mtrpakhFk;.
,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfSlhff; fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; ghlj;jpidf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Cf;fkspj;jy; tpUk;gj;jf;fjhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

ghl miltpid khztu; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; cjTk; vd ek;GfpNwhk;.
Njrpa ,yf; F fs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;fF

; k; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhdfy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;
gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;
,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zfUf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfhpj;jy; %yKk;
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;ff
P hpjj
; Yk;
NgZjYk;.
xi
3. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT> vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh~pf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;
$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jp.
7. jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahHgLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if - 2003)

mbg; g ilj; NjHr; r pfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
1. njhlHghly; NjHr;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F
Kiwahf msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT : NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUkj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy>; njhopy; Rw;whlypy>; nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg;
(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
xii
2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
3. #oy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk;
rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiw
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F>
kdpj tho;T
ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>
Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epjj
; piu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;
nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;>
tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahH nra;jy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;
mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Nghrpg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu;
jpwd;fs;.
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;
gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;
5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;
6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa NjHr;rpfs;

xiii
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd;
Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;
7. "fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;" njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpdw ; > rpff
; yhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epwf
; pdw
; cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspjj
; Yk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpwN ; fw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.
(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if - 2003)

ghlf; Fwpf; N fhs; f s;
1. fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;Jf;fhd mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Ffis tpUj;jp nra;tu;.
2. Rw;Wr; #oNyhL njhlu;Ggl;l ,iria eaf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.
3. gilg;ghf;fj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tu;.
4. fiyfisAk;> fiyQu;fisAk; kjpf;Fk; csg;ghq;if ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.
5. mofpay; njhlu;ghd gilg;Gf;fis tpku;r;rpf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWtu;.

xiv
6. rpwe;j ,irf; fiyQuhf tpsq;Ftjw;fhd rkepiy MSikg; gz;Gfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.

fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; - juk; 10
Nju; r ; r p Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; ghlNtis
0 1 tho;f;ifNahL 1 ' 1 rh];jpupa ,ir • gjk;. • gjk;> tu;zk; Mfpa 02

njhlu;Gila cUg;gbfis ,urpj;J • tu;zk;. cUg; g bfspd;
,iria ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;ghu; • rh];jpupa ,ir rpwg; G f; f isf; $Wtu; .
tpku;rpg;hu;. cUg;gbfSs; gjk;> • ,tw;wpd; ,uhfk;> jhsk;
tu;zk; Mfpatw;iw Mfpatw;iwf; $Wthu;.
,dq;fhzy;.
• mq;fNtWghLfs;
• cUg;gbfspd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
• cUg;gbfspd;
• ,uhfk;
jhsk;
,aw;wpa kfhd;fs;
cjhuzq;fs;.
xv
1 ' 2 thj;jpa ,iria • Gy;yhq;Foy;. • Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz> 02

,urpj;J tpkHrpg;ghu;. • tPiz. kpUjq;fk; Mfpa
• kpUjq;fk;. thj; j paq; f spd; mikg; i g
• mikg;G tpsf;Ftu;.
• xyp NtWghL • ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd; xyp
• thj;jpag; gpupT NtWghLfisj;
• thj;jpaj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fisf;
jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fs; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
• fr;Nrupfspy; • ,t;thj;jpaj;jpd;
,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; gq;F rpwg;Gf;fisAk;>
• gpugy;akhd fiyQu;fs;. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpw;
gpugy; a khd
fiyQu;fisAk;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
1.3 fpuhkpa ,iria • tpy;Yg;ghl;L • tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpapy; 02

,urpj;J tpkH;rpg;ghu;. • fijia epfo;j;Jk; ,lk;ngWk; fijiar;
jd;ik. RitAld; $Wtu;.
• gad;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs;. • epfo;r;rpapy;
• epfo;r;rpapd; jd;ik. ,urpj;jtw;iwf;
• tpy;Yg;ghl;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.
,irf;fiyQu;fs;.
2.1 tpy;Yg;ghl;L
2.0 ,ir njhlu;ghd xd;wpidj; jhNk • tpy;Yg;ghl;L • tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf; fij
Mf;fq;fis jahupg;ghu;. • fij. xd;wpidj; jahupj;J 03
ntspf;nfhzu;thu;. • fijf; N fw; w ghly; f s;. fijf;Nfw;w ghly;fis
• tpy;Yg;ghl;Lf;Nfw;w Mf;Ftu;.
fUtpfs;. • ,e;epfo;r;rpapidj;
• tpy;Yg;ghl;Lj; jhNk nra;J fhl;Lthu;.
xvi
jahupj;jy;.
2.2 jj;jk; ,ay;gpw;F Vw;g
rpwpa ghly;fis • rpWtu; ghly;fisj; jp];u> • tpUk; g pa ,uhfj; j py;
Mf;fp rJ];u eilapy; Mf;fk; jp];u rJ];u eilapy;
nkl;likj;Jg; ghLthu;. nra;J tpUk;gpa rpwpa ghly;fis Mf;fk; 02
,uhfj;jpy; nra;tu;.
,iraikj;Jg; ghLtu;. • Mf; f k; nra; j
ghly;fSf;F,iraikj;Jg;
ghLthu;.
2.3 ];tu ]Q;rhuq;fisr;
rpwpa jhsq;fspy; • rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpy; • rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpy;
]> up> f> k ]tuq;fisf; ]>up>f>k ];tuq;fisf; 03
Mf;fk; nra;J nfhz;L Vfk;> &gfk;> Mjp
ghLthu;. nfhz;L Vfk;> Mjp> &gf
jhsq;fspy; Fwpy;> neby;
jhsq;fspy; Fwpy; neby; ]; t uq; f spy; ]; t u
];tuq;fspy; rQ; r huq; f is Mf; F tu; .
]Q;rhuq;fis Mf;fp • Mf;fk; nra;j
,irg;ghu;. rQ;rhuq;fis cupa
,uhfj;jpw;Fwpg;gpl;l
jhsq;fspw; ghLthu;.
3 . 0 ,ir 3.1 mg;gpahr fhd • myq;fhuk;. • mljhs myq;fhuj;ij 21
cUggb;fisr; cUg;gbfis • mljhsk;. cupa Kiwapw; ghLtu;.
RUjp> ,uhf mg;gpahrk; nra;thu;. • fPjk; • "rptngUkhNd" vd;Dk;
jhsj;Jld; • rptngUkhNd - fP j j; i jr; RUjp>
ghLthu;. kj;jpahkhtjp. jhsj; J ld; ghLtu; .
• tu;zk; • "KUfh vdjhUapNu
• KUfh vdjhUapNu- vd;Dk; Mjpjhs
,uhfk; : kj;jpakhtjp tu;zj;ijr; RUjp
jhsk;-Mjp jhsj;ld; ghLthu;.
3.2 RUjp cUg;gbfis • fPuj

; j
; id • ",dp ekf;nfhU" vd;Dk; 10
,uhf jhsj;Jld; • ,dp ekf; n fhU. 1> "cs; s kpuq; f p" vd; w
ghLthu;. ,uhfk; > gpyùp `k;]j;tdp ,uhff;
jhsk; - Mjp fPu;j;jid
vd; g tw; i wr; RUjp
• cs;sk; ,uq;fpte;J>
xvii
jhsj;Jld; Kiwahfg;
jhsk; Mjp
ghLthu;.
,uhfk; - `k;rj;tdp.
• Njthuk;> 02
jpUtpirg;gh>
3.3 Njthuj;jpid • Njthuk;
jpUg; g hy; y hz; L
gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g - cw;Wik Nru;tJ gz;-
jpUg; G uhzk; Mfpa
ghLthu;. gok;gQ;ruk; Mjp jhsk;.
cUg;gbfisg; 02
gz; K iwf; N fw; g
3.4 jpUtpirg;ghitg; • jpUtpirg;gh (tpUk;gpaJ)
ghLthu;.
gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ,uhfk; - Mde;jigutp.
ghLthu;.
02
3.5 jpUg;gy;yhz;bidg; • jpUg;gy;yhz;L (tpUk;gpaJ)
gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ,uhfk; -Mde;jigutp
ghLthu;.
3.6 jpUg;Guhzj;ijg; • jpUg;Guhzk; (tpUk;gpaJ)

gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ,uhfk; - kj;jpakhtjp. 02
ghLthu;.
4.0 ,ir gw;wpa 4.1 fu;ehlf ,irapd; • mUk;gj tpsf;fk; 02

mbg;gil mbg;gil mk;rq;fis - mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk;. • mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk;
mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;. • [d;dpa ,uhfg; gpupTfs; vd;gtw;wpd;
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;. - cghq;fk;> gh~hq;fk; - tiutpyf;fzj;ijf;
tu;[k; - tf;uk; - $Wthu;. 04
ep~hjhe; j pa - • [d;dpa ,uhfj;jpd;
ijtjhe;jpa - gQ;rkhe;jpa gpupTfis tpsf;Fthu;.
,uhfq; f spd; tpsf; f k; . • jhsj;jpy; tUk; ~lq;fk;
• ~lq;fk;. gw;wpf; $Wthu;. 03
• Kg;gj;ije;J jhs tptuk; • Kg;gj;ije;J jhsq;fs;
Vw;gl;l tpjj;jpid
xviii
tpsf;Fthu;.
4.2 ,uhfq;fspd;
,yl;rzq;fis • ,uhf ,yl;rzk; • ,uhfq;fspd; ,ul;rzq;fis 08
tpsf;Fthu;. Njhb tpsf;Fthu;.
fy;ahzp Njhb - fy;ahzp -fuùg;
ùfug;gpupah gpupah - kj;jpakhtjp
kj;jpakhtjp ,yl;rzq;fisf; $Wthu;.
4.3 ,irf;fUtpfspd; 06
mikg;G gad;ghLfs; • ,irf;fUtpfs; • ,tw;wpd; gad;ghLfis
gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;. tPiz> Gy;yhq;Foy;> tpsf;Fthu;.
ehj];tuk;.
4.4 cUg;gbfspd; • ,ir cUg;gbfs; 02

,yl;rzq;fis - tu; z k; (jhdtu; z k; > • tu;zk;> gjk;> 02
tpsf;Fthu;. gjtu;zk;). Mfpatw;wpd;,yl;rzq;fis
- gjk;. tptupg;ghu;.
4 . 5 gz;zpirapd; • gz;zpir 02
,yl;rzq;fs; gw;wp - gz;fSk; ,uhfq;fSk; • gz;zpirapd;
tpsf;Fthu;. - gz;fspd; tiffs; ,yl;rzj;ijf; tpsf;fp
(gfy; g z; > ,uhg; g z; > gz;fspd; tiff;Fupa
nghJg; gz; ) ,uhfq;fisAk; $Wthu;.
5.0 ,iria 5.1 ,e;jpahtpy; fu;ehlf • ,e; j pahtpy; 7Mk; 8Mk; • ,e;jpahtpy; 7Mk; 8Mk; 08
mbg;gilahff; ,irapd; Njhw;wk;> E}w; w hz; b d; fu; e hlf kw;Wk; 14Mk; 15Mk;
nfhz;L r%f> tsu;r;rp> njhlu;ghd ,irapd; fyhrhug; E}w;whz;by; fu;ehlf
fyhrhu> tplaq;fis gpd; d zp gw; w pa ,irapd; fyhrhug;
xix
ghuk;gupag; Muha;thu;. tpsf;fk; gpd;dzp gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

gz;Gfis
ntspg;gLj;Jthu; 5.2thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; • ,e; j pahtpy; 14Mk;
tho; f ; i f 15Mk; E}w; w hz; b d;
tuyhw; w p-idAk; fu; e hlf ,irapd;
,irj; fyhrhug; gpd; d zp • Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu;> Nfhghy
njhz;LfisAk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; fpU~;z ghujpahu;
tpsf;Fthu;. • thf;Nfafhuu;. MfpNahupd; tho;f;if
• Kj; J j; jhz; l tu; . tuyhw;wpidf; $Wtu;.
• Nfhghy fpU\;zghujpahu;. • ,tu;fspd; ,irg;gzpia
- tho; f ; i ff; f hyk; > kjpg;gpLtu;.
ngw;Nwhu; ngau;. • ,tu;fspd; Kj;jpiufis
- tho;f;if tuyhW> Fwpg;gpLthu;.
rpwg;Gg; ngau;\.
,irg;gzp
(Kj;jpiu> ,aw;wpa
cUg; g bfs; > E}y; f s; >
gl;lq;fs;).
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfs;
1k;; jtiz
Nju;rr
; p : 1.0 ,ir epfo;r;rpfis ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 1.1 rh];jpupa ,ir cUg;gbfisf; Nfl;L ,uridia ntspg;

gLj;Jthu;.
nraw;ghL : 1.1.1 gjk; > tu; z k; Mfpa cUg; g bfspd; jdpj; J tkhd
mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,uridia ntspg;gLj;JNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• gjk;> tu;zk; Mfpa cUg;gbfs; mlq;fpa xypgg
; jpT ehlhf;fs;
• xypg;gjpTf; fUtp
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• tu;zk;> mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthd cUg;gb
vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• gjk; ehl;ba epfo;r;rpfspy; ,lk;ngWk; cUg;gb vd;Wk; rghfhdj;ijr;
Nru;e;j cUg;gb vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• gjk; ehafd; ehafp ghtk; nfhz;l cUg;gb vd;gij czu;e;J nfhs;thu;.
• gjk;> tu;zk; Nghd;w cUg;gbfis ,dq;fz;L $Wthu;.
• gjk;> tu;zk; Mfpa cUg;gbfspd; mikg;igf; $Wthu;.
• gjj;jpy; rpUq;fhu urKk; ntspg;gLfpwJ vdf; $Wthu;.
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nranyhOq;F:
gb 1.1.1.1 : • khztuplk; fw;wwpe;j cUg;gbfisf Nfl;lwpe;J fye;Jiu

ahLjy;.
• gjk;> tu;zk; Mfpa ghly;fs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT ehlh
%yk; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;J mg;ghly;fis ,dq;fz;L $w
topg;gLj;Jjy;.
gb 1.1.1.2 : • gjk;> tu;zk; Mfpa cUg;gbfisg; gw;wpg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;

fis typAWj;Jk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy epfo;j;Jjy;.
• gjk; ehaf> ehafp ghtj;ij cs;slf;fpr; rpUq;fhu u]j;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jk;.
• jkpo;g; gjq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; KUff; flTs; kPJk;> njYq;Fg;
gjq;fs; fpU\;zgfthd; kPJk; ghlg;gLgitahFk;.
• gjk; ehl;baj;jpw;Fupa cUg;gb.
• nrtpkLj;j gjj;jpd; ,uhfk;> jhsk;> mq;fq;fs;.
• tu;zk;> mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk; ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthd
cUg;gb.
• nrtpkLj;j tu;zj;jpd; ,uhfk;> mq;fq;fs;> jhsk; ,aw;wpatu;
ngau;.
1
• khztu;fis FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J nraw;gj;jpuk; toq;Fjy;
• xt;nthU FOTk; jkJ NgWfisj; rku;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy;
Maj;jk; nra;f.
• xt;nthU FOtpdJk; nraw;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
gb 1.1.1.3 : • xt;nthU FOTk; jkJ NgWfisr; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Ff.
• xU FO rku;g;gpf;Fk; NghJ kw;iwa FOTk; mjid
mtjhdpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;$w ,lkspf;Ff.
• FOff; s pd; NgWfisj; njhFf; F k; tz; z k; gpd; t Uk;
tplaq;fis fye;Jiuahb kPsTk; typAWj;Jf.
• gjk; ehl;baj;jpw;Nfw;w rpwg;ghd cUg;gb
• gjj;jpd; mq;fq;fs;
• ,irf; fr;NrupfspYk; gjk; ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. rghfhd cUg;gb
• u]j;jpd; ntspg;ghL
• tu;zj;jpd; mq;fq;fs;
• tu;zk; mg;gpahrfhdk; rghfhdk; ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthd
cUg;gb.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :
1. gjk;> tu;zk; Mfpa cUg;gbfspd; mq;fq;fisf; $Wthu;.
2. gjk; rpUq;fhu u]j;ijAk; gf;jp czu;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
3. gjk; ehl;ba epfo;r;rpapy; ,lk;ngWtNjhL ,irf;fr;NrupapYk; ghlg;gLk; cUg;gb
vd;gij mwpe;J $Wthu;.
4. tu;zk; mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk; ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthd cUg;gb vd;Wk;
mjd; mq;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; $Wthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;:
• gjj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ,dq;fz;L gl;baw;
gLj;Jf.
• tu;zj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ,dq;fz;L gl;baw;
gLj;Jf.
2
Nju;rr
; p : 2.0 ,ir njhlu;ghd Mf;fq;fis ntspf;nfhzu;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 2.1 tpy;Yg;ghl;L xd;wpid jhNk jahupg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : 2.1.1 tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rp xd;wpidj; jahupg;Nghk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• tpy;Y • ryq;if
• ehz; • tpw;flk;
• ,UNfhy;fs; • kpUjq;fk;
• cLf;if • Nlhyf;
• jhsk;; • `hu;Nkhdpak;
• xypg;gjpT fUtp • xspf;fUtp
• tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rp gjpag;gl;l xyp/xsp ehlhf;fs;
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• khztu;fs; jhkhfNt tpy;Yg;ghl;Lj; jahupj;J mspg;gNjhL r%fj;jpy;
elf;fpd;w epfo;r;rpfspYk; tpy;Yg;ghl;bid elj;Jk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
gb 2.1.1.1 : • tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rp xd;wpid xyp/ xsp fUtpapy; xyp/

xspf;fr; nra;J fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
• fz;L ,urpj;j tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpapid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis fye;JiuahLf.
• tpyY
; g;ghl;Lf;F Vw;w tifapy; tpyi ; y mikj;Jr; ryq;ifia
ehz; fapw;why; ,izj;J tpy;ypd; ,lJGwkhf tpw;flj;ij
,izj;J ehz; fapw;wpy; ,UNfhy;fshy; fl;b tpy;ypir
epfo;r;rp epfo;j;jplj; jahu;g;gLj;jy;.
gb 2.1.1.2 : • tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpf;Fupa fijia/my;yJ fUg; nghU

spidj; njupT nra;jy;.
• njupT nra;j fij/ fUg;nghUspid tpyY ; g;ghl;Lf;F Vw;wthW
gpujp Mf;fk; nra;jy;.
• tpyY; g;ghl;L epfo;tpd; fij> fUj;jpwF; Vw;wthW> gpujp Mf;fk;
nra;j ciuf;F ,ilNa> nghUj;jkhd ghly;fis Mf;fk;
nra;jy;.
• tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;tpd; gpujhd ciuia tpy;ypir elj;J
gtu; $w> tpy;Yg;ghl;by; gq;F gw;Wfpd;w VidNahUk;>
ciuahlypd; ,ilNa> tpyY ; g;ghl;bd; fij my;yJ fUj;Jf;
Fg; nghUj;jkhf> jj;jkJ tplaq;fspy; gq;Fnfhs;s topg;
gLj;Jjy;.
• ,ilapilNa xj;jpirTld; ghly;fisAk; ghbf;nfhs;s
topg;gLj;Jjy;.
3
gb 2.1.1.3 : • ghly;fSf;Fg; gf;f thj;jpakhff; Fwpg;gpl;l ,irf; fUtp
fisg; gq;Fgw;Wk; VidNahu; ,irj;jpl topnra;jy;.
• ,ilapilNa fijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd eifr;Rit fye;j
ciuahliyr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg; gzpj;jy;.
• kPs typAWj;jy;> gpd;D}l;ly; nra;jy;.
1. khztu; tpy;Yg;ghl;bw;Fupa fij / fUg;nghUisj; njupT nra;thu;.
2. mjid Vw;w tpjj;jpy; gpujpahf;fk; nra;thu;.
3. tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;tpd; ciuf;fpilNa ghly;fis Mf;fpLthu;.
4. ghly;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,iria mikj;jpLthu;.
5. tpy;ypirapd; gpujhd ciuia tpy;ypir elj;Jgtu; $wpl VidNahUk;
ciuahlypd; ,ilNa gq;F nfhs;thu;.
6. gf;f thj;jpaq;fisj; jFe;j tifapy; ,irg;ghu;.
7. fijapd; ,ilNa nghUj;jkhd eifr;Rit ciuahly;fisr; Nru;jJ ; f; nfhs;thu;.
8. khztu; KOikahd tpy;Yg;ghl;bidj; jahupg;ghu;.
9. mjid epfo;r;rpfspy; Mw;Wifg;gLj;Jthu;.
4
Nju;rr
; p : 3.0 ,ir cUg; g bfisr; RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj; J ld;
ghbf;fhl;Lthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.1 mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfisr; RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld;

ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.1.1 fz; l [hjp mljhs myq; f huj; i jr; RUjp> ,uhf>
jhsj;Jld; ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• `hu;Nkhdpak;
• myq;fhuk; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• fz;l[hjp mljhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fisAk; ml;ruq;fisAk; $Wthu;.
• fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuk; 10 Mtu;j;jdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• fz;l[hjp mljhsj;ijg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
• fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuj;ij %d;W fhyq;fspYk; ghLthu;.
gb 3.1.1.1 : • khztu; Kd;G fw;w myq;fhuq;fis epidTgLj;jy;.

• fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf;
fhl; r pg; g Lj; j pg; gpd; t Uk; tplaq; f isf; fye; J iuahbg;
gapw;rpia Muk;gpj;jy;.
• fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuk; khkhstnfsis ,uhfj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ.
• fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuj;jpd; mq;fmilahsk;1515 0 0.
nkhj;j ml;ruk; 14
• fz; l [hjp mljhs myq; f huk; 10 Mtu; j ; j dq; f isf;
nfhz;lJ.
• fz;l[hjp mljhsj;ijg; Nghl;Lf;fhl;b khztu; jhsj;ijg;
Nghl topg;gLj;jy;.
• RUjpg;ngl;biag; gad;gLj;jp myq;fhuj;ij %d;W fhyj;
jpYk; ghbf;fhl;Ljy; my;yJ `hu;Nkhdpaj;jpy; thrpj;Jf;
fhl;Ljy;.
• myq;fhuj;ij xt;nthU Mtu;j;jdkhfg; ghlj; njhlu;e;J
khztiug; ghlr; nra;jy;.
• MrpupaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;
KOikahfg; ghLjy;.
5
gb 3.1.1.2 : • khztu; njhiff;Nfw;gj; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;;Jr; nraw;gj;jpuj;
jpid toq;fpr; nraw;gl mwpTWj;jy; toq;Fjy;.
• xt; n thU FOTk; nraw; g Lk; tpjj; j pid mtjhdpj; J
tOf;fis eptu;j;jp nra;jy;.
gb 3.1.1.3 : • Nghjpa gapw;rpapy; <Lgl;l gpd;du; xt;nthU FOTk; jkJ

nraw;ghl;bid Kd;itg;gjw;Fr;; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.
• Vida FOf;fs; jj;jkJ fUj;jpidf; $wr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspj;jy;.
• RUjp> jhsk;> ];tu];jhdk; tOtpg; ghba khztu;fSf;F
kPz;Lk; gapw;rpapid toq;Fjy;.
1. fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuk; khahkhstnfsis ,uhfj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
vdf; $Wthu;.
2. fz;l[hjp mljhsj;ijg; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
3. fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuk; 10 Mtu;j;jdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
4. fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuj;ij RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; %d;W fhyq;fspYk;
ghLthh;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
rfy FOf;fSf;Fk; nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Ff
• fz;l[hjp mljhs myq;fhuj;ijr; RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; %d;W

fhyq;fspYk; ghLf.
6
myq;fhuk;
,uhfk; : khahkhstnfsis M: ]upfkgjep]; 15 tJ Nks

jhsk;;: mljhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fs; : 15 15 0 0 m: ];epjgkfup] ,uhfk;
,jd; nkhj;j ml;ruq;fs; 14
15 15 0 0
]uPfh | ]hupfh | kh | kh ||
upfhkh | uPfkh | gh | gh ||
fkhgh | fhkgh | jh | jh ||
kghjh | khgjh | eP | eP ||
gjheP | ghjeP | ];h | ];h ||
];ePjh | ];hepjh | gh | gh ||
epjhgh | ePjgh | kh | kh ||
jghkh | jhgkh | fh | fh ||
gkhfh | ghkfh | uP | uP ||
kfhuP | khfuP | ]h | ]h ||
7
Nju;rr
; p : 3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfis RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghbf;
fhl;Lthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.1 mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfisr; RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;

ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.1.2 “rptngUkhNd” vd;w rQ;rhup fPjj;ijr;; RUjp> ,uhf>

jhsj;Jld; ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
• xypg;gjpT ehlh
• fPjk; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• rQ;rhup fPjkhdJ myq;fhuq;fSf;Fg; gpd; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; mg;gpahrfhd
cUg;gb vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gb tiffSs; rhfpj;jpa &gkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; Kjy;
cUg;gb fPjk; vdf; $Wthu;.
• “rptngUkhNd” vd;Dk; fPjk; kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; Mjpjhsj;jpy;
,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ,f;fPjk; gf;jp czu;it ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuh`z> mtNuh`zj;ijg; ghLthu;.
• “rptngUkhNd” vd;w fPjj;ijr; RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ,uz;L fhyq;
fspYk; ghLthu;.
gb 3.1.2.1 : • khztu; Vw;nfdNt fw;Wf; nfhz;l fPjk; gw;wpa tplaq;fisf;

Nfl;lwpjy;.
• “rptngUkhNd” vd;Dk; fPjk; vOjg;gl;l ghly; ml;iliaf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiu
ahbg; gapw;rpapid Muk;gpj;jy;.
• mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfspy; myq;fhuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ghlg;gLk;
cUg;gb fPjkhFk;.
• rhfpj;jpa &gkhfg; ghlg;gLk; Kjy; cUg;gb fPjk;.
• “rptngUkhNd” vd;w fPjk; kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; Mjp
jhsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfzk; : ]upkgep];
mtNuhfzk; : ];epgkup]
• vdf; $wpg; ghbf;fhl;b khztiug; ghlr; nra;jy;.
• “rptngUkhNd” vd;Dk; fPjj;ijr; RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld;
KOikahfg; ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.
8
• fPjj;ijg; gFjp> gFjpahf ];tukhfTk;> rhfpj;jpakhfTk;
,uhfj;Jld; fw;gpj;jy;.
• khztUld; Nru;e;J ,uhfj;Jld; fPjj;ijg; gyjlitfs;
ghLjy;.
• fPjj;ijg; gFjp> gFjpahf fw;gpj;jy;.
• khztUld; Nru;e;J gyjlitfs; fPjj;ijr; RUjp> ,uhf>
jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.
gb 3.1.2.2 : • khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;gf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jr;

nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;fpr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jiy
toq;Fjy;.

nraw;ghl;bid Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.
• Vida FOf;fs; jj;jkJ fUj;jpidf; $wr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspj;jy;.
• RUjp> jhsk;> ];tu];jhdk; tOtpg; ghba khztu;fF; kPzL
; k;
gapw;rpapid toq;Fjy;.
1. “rptngUkhNd” vd;Dk; fPjk; mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfspy; xd;W vdf; $Wthu;.
2. “rptngUkhNd” vd;Dk; fPjk; kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; Mjp jhsj;jpy; ,aw;wg;
gl;Ls;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3. kj;jpa khtjp ,uhfk; MNuh`zk; mtNuh`zk; ]upkgep];> ];epgkup] vdf;
$wpg; ghbf; fhl;Lthu;.
4.“rptngUkhNd” vd;Dk; fPjj;ij RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ,uz;L fhyq;fspYk;
ghLthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
• “rptngUkhNd” vd;Dk; fPjj;ij RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; gapw;rp nra;f.

• “rptngUkhNd” vd;Dk; fPjj;ij RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLf.
9
,izg;G :
rQ;rhup fPjk; - rptngUkhNd
,uhfk; - kj;jpakhtjp jhsk; : Mjp
MNuhfzk; : ]upkgep];
mtNuhfzk;: ];epgkup]
} 22 tJ Nksfu;j;jhtpd; [d;ak;
14 0 0 14 0 0
up]upk | gh | gh || kgepk | gh | gh ||
rptngU kh Nd nrOQ;Rl Nuh Nd
gkkg | gep | eP || gepgg | kk | up] ||

jP.tpid ah Tk; jPu;j;jUs; Nth Nd
up up g k| gh | gh || k g ep g | kg | eP ||
cik k z th sh c te;nj id ah. sha;
upupkk | gg | epep || gep];ep | ];h | ];h ||

mkuu; gzp Ak; mk;Gaj; jh. sh
. .
u;P u;P
% th
| ];ep |
Kj
];h ||
Ny
epgep];
KJfz;
| epg
Zj
| kk
Ny
||
gupgk
gh.thu;
| epg |
nghU
eP ||
Ns
gep];ep
gz;zpd;
| .
gu;p
ga
| .Nd
u;P ||
. . ..
mUtha;;
.
];];upep | epep |
cU
];g ||
tha;
gep];ep
mku;th
| ] up
. .
| kup
Na
||
.
.
g;k;u;p];
tUtha;;
| epg |
mU
u;P ||
Ns
];epgk
jUth
| up k |
. .
up]
Na
||
10
Nju;rr
; p : 3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLtu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.3 Njthuj;jpidg; gz;Kiwf;F Vw;gg; ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.3.1 “cw;Wik Nru;tJ” vd;w Njthuj;jpidg; gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g

ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• `hu;Nkhdpak;
• ifj;jhsk;
• Njthuk; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• Njthuk; mike;Js;s gz; gok;gQ;Ruk; vd;gijf; $Wthu;.
• Njthuk; ghlg;gl;l jyk; jpUg;gpukGuk; vd;Wk; mUspatu; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju;
vdTk; $Wthu;.
• Njthuj;ijr; rka epfo;Tfspy; gz;;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghLthu;.
gb 3.3.1.1 : • khztu;fs; fw;Wf;nfhz;l Njthuq;fis epidTgLj;jpf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.
• vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Njthuj;ij gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• Njthuj;jpd; gz; - gok;gQ;Ruk;
,uhfk; - rq;fuhguzk;
jhsk; - Mjp
jyk; - jpUg;gpukGuk;
vd;gtw;iw khztu; mwpar; nra;jy;.
• cw;Wik Nru;tJ vd;w Njthuj;jpidg; nghUs; czu;e;J
cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; nrhy;tjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
• Njthuj;jpidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mjidg; gFjp gFjpahfg; ghl
khztu; njhlu;e;J ghLtjw;F ,lkspj;jy;.
• khztUld; Nru;e;J gz;Kiwf;Nfw;gj; jhsj;Jld; Njthuj;
jpid KOikahfg; ghLjy;.
gb 3.3.1.2 : • khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;gr; rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jr;

nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fjy;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; rupahfg; gapw;rp ngWfpwhu;fsh vd;gij
cWjp nra;jy;.
gb 3.3.1.3 : • FOf;fspd; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F ,lkspj;jy;.

• khztu;fspd; Fiwfis ,dq;fz;L KOikg;gLj;Jjy;.
• kPstypAWj;Jk; tifapy; MrpupaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J
ghLjy;.
11
1. cw;Wik Nru;tJ vd;Dk; Njthuj;jpd; gz;izf; $Wthu;.

2. mjd; ,uhfk;> jhsk;> jyk;> mUspatu; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3. gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Njthuj;jpidg;; ghLthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
rfy FOf;fSf;Fk; toq;Ff.
• cw;Wik Nru;tJ vDk; Njthuj;ij gz;> ,uhfk;> jhsk;> jyk; vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpl;Lg; gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g jhsj;Jld; ghLf.
Njthuk;
gz; : gok;gQ;Ruk; jhsk; : Mjp

,uhfk; : rq;fuhguzk; mUspatu; : jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
jyk;: jpUg;gpukGuk;
cw;Wik Nru;tJ nka;apidNa

czu;tJ epd;dUs; nka;apidNa
fw;wtu; fha;tJ fhkidNa
fdy; tpop fha;tJ fhkidNa
mw;wkiwg;gJk; cd;gzpNa
mkuu;fs; nra;tJk; cd;gzpNa
ngw;W Kfe;jJ fe;jidNa
gpukGuj;ij cfe;jidNa
12
Nju;rr
; p : 3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLtu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.4. jpUtpirg;ghit gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.4.1 tpUk;gpa jpUtpirg;ghit Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; ghbg;

goFNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• jpUtpirg;gh vOjpa ml;il
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• gQ;rGuhzj;jpy; jpUthrfj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ghlg;gLtJ jpUtpirg;gh vd;gijf;
$Wthu;.
• gf;jp czu;itg; ngWthu;.
• Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLthu;.

gb 3.4.1.1 : • gQ; r Guhzq; f s; ghLk; Kiwapidf; fye; J iuahbj;
jpUtpirg;gh vDk; gjpfk; jpUthrfj;jpwF
; g; gpd; Rj;jhq;fkhfg;
ghlg;gLk; vd;gijf; $wpg; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.
gb 3.4.1.2 : • jpUtpirg;ghit mUspatu;> ,uhfk;> jpUKiw vd;gtw;iw

Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• jpUtpirg;ghitg; nghUs; czu;e;J cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld;
nrhy;tjw;F topg;gLj;jy;.
• Mde; j igutp ,uhfj; j py; cr; r upg; G j; njspTld; ghl
topg;gLj;jy;.
• jpUtpirg;gh vOjpa ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; gFjp
gFjpahf khztUld; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.
• Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhf ghLjy;.
gb 3.4.1.3 : • khztiu kPstypAWj;Jk; tifapy; jpUtpirg;ghtpidr;

Rj;jhq;fkhf Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; ghb KOikg;gLj;Jjy;.
1. jpUtpirg;ghit mUspatu; ngaiuf; $Wthu;.
2. jpUtpirg;gh ghlg;gLk; ,uhfj;jpidf; $Wthu;.
3. Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
• jpUtpirg;ghtpid ,uhfj;Jld; ghbg; gapw;rp nra;f.
• jpUtpirg;ghtpid ,uhfj;Jld; ghLf.
13
Nju;rr
; p : 4.0 ,ir gw;wpa mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.1 fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.1.1 fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fspy; mg;gpahrfhdk;>

rghfhdk; gw;wp tpsf;FNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • mg;gpahrfhd> rghfhd cUg;gbfs; mlq;fpa ml;ltizfs;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk; vd;gtw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
• mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• rghfhd cUg;gbfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• mg;gpahrfhdj;jpwF
; k;> rghfhdj;jpwF
; k; nghJthd cUg;gb tu;zk; vd;gijf;
$Wthu;.
gb 4.1.1.1 : • khztu; Vw;nfdNt fw;Wf;nfhz;l mg;gpahrfhd> rghfhd

cUg;gbfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb Kd;dwpit kPl;ly;.
gb 4.1.1.2 : • mg;gpahrfhd> rghfhd cUg;gbfs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk;

mk;rq;fisf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• rq;fPjk; gapYk; khztd; Muk;gg; gapw;rpf;fhff; fw;fpd;w
cUg;gbfs; “mg;gpahrfhdk;” vdg;gLk;.
- ];tu tupirfs;
- [z;il tupirfs;
- Nky;];jhap tupirfs;
- jhl;L tupirfs;
- rg;jjhs myq;fhuq;fs;
- rQ;rhupfPjk;>,yl;rzfPjk;
- [jP];tuk;> ];tu[jp
- tu;zk;
vd;gd mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfs; MFk; (mg;gpahrfhd
cUg;gbfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rp;g;gLj;jy;)
• rghf;fspy; (,irf;fr;Nrupfspy; ghlg;gLfpd;w cUg;gbfs;
“rghfhdk;” vdg;gLk;.
- tu;zk;
- fPuj
; j
; id
- nrsf;ffhyf; fpUjp
- gjk;> jpy;yhdh> [htsp
- ,uhfkhypif
vd;gd rghfhd cUg;gbfs; MFk;.
14
(rghfhd cUg;gbfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ltizfisf; fhl;rp;g;
gLj;jy;)
• “tu;zk;” vd;w cUg;gbahdJ mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk;
Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;.
gb 4.1.1.3 : • mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk; mlq;fpa ml;ltizia kPsTk;

typAWj;jYk; gpd;D}l;ly; nra;jYk;.
1. mg;gpahrfhdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijf; $Wthu;.
2. mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3. rghfhdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
4. rghfhd cUg;gbfs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
5. mg;gpahrfhdk;> rghfhdk; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthd cUg;gbapidf; $Wthu;.
15
Nju;rr
; p : 4.0 ,irgw;wpa mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.1.2 cghq;fk;> gh\hq;fk;> tu;[k;> tf;uk;> ep\hjhe;jpa>

ijtjhe;jpa> gQ;rkhe;jpa ,uhfq;fs; gw;wp mwpNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
• xypg;gjpT ehlh ([d;dpa ,uhfg; gpupTfspd; MNuhfz
mtNuhfzk;)
• [d;dpa ,uhfg; gpupTfspd; ml;ltiz.
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• [d;dpa ,uhfg; gpupTfisf; $Wthu;.
• [d;dpa ,uhfq;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• ,uhfq; f spd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfz %yk; [d; d pa ,uhfq; f is
,dk;fhz;ghu;.

gb 4.1.2.1 : • khztu;fs; Vw;nfdNt> fw;w [d;dpa ,uhfq;fisg; gw;wp;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• [d;dpa ,uhfq;fspd; MNuh`z mtNuh`zq;fisg; ghbf;
fhl;bNah> xypgg
; jpT ehlhtpy; Nghl;Lf; fhl;bNah khztiur;
nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• nrtpkLj;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tpsf;fq;fisf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
gb 4.1.2.2 : • jha; ,uhfq;fspy; ,Ue;J gpwe;j ,uhfk; [d;dpa ,uhfk;.

• jha; ,uhfj;jpd; ];tuq;fis mDrupj;Nj [d;dpa ,uhfq;fs;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
• [d;dpa ,uhfj;jpy; cghq;fk;> gh\hq;fk;> tu;[k;> tf;uk;>
ep\hjhe;jpa> ijtjhe;jpa> gQ;rkhe;jpa vDk; VO gpupT.
• cghq; f k; > gh\hq; f k; > tu; [ k; > tf; u k; > ep\hjhe; j pa>
ijtjhe;jpa> gQ;rkhe;jpak; vd;Dk; VO gpupTfs; cs;sd.
,uhfq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.
• nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fjy;.
gb 4.1.2.3 : • FOf;fspd; NgWfis rkHg;gpf;f re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;.

• cghq; f k; > gh\hq; f k; > tu; [ k; > tf; u k; > ep\hjhe; j pa>
ijtjhe;jpa> gQ;rkhe;jpa ,uhfq;fis kPsTk; typAWj;jp
,tw;wpw;F cjhuq;fisAk; $Wjy;
• tu;[ ,uhfk;> tf;u ,uhfk; gw;wp cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;.
16
1. [d;dpa ,uhfj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
2. [d;dpa ,uhfg; gpupTfisf; $Wthu;.
3. [d;dpa ,uhfg; gpupTfis> cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.
,izg;G :
• jha; ,uhfq;fspy; ,Ue;J gpwe;j uhfk; [d;a uhfkhFk;. jha; ,uhfj;jpd;
];tuq;fis mDrupj;Nj [d;a ,uhfq;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
• [d;a ,uhfj;jpy;> cghq;fk;> gh\hq;fk;> tu;[k;> tf;uk;> ep\hjhe;jpa>
ijtjhe;jpa> gQ;rkhe;jpak; vDk; VO gpupTfs; cz;L.
• jha; ,uhfj;jpy; tUk; ];tuq;fis kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ,uhfk; cghq;f
,uhfkhFk;.
cjhuzk;: Nkhfdk;> kj;jpakhtjp> `k;rj;tdp
• jha; ,uhfj;jpy; tUk; ];tuq;fisAk; vLj;J mofpw;fhf NtW jha; ,uhfj;jpy;
tUk; ];tuq;fisAk; vLf;Fk; ,uhfk; gh\hq;fuhfk;.
cjhuzk;: gpyfup> igutp
• gh\hq;f ,uhfj;jpy;> mofpw;fhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ];tuk;> md;dpa ];tuk;
vdg;gLk;.
• md;dpa ];tuq;fs; MNuh`z mtNuh`zj;jpNyh my;yJ gpuNahfq;fspNyh
tUk;.
• md;dpa ];tuf; FwpaPL *
• ];tuq;fs; tpyf;fg;gl;L tUk; ,uhfk; tu;[ ,uhfk; mjhtJ MNuhfzj;jpNyh
mtNuhfzj;jpNyh my;yJ ,uz;bYNkh ];tuq;fs; tpyf;fg;gl;L tUjy;.
cjhuzk;: Nkhfdk;
• ];tuq;fs; MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;jpy; tupirf; fpukkpd;wpj; jpupe;J jpupe;J
tUk; ,uhfk; tf;u ,uhfk;.
cjhuzk;: fkh];
• cghq; f > gh\hq; f tu; [ ,uhfq; f Sf; f hd cjhuzq; f s; MNuhfz>
mtNuhfzq;fs;.
cghq;fk; - Nkh`dk; - ]upfgj];
];jgfup]
gh\hq;fk; - gpyùp - ]upfgj];
];epjgkfup]
tu;[k; - Nkhfdk; - ]upfgj];
];jgfup]
tf;uk; - fkh]; - ]kfkgjep];
];epjgkfup]
• kj;jpa];jhap ep\hjj;jpw;F Nky; rQ;;rhuk; ,y;yhj ,uhfk; ep\hjhe;jpa
,uhfk; MFk;.
cjhuzk; : ehjehkf;fpupia M: ]upfkgjep
m: epjgkfup]ep
• kj;jpa];jhap ijtjj;jpw;F Nky; rQ;;rhuk; ,y;yhj ,uhfk; ijtjhe;jpa
,uhfk; MFk;. .
•
cjhuzk; : FwpQ;rp M: ]ep]upfkgj
.
m: jgkfup]ep]
• kj;jpa];jhap gQ;rkj;jpw;F Nky;
. rQ;r; huk; ,y;yhj ,uhfk; gQ;rkhe;jpa ,uhfk;
vdg;gLk;. .
cjhuzk; : etNuh[; M: .gjep]upfkg
. .
m: kfup]epjg
. . .
17
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.2 ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Ftu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.2.1 Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfz tiuglk;
• ];tu];jhd tiuglk;
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• ,uhfyl;rzk; vOjg;gl;l gpujp
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
• ,izg;G
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; Nks vz;> MNuhfz mtNuhfzk;> ];tu];jhdk;
vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fs; vy;yhk; Nfhks ];tuq;fs; vd;gjidf;
$Wthu;.
• Njhb ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfis ,dk; fhz;ghu;.
• Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzk; vOJk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
gb 4.2.1.1 : • khztu;fsplk; Vw;fdNt fw;w [df ,uhfq;fs; gw;wp

fye;JiuahLjy;.
• [df ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfzk;> mtNuhfzq;fis fye;Jiu
ahLjy;.
• Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghbf;fhl;b
khztiur; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
gb 4.2.1.2 : • nrtpkLj;j tplaq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l ml;ltizAld;

,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fisAk; mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• ,dk; fz;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf fye;JiuahLk; NghJ
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mwpTWj;Jjy;.
• Nej;u rf;fuj;jpy; 2tJ ,uhfk; (Nej;u- =;)
• flgahjp ]q;fi ; af;fhf `Dkj;Njhb vd;W miof;fg; gl;lJ.
Nks vz; - 8
• mNdf [d;dpa ,uhfq;fisAila Nks ,uhfq;fspy; ,JTk;
xd;W.
- MNuhfzk; - ]upfkgjep];
- mtNuhfzk; - ];epjgkfup]
- ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; tUk; ];tu];jhdq;fs; ];l;[k;
Rj;jup\gk;> rhjhuzfhe;jhuk;> Rj;jkj;jpkk;> gQ;rkk; Rj;j
ijtjk;> ifrpfpep\hjk;.
18
- vy;yh ];tuq;fSk; Nfhks ];tuq;fshf mike;j
rk;g+u;z ,uhfk;.
- f> k> j ,uhfr;rhah ];tuq;fs;
- gQ;rk tu;[g; gpuNahfq;fs;> [z;il> jhl;Lg; gpuNah
fq;fs; ,uhf uQ;rfkhdJ vd tpsf;fp
• nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fjy;
gb 4.2.1.3 : • khztu;fspd; NgWfis rkHg;gpf;f re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;.

• Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;jpid kPsTk; typAWj;jpf;
fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
1. Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; Nksvz;> MNuhfzk; mtNuhfzk; ];tu];jhdq;fisf; $Wthu;.
2. Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; vy;yh ];tuq;fSf;Fk; Nfhks ];tuq;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3. Njhb ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j cUg;gbfis ,dk; fhz;ghu;.
4. Njhb ,uhfj;jpyike;j rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghLthu;.
5. Njhb ,uhfj;jpyike;j rQ;rhug; gpuNahfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
6. Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpthpg;ghu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
• Njhb ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp
vOJf.
1) Nks vz;
2) MNuhfz mtNuhfzk;
3) ];tu];jhdq;fs;
4) ,uQ;rfg; gpuNahfq;fs;
5) cUg;gbfs;
6) rQ;rhuk;
7) NtW gz;Gfs;
19
,uhf ,yl;rzk;
,uhfk; - Njhb
Njhb ,uhfk; 8MtJ Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfk;> Nej;u rf;fuj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ ,uhfk;

(Nej;u - =) flgahjp ]q;f;iaf;fhf `DkNjhbnad;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mNef
[d;dpa ,uhfq;fisAila Nksuhfq;fspy; ,JTnkhd;W.
MNuhfzk; - ]upfkgjep];
mtNuhfzk;- ];epjgkfup]
];l[ gQ;rkq;fNshL jtpu ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; tUk; ];tu];jhdq;fs;> Rj;jup\gk;>
rhjhuzfhe;jhuk;> Rj;jkj;jpkk;> Rj;jijtjk;> ifrpfpep\hjk; vd;gdthFk;.
rk;g+u;z ,uhfk;> g+u;thq;fKk; cj;juhq;fKk; xNU rPuha; mike;Js;s Nks

,uhfq;fspy; ,JTnkhd;W. f;> k> j ,uhfr; rhah ];tuq;fs; gQ;rkk; tu;[
[z;il ];tug; gpuNahfq;fSk; epfupep / jepupepjk / ffkepjkfup] Nghd;w jhl;L
];tug; gpuNahfq;fSk; ,uhf uQq;rfkhdit.
jup];jh up];jh Nghd;w rQ;rhuq;fs; tpNrl gpuNahfq;fshFk;. ]u;t ];tu

fkf tupf uf;jp ,uhfk; vg;nghOJk; ghlj; jFe;j ,uhfk; gQ;rkj;jpy; epd;W
rQ;rhuk; nra;ayhk;. jpup];jhap ,uhfk; %u;r;rdhfhuf Nks ,uhfk; Njhbapd; up>
f> k> j> ep ];tuq;fis KiwNa ]l;[khf itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; (fpuf Ngjk;)
fy;ahzp> ùpfhk;Nghjp> el igutp> rq;fuhguzk;> fuùg;gpupah Mfpa Nksq;fs;
xypf;Fk; tp];jhukhd Myhgidf;F ,lk; nfhLf;Fk; ,uhfk; vy;yh cUg;gb
tiffisAk; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; fhzyhk;. RNyhfq;fs;> gj;aq;fs;> tpUj;jq;fs;
ghLtjw;Nfw;w ,uhfk; ,ir ehlfq;fspYk; epUj;jpa ehlfq;fspYk; cgNahfpf;fg;
gLk; ,uhfk;.
Njhb ]Pjhuhka;au; ,e;j ,uhfj;ijg; ghLtjpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;wtu;. Guhjd

rq;fPj fpue;jq;fspy; ,e;j ,uhfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
rQ;rhuk; :
jep];h];h ];epjh - jep];upup];h - ];epjgk - gjePjeP
];h];h ];epjh - jep];up - .fhup];
. ep - jep];upf;k;f;hupup]h
];epjgh - kgh jepjgh . - gkfhupup]h
. - ]epjh
. - jep]up]h
..
. .
cUg;g
; bfs; : .. ..
fPjk; - fiykfNs - &gfk; -
nguparhkpj; J}ud;
jhdtu;zk; - Vuhehig - Mjp -
gl;lzk; Rg;gpukzpau;
- fdfhq;fp - ml -
gy;ytp Nfhghya;au;
f;Ujp - nfhYtknufjh - Mjp -
= jpahfuh[u;
- jhruNj - Mjp -
= jpahfuh[u;
- Mufpk;gNt - &gfk; -
= jpahfuh[u;
- filf;fz;Nehf;fp - Mjp -
ghgehrk; rptd;
ve;JU jauhJ - jpupGil -
= jpahuh[u;
- jhkjNkd; ];thkp - Mjp -
ghgehrk; rptd;
gjk; - vy;yh mUikfSk; - Mjp -
Cj;Jf;fhL ntq;fl
]{g;ga;au;
Nju;r;rp : 4.0 ,ir gw;wpa mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
20
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.3 ,irf;fUtpfspd; mikg;igAk; gad;ghLfs; gw;wpa
tpsf;fj;ijAk; ngWthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.3.1 tPiz thj;jpaj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij mwpNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• tPiz thj;jpaj;jpd; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;
• tPiz thj;jpak;
• tPiz ,ir mlq;fpa xyp ehlh
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• tPiz thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;igAk; RUjp Nru;fF
; k; KiwapidAk; Fwpgg
; pLthu;.
• tPiz thrpf;Fk; Kiwapidf; $Wthu;.
• tPizapd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;ghu;.

gb 4.3.1.1 : • khztu; Vw;nfdNt nrtpkLj;j thj;jpaq;fspd; Xir gw;wpf;
fye;Jiuahb> ru];tjpapd; ifapy; cs;s thj;jpak; tPiz
vdf; $wpAk; tPiz thj;jpak; gw;wp gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghf tpsf;Fjy;;.
• xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy; tPiz ,iriag; Nghl;Lf;fhl;br;
nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• tPiz thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;fs;
• tPiz thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;G
• thrpf;Fk; je;jpfs;> jhsj; je;jpfspd; ngau;fs;
• tPizapd; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;.
• tPiz thrpf;Fk; KiwAk; RUjp Nru;f;Fk; KiwAk;
• tPiz thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akile;j tpj;Jthd;fs;
gb 4.3.1.2 : • khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jr; nraw;gj;jpuj;jpid

toq;Fjy;.
• mwpTiuf;Nfw;gr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLfpd;whu;fsh vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
gb 4.3.1.3 : • xt;nthU FOf;fSk; jkJ NgWfisAk; rku;gg

; pff
; r; re;ju;gg
; k;
toq;Fjy;.
• Vida FOf; f s; mtw; i w mtjhdpj; J f; fUj; J f; $ w
,lkspj;jy;.
• FOf;fspy; NgWfisj; njhFf;Fk; tz;zk; fye;Jiuahly;
%yk; kPsTk; typAWj;Jjy;.
21
1. tPiz thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. tPizapd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.
3. tPiz RUjp Nru;f;Fk; Kiwapidf; $Wthu;.
4. tPiz thrpf;Fk; Kiwapidf; $Wthu;.
5. tPizapd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;
6. tPiz thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd tpj;Jthd;fspd; ngau;fisf; $Wthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
• tPiz thj;jpaj;jpd;; glk; tiue;J> ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• tPiz thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
• tPiz thrpf;Fk; KiwiaAk; RUjp Nru;f;Fk; KiwiaAk; $Wf.
• tPiz thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akile;j tpj;Jthd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,irf;fUtp - tPiz
,irf;fUtpfspy; rpwg;ghd thj;jpakhf tpsq;FtJ tPizahFk;. ,J ,e;jpa

rq;fPjj;jpw;F mzpfydhf tpsq;FtJld; ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa thj;jpakhfTk;
tpsq;FfpwJ. tPzh> NtZ kpUjq;fk; vDk; thj;jpaq;fspy; Kjyhtjhf ,t;thj;jpak;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. fiykfspd; ifapy; ,t;thj;jpak; ,Ug;gjpypUe;J ,jd; ngUik
ed;F Gyg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpd; gy El;gq;fisAk;>
jj;Jtq;fisAk; thrpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,jidr; rq;fPj msTNfhy; vd;W
$Wtu;.
,t;thj;jpakhdJ Ntjfhye;njhl;L thrpf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. MdhYk; 17

Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa jw;fhyj;J cUtj;ijAk; mikg;igAk; ngw;wJ. ,uFehj
kd;du; jQ;rht+iu muR Gupej
; fhyj;jpNyNa ,t;thj;jpak; KOtsu;rr
; p mile;jjhif
ahy;; jQ;rhut+u; tPiz vd;Wk; ,uFehj tPiznad;Wk; ,J miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tPizahdJ xU euk;Gf; fUtpahFk;. RUjpf;fhfTk;> jhsj;jpw;fhfTk;

,t;thj;jpaj;jpNyNa 3 je;jpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; ,t;thj;jpak; rfy
thj;jpak; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. RUjpf;fhfj; jdpNa je;jpfs; nghUj;jg;glhj thj;jpak;
ep\;fs thj;jpak; vdg;gLk;. xNuNeuj;jpy; ntt;NtW ];jhapfs; 2> 3 ];tuq;fs;
thrpf;ff;$ba trjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;s thj;jpaq;fspy; tPizAk; xd;W. ,jdhy;
,t;thj;jpak; g`}j;tdp thj;jpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; tPiz thj;jpaj;jpy;; 3 1/ 2
];jhapfs; thrpf;fyhk; ehd;F je;jpfs; thrpg;gjw;fhfTk;> 3 je;jpfs; RUjpf;fhfTk;>
jhsj;jpw;fhfTk; mike;Js;sd. thrpf;Fk; je;jpfSf;fhf Flj;jpd; Nkw;ghfj;jpy;
eLg;gFjpapy; xU Fjpiu (gf;f ghyk;) Ak;> jhs> RUjpj; je;jpfSf;fhf gf;fthl;by;
kw;nwhU Fjpiu (gf;fk; ghyk;) Ak; cs;sd. gyh kuj;jpdhy; ,t;thj;jpak;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
22
,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; ghfq;fs;:-
01. Flk; 07. Nksr;rl;lk;
02. Nkw;gyif 08. nkOFr; rl;lk;
03. jz;b 09. 24 nkl;Lf;fs;
04. Riuf;fha; 10. Fjpiufs; 2
05. gpuilfs; 11. yq;fu;
06. ahop Kfk; 12. ehfghrk;
13. cUl;Lf;fs; (rpWtisaq;fs;)
tPizapd; mikg;G:-
jz;bapd; xU gf;fj;jpy; FlKk;> kw;nwhU gf;fj;jpy; ahop KfKk; ,izf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fk;.jz;bahdJ Flg;gf;fj;jpy; rw;Wg;gUj;Jk;> ahopKfg;gf;fj;jpy; rw;Wr; rpWj;Jk;
,Uf;Fk;. jz;bapd; ,Ugf;fq;fspYk; nkOFr;rl;lq;fs; cz;L. mtw;wpd; Nkyhf 2
];jhapfisj; jOtpa 24 nkl;Lf;fs; ntz;fyj;jpyhdJ. nts;spapdpyhtJ>
v/fpdhyhtJ nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;. ahopKfj;jpw;F mUfpypUf;Fk; Riuf;fha; xU
jhq;fpahfTk;> xyp ngUf;Fk; rhjdkhfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. thrpf;Fk; je;jpfs; ehd;Fk;
yq;fu;fspd; EdpapYs;s tisaq;fspy; Kbag;gl;L Fjpiuapd; NkYk;> nkl;Lf;fspd;
NkYk; nrd;W gpuilfspy; gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. yq;fu;fs; tPizapd; %yhjhuk;
vdg;gLk; ehfghrj;jpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; yq;fu;fspd; Nky; cs;s rpW cUl;Lf;fs;
(tisaq;fs;) El;gkhfr; RUjp Nru;g;gjw;F cjTk;. ,e;j cUl;Lf;fis ehfghrg;
gf;fk; js;spdhy; RUjp mjpfupf;Fk;. ahop Kfg;gf;fk; js;spdhy; RUjp FiwAk;.
,NjNghd;W gpuilfis ahop Kfg;gf;fk; jpUg;gpdhy; RUjp FiwAk;. thrpg;Gj;
je;jpfs; ehd;fpd; ngau;fs;.
01. ]huzp (])
02. gQ;rkk; (g)
03. ke;juk; (])
04. mDke;jpuk; (g)
.
.
;
jhsj; je;jpfs; %d;wpd; ngau;fs;:-
01. gf;f ]huzp (])
02. gf;f gQ;rkk; (g)
03. n`r;R ]huzp (];)
thrpf;Fk; je;jpfspy; ]huzpj; je;jpia kj;jpk ];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fk;> gQ;rkj;

je;jpia ke;jpu];jhap gQ;rkj;jpw;Fk;> ke;juj; je;jpia kj;jpu];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fk;>
mDke;juj; je;jpia mDkj;jpu];jhap gQ;rkj;jpw;Fk; RUjp Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
RUjpf;fhfTk;> jhsj;jpw;fhfTk; gad;gLk; je;jpfspy; gf;f ]huzpj; je;jpia

kj;jpa];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fk; gf;f gQ;rkj; je;jpia kj;jpa];jhap gQ;rkj;jpw;Fk;
n`r;R]huzpj; je;jpiaj; jhu];jhap ]l;[j;jpw;Fk; RUjp Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
tPiz thj;jpaj;jpy; jhdj;jpid rpwg;Gw thrpf;fyhk;.
thrpf;Fk; Kiw :-
thrpf;Fk; je;jpfis kPl;Ltjw;F tyJ ifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuYk;> eLtpuYk;
jhsj;je;jp - RUjpj;je;jpfis kPl;Ltjw;F tyJ ifapd; rpwpa tpuYk; gad;gLk;.
,lJifapd; Ms;fhl;b tpuYk;> eLtpuYk; ];tu];jhdq;fis cupa ,lj;jpy;
je;jpfspy; mOj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;. je;jpfis kPl;Ltjw;F “kPl;b” my;yJ nesp
vdg;gLk; Rw;Wf;fk;gpfisg; Nghl;L kPlL
; tu;. tPiz thrpg;gjpy; Nju;rr
; p ngw;wtu;fis
itzPfu; vd miof;fg;gLk;. tPiz thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akile;j tpj;Jthd;fs;
tPiz jdk;khs;> fhiuf;Fb rhk;grptk;> v];. ghyRe;ju;> rpl;b ghG Mtu;.
23
24
Nju;rr
; p : 5.0 ,iria mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L r%f> fyhrhu>
ghuk;gupag; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 5.1 ,e; j pahtpd; fu; e hlf ,irapd; Njhw; w k; tsu; r ; r p
njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis Muha;Nthk;.
nraw;ghL : 5.1.1 ,e;jpahtpd; 7 Mk; 8 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fu;ehlf ,irapd;

fyhrhug; gpd;dzp gw;wp tpsf;FNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• ,e;jpahtpd; 7 Mk; 8 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fu;ehlf ,irapd;
fyhrhug; gpd;dzp njhlu;ghd tpsf;fg;glq;fs;.
• ehad;khu;fspd; glq;fs;.
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• ,e;jpahtpd; 7Mk; 8Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fu;ehlf ,irapd; fyhrhug; gpd;dzp
apid tpsf;Fthu;.
• ehad;khu;fs; gz;zpir tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;ig kjpg;gpLthu;.
• gy;yt kd;du; ,irf;fhw;wpa gq;fspg;ig tpgupg;ghu;.
gb 5.1.1.1 : • ,e;jpahtpd; 7Mk; 8Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fu;ehlf ,irapd;

fyhrhug; gpd;dzp njhlu;ghd glq;fs;> ehad;khu;fspd;
glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp khztNuhL gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghff; fye;JiahLjy;.
• rkz kjk; Mjpf;fk; ngw Vida kjq;fs; typik ,d;wpf;
fhzg;gl;lik.
• irt> itzt kjq;fs; Gj;Japu; ngw;wik.
• gy;yt kd;du;fspd; MjuTld; rkak;> fiyfs;> rh];jpuq;fs;
vd;gd tsu;f;fg;gl;lik.
• ,irf;fiy> rpwg; f;fiy> Xtpaf;fiy> eldf; fiy Nghd;wit
tsu;r;rpaile;jik.
• ,irf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; 4) ,uQ;rfg; gpuNahfq;fs;
gb 5.1.1.2 : • khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jr; nraw;gj;jpuj;jpid

toq;Fjy;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; rupahfr; nraw;gLfpwhu;fsh vd;gij cWjp
nra;jy;.
gb 5.1.1.3 : • xt;nthU FOTk; jhk; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw ntspf;nfhzur;

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.
• FOf;fspd; fUj;ij KOikg;gLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLjy;
• fye;Jiuahly; %yk; kPsTk; typAWj;Jjy;.
25
1. rkzkjk; Mjpf;fk; ngw;W Vida kjk; typik Fd;wpf; fhzg;gl;likiaf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. irt> itzt kjq;fs; Gj;Japu; ngw;wik gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
3. gy;yt kd;du;fspd; MjuTld; rkak;> fiyfs;> rh];jpuq;fs; tsu;f;fg;gl;lik
gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
4. ,irf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> Xtpaf;fiy> eldf;fiy tsu;r;rpaile;jik gw;wp
tptupg;ghu;.
5. ,irf; fy;ntl;Lfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;likiaf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
7Mk; 8Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fu;ehlf ,irapd; fyhrhug; gpd;dzp njhlu;ghf toq;fg;

gl;Ls;s fl;Liuia thrpj;J nraw;gj;jpuj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s tpdhTf;F tpilaspf;Ff.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
• ,e;jpahtpy; 7Mk;> 8Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gz;zpir tsu;r;rpf;Fr; rka
Futu;fSk;> gy;ytu; fhy kd;du;fSk; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• ,e;jpahtpy; 7Mk;> 8Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jpUKiwfSld;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak;>
eldk; Kjypa Ez;fiyfs; tsu;rr ; paile;jikf;Fr; rhd;WgfUk; mk;rq;
fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• ,e;jpahtpy; 7Mk;> 8Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,ir tsu;r;rp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,e;jpahtpy; 7Mk;> 8Mk; E}w;whz;by; fu;ehlf

,irapd; fyhrhug; gpdd; zp
fp.gp 7Mk;> 8Mk; E}w;whz;L gy;ytuhl;rpf; fhyg;gFjpahFk;. ,f;fhyj;Jf;

fyhrhug; gz;gpid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,f;fhyj;Jr; rkaepiy gw;wp Xustpw;
fhapDk; ehk; mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. rq;fkUtpa fhyg; gFjpapd; Muk;gj;jpy; irtk;>
itztk;> rkzk;> rhf;fpakhfpa ehy;tifr; rkaq;fSk; gifikapd;wp tsu;e;J
te;jd. vdpDk; mf;fhy Kbtpy; rkz rkaNk cau;epiy ngw;wpUe;jJ.
vt;tifapYk; irtk;> itztk; Mfpa rkaq;fis mopj;Jj; jk; rkaj;ijg;

gug;gr; rkzu;fs; gy topfisf; ifahz;ldu;. ,jd; tpisthf kd;dUk;> kf;fSk;
rkz rkaj;ijj; jOtj; njhlq;fpdu;. rptDf;Fk;> jpUkhYf;Fk; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhtpyf
; s;
Nghw;Wthupd;ikahy; mopaj; njhlq;fpd. irtKk; itztKk; mf;fhyj;jpy;
xd;Wgl;L epd;wpUe;j fhuzj;jhy; gutpf;nfhz;L nrd;w rkz rkaj;ij vjpu;f;Fk;
Mw;wiy mit ngw;wpUe;jd.
rkz rkaj;ijj; jOtpa kNfe;jputu;kid jpUehTf;furUk; epd;w rPu;

neLkhwidj; jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk; irtu;fshf;fpa fhye;njhl;Lr; irtKk; itzKk;
kPzL
; k; jiof;fyhapd;. irtj;jpw;Fk;> itztj;jpw;Fk; Gj;Japuspj;jtu;fs; KiwNa
ehad;khu;fSk; Mo;thu;fSkhthu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOe;jit gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j cyfpay; rhu;e;j ,ir gy;ytuhl;rpf; fhyj;jpy; gf;jp

,irahf kWkyu;r;rp fz;lJ. ehad;khu;fs; ,iriaj; nja;t topghl;Lld; ,Wfg;
gpizj;jdu;.
26
rk;ge;jUf;Fg; nghw;whsk; fpilj;j tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J Njthuk; jhsj;Jld;
ghlg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njspthfj; njupfpd;wJ.
NkYk;> jkpo;ehL fiytsk; ngw;W tpsq;fpa fhyk; gy;ytuhl;rpf; fhykhFk;.

,ir kl;Lkd;wpr; rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> eldk; Kjypa Ez;fiyfs; mtu; fhyj;jpy;
cau;epiy ngw;wpUe;jdntd;gjw;Fg; gy Mjhuq;fs; cz;L. gy;ytu; fhyj;Jg;
ngUq;Nfhtpy;fspy; eld kz;lgk;> jUf;f kz;lgk; Kjypa gy kz;lgq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J mf;Nfhtpy;fs; rkaf;fy;tp> rhj;jpuf;fy;tp> ,ir> eldk;
Kjypait tsu;j;jw;Fupa ,lq;fshfTk; tpsq;fpd vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. vy;yhr;
rkaj;jtUk; jj;jk; kjq;fis tsu;j;jw; nghUl;Lg; gy;yt kd;du; gy klq;fisf;
fl;bdu;. ,k;klq;fs; mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> fiy tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> fiy tpUj;jpf;Fk;
ngupJk; gad;gl;ld.
gy;ytu; fhyj;J kd;du;fSk; Myaq;fspy; ,d;dpirg; gz; tsu mauhJ

cioj;jdu;. Njthug; gz;fisg; gz;NzhL ghl kd;du; NguhjuT toq;fpaik
tprpj;jpu rpj;j” “rq;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. kNfe;jputu;kd; “tprpj; rq;fuP z
; ” Kjypa gy tpUJfisg;
ngw;Ws;shd;. Kd;idaJ mUq;fiyAs;sj;ijAk;> gpd;idaJ mtdJ ,ir
<Lghl;bidAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. rq;fPu;z vd;w jhs tifiaf; fz;L gpbj;jik
ahNyNa ,t;tpUjg; ngau; fpilj;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. FLkpahkiy ,irf;
fy;ntl;Lk; kd;dDila ,irg; Gyikf;Fj; jf;f rhd;whFk;. jpUkak; ,irf;
fy;ntl;Lk; ,ir tsu;r;rpapid vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
,iw topghl;bw;Fr; rpwg;ghf cupa Njhj;jpug; ghkhiyfs; gjpfk; Kjypa

Kiwapy; ntspte;jikahy; xU Gjpa ,yf;fpa kuG jkpo; nkhopapy; Muk;gpj;jJ.
,r;rq;fk;> rq;fUtpa fhyg; gFjpfspy; ngUtof;fhapUe;j mfj;jpiz kuigAk;
ehad;khUk; Mo;thu;fSk; iftpltpy;iy. jiytd; jiytpaUf;fpilapy; md;ig
ntspg;gLj;jg; gadgLj;jg;gl;ld. jpUehTf;furupd; “Kd;Kd;dk; mtSila ehkk;
Nfl; l hs; ” jpUQhdrk; g e; j upd; “rpiwahUk;
rpiwahUk; klf; f pspNa
pspNa” khzpf; f thrfupd;
jpUntk;ghitg; ghly;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
jkpo; ehl;by; toq;fp te;j ehl;Lg;ghly; tiffisj; jOtpg; gy gjpfq;fs;

gy;ytu; fhyg; gFjpapy; ghlg;ggl;Ls;sd. Njthu jpUg;gjpfq;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
ehl;L kf;fs; ,iwtid topgLk; NghJ XJtjw;F ,aw;wg;gl;ldthjypd;> ehad;
khu;fSk;> Mo;thu;fSk; ehl;Lg;ghly; Kiwapy; mtw;iwg; ghbdhu;fs; vdf; fUj
,lKz;L. jpUthrfj;jpy; cs;s jpUtk;khid> jpUr;rhoy;> jpUg;nghd;D}ry; Kjypa
gjpfq;fSk;> ngupaho;thu; ghbaUspa (fz;zd; Foy; thuf; fhf;ifia mioj;jy;)
Kjypa gjpfq;fSk; ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshFk;. Re;ju%u;j;jp RthkpfsJ jpUg;gjp
fq;fSs; rpyTk; ehl;Lg; ghly;fspYs;s ,ir Kiw jOtp mike;Js;sd thff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
27
Nju;rr
; p : 5.0 ,iria mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L r%f> fyhrhu>
ghuk;gupa gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 5.2 thf;Nfafhuu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidAk;> ,irj;

njhz;bidAk; kjpg;gpLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 5.2.1 Kj;Jj; jhz;ltupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwAk; ,irj;

njhz;bidAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• Kj;Jjhz;ltupd; cUtg;glk;
• ,tuJ cUg;gbfs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT ehlh
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu; 17Mk; Ew;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; tho;e;jtu; vdf; $Wthu;.
• rPu;fhopapNy ,ir thzu; kugpy; gpwe;jtu;.
• ,aw;ngau; jhz;ltu; vd;Wk;> rpwg;Gg; ngau; Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu; vdf; $Wthu;.
• mtuJ ,sikg;gUtk;> tho;f;if tuyhW> ,irj; njhz;L gw;wp; $Wthu;.
• mtuJ gjq;fs; Ngupd;gg; gjq;fs; vd;Wk; ,iwtid milAk; khu;f;fj;ij
mDgt thapyhfg; ngwyhk; vd;gijAk; $Wthu;.
• jhz;ltu; jkpopir Kk;kzpfspy; xUtu; vdf; $Wthu;.
gb 5.2.1.1 : • ,irf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu; gw;wp khztu;fsplk;

Nfl;lwpjy;.
• Kj;Jj;jhz;ltupd; glj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> ,tu; ,aw;wpa
ghly;fisg; ghbf; fhl;bNah> my;yJ xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy;
xypf;fr; nra;Njh mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp
khztUld; fye;JiuahLjy;.
- tho;f;iff; fhyk;
- gpwe;j ,lk;
- ngw;Nwhu; ,l;l ngau;> rpwg;Gg; ngau;
- ,irthzu; kugpNy gpwe;jhu;
- tho;f;ifr; rk;gtq;fs;
- ,irj;njhz;L
- ,aw;wpa cUg;gbfs;
- jkpopir Kk;kzpfspy; xUtu;
28
gb 5.2.1.2 : • rfy khztu;fSf;Fk; nraw;gj;jpuk; toq;Fjy;.
• mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Nfw;g khztupd; nraw;ghl;bid cWjp
nra;jy;.
gb 5.2.1.3 : • khztu; jkJ NgWfisr; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.

• Vida khztu;fs; mtjhdpjJ
; f; fUj;Jf;fs; $w ,lkspjj ; y;.
• fye;Jiuahly; %yk; kPsTk; typAWj;Jjy;.
1. Kj;Jj; jhz;ltupd; tho;f;iff; fhyk; gpwe;j ,lk;> ngw;Nwhu; ,l;lngau;> rpwg;Gg;
ngau; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. ,tuJ ,irg;gzp gw;wp $Wthu;.
3. ,tupd; tuyhW ,irg;gzp> vd;gtw;iw fw;gjd; %yk; ,irf;fiyQu;fspd;
gq;fspg;gpid kjpf;Fk; kdg;ghq;if Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
• Kj;Jj;jhz;ltupd; tho;fi
; f tuyhw;wpy; gpdt
; Uk; tplaq;fisf; Fwpgg
; pLf.
- tho;f;iff; fhyk;
- gpwe;j ,lk;
- ngw;Nwhu; ,l;l ngau;
- rpwg;Gg; ngau;
- tho;f;ifapy; jpUg;gk; Vw;glf; fhuzkhf mike;j rk;gtk;
• ,tuJ ,irg;gzp gw;wp vOJf.
thf;Nfafhuu; rupjj
; puk;
Kj;Jj; jhz;ltu;
,sikf; fhyk;
• ,tu; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; rPu;fhopapy;; ,irf;fiyNa jk;
Fyj; njhopyhff; nfhz;l ,irthzu; kugpNy Njhd;wpdhu;.
• ngw;Nwhuhy; ,tUf;F ,lg;gl;l ngau; “jhz;ltd;” MFk;.
• Foe;ijg; gUtk; Kjy; <ridg; ghLk; ,irg; ghly;fspYk; mtw;iw
mgpeaj;jpy; fhl;Lk; Mly;fspYk; yapj;Jf; fhyj;ijf; fopj;jhu;.
• mtUf;F Vw;gl;bUe;j rUk Neha; fhuzkhfr;; Fyj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s
Kbahkw; Nghapw;W.
• ,jdhy; Myaj;jpNy jdJ fhyj;ijf; fopj;J tUifapy; mq;F ehl;bag;
gzpGupe;j rptghf;fpak; vd;Dk; fzpifapd; Mly; ghly;fspdhy; kdijf;
ftu;e;J mjid ,urpf;f Muk;gpj;jhu;.
• ,ij mwpe;j ngw;Nwhu; mg;ngz;zpd; njhlu;ig epWj;Jk;gb Nfl;f
jhz;ltu;; kWj;jhu;. FLk;gj;jtu;fshy; ntWj;J xJf;fg;gl;lhu;.
29
vjpug
; huhj rk;gtKk; GJtho;Tk;
• xU ehs; grpahy; Myaj;jpDs; gLj;Jwq;ifapNy es;spuT Neuk;
tpopj;njOe;j jhz;ltu; clw; gpzpahYk;> grpg; gpzpahYk; kpfj; Jau;
mile;J mk;ikag;gupd; jpUtbfis epide;J njhOjhu;.
• me;j Neuj;jpy; Njtp mDf;fpufk; nfhz;L rpWkp tbtj;jpy; Njhd;wp
mtUila grpiaj; jPu;f;f cztspj;jhu;.
• jhz;ltu; me;j mk;ikaplk; jdJ clw; gpzpfis ePf;Fk;gb Ntz;lNt
,iwtpahu; mtiuj; jpy;iyak;gyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W eluhrg; ngUkhid
,d;dpirahy; topgLk;gb gzpj;jhu;.
• mijf;Nfl;l jhz;ltu; “ehd; ghLk; tif mwpNaNd” vd;W $w mk;ikahu;
eP $j;jg; ngUkhs; jpUKd; topghL nra;Ak; NghJ md;gu; $l;lj;jpypUe;J
vr;nrhy; Kjd; Kjyhf ntspg;gLfpd;wNjh mr; nrhy;iyNa Kjyhf
itj;Jg; ghLf. ckf;F ghLk; Mw;wiy ,iwtd; mUs;thu; vd;W
jpUtha; kyu;e;jUsp kiwe;Jtpl;lhu;.
• mtUf;F epfo;e;j midj;ijAk; Nfs;tpAw;w kf;fs; tpag;Gw;W md;W
Kjy; mtiu “Kj;Jj; jhz;ltu;” vd;W miof;f Muk;gpj;jdu;.
• Kj;Jj; jhz;ltu; rpjk;guk; nrd;W eluhrg; ngUkhidj; njhOifapy;;
mbahu; $l;lj;jpypUe;J g+Nyhf fapyhr fpup rpjk;guk; vd;Dk; njhlu;
nkhop ntspg;glNt mj;njhliuNa Kjyhff; nfhz;L “g+Nyhf fapyhr
fpup rpjk;gu ky;yhy; Gtdj;jpy; NtWk; cz;Nlh” (gtg;gpupah - kp]u; [k;ig)
vd;w fPu;j;jidia ,iwtd; jpUtUshy; ghb Kbj;jhu;.
• fPu;j;jidia ghb Kbj;jJk; jdf;F Kd; Ie;J nghw; fhRfs; ,Ug;gij
mwpe;j Kj;Jj; jhz;ltu; kfpo;rr ; paile;jhu;. md;Nw mtuJ clw; gpzpAk;
ePq;fpaJ.
• xU ehs; ,iwabahuplkpUe;J ahnjhU nrhy;Yk; ntspg;glhjjhy; jhd;
flikapypUe;J jtw tpUk;ghjtuha; mg;Ngr;rpdi ; kia Kjyhff; nfhz;L
“NgrhNj neQ;rNk” (#upafhe;jk; - kp];u[k;ig) vd;w ghliy ghb
Kbj;Jg; gupRk; ngw;whu;.
,tuJ cUg;gbfSk; ghlw; rpwg;Gk;

• jhz;ltu; rPu;fhopapypUe;J rpjk;guj;Jf;F tUk;nghOJ nfhs;splk;
ngUf;nfLj;J XbaJ. mg;NghJ fiuapNyNa epd;W nfhz;L “fhzhky;
tPzpNy fhyk; fope;NjhNk” (jd;ahrp - kp];urhG) vd;w ghliy ghb
Kbj;jTld; nts;sg;ngUf;F Fiwe;J mtUf;F topnfhLj;jJ.
• Mw;iwf; fle;J fiuNawpf; fspg;G epuk;g “juprdk; nra;NtNd” (t]e;jh
- Mjp)vd;w fPu;j;jidiag; ghbdhu;. rpjk;guk; mile;J ,iwtd; jpUkd;
“fz;l gpd; fz; Fspu;e;Njd;” (kiya khUjk; - &gfk;) vd;Dk;
fPu;j;jidiag; ghbdhu;.
• rpy ehs; nrd;w gpd; xU ehs; rPu;fhopapypUe;J rpjk;guj;Jf;F tUk;
topapy; mtiug; ghk; n ghd; W jP z ; b aJk; cs; s k; fyq; f hky;
“mUkUe;njhU jdpkUe;J mk;gyj;jpy; fz;Nld;” (fhk;Nghjp - &gfk;)
vd;Dk; fPu;j;jidiag; ghl tplk; ePq;fpaJ.
• ,t;thW fPuj; j
; dq;fSk;> gjq;fSkhf eluhrg;ngUkhd; kPJ gw;gy ,irg;
ghly;fs; ghbAk;> mUQ; nray;fs; gy epfo;j;jpAk; cs;shu;.
• ,Wjpapy; Mtzpj; jpq;fs; g+r ed;dhspy; ,iwtd; jpUKd; epd;W
“khzpf;fthrfu; Ngnwdf;Fj; juty;yhNah mwpNad;” (Nfhfpyg;gpupah -
&gfk;) vd;Dk; ghliyg; ghlr; rpjk;guj;jpypUe;J Ngnuhspnahd;W
ntspg;gl;lJ. mg;Ngnuhspg; gpok;gpy; Kj;Jj; jhz;ltu; ,uz;lwf; fye;jhu;.
30
• ,tu; mWgJ fPu;j;jdq;fSk;> ,Ugj;ije;J gjq;fSk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
,tw;iwj; jtpu ,d;Dk; gy E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;s
jhfTk; Fwpg;Gf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. “njUtpy; thuhNdh” vd;w fkh];
,uhf &gf jhsj;jpy; mike;j gjk; rpwe;jnjhd;W.
• ,tu; ghly;fs; ahTk; fw;gtu; Nfl;gtu; cs;sq;fspy; rptgf;jpia
tpistpg;gdthfTk; nrhw;Rit> nghUl;Rit> ,ir EZf;fk;> vJif
Nkhid> Kjypa njhil eaq;fisf; nfhz;ldthfTk;> gioa tuyhWfs;>
irt rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fs; epuk;gpAs;sdthfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,tuJ
gjq;fs;. “Ngupd;g gjq;fs;” vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
31
2k; jtiz
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 1.2 rh];jpupa thj;jpa ,iria ,urpj;J tpku;rpg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : 1.2.1 Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz> kpUjq;fk; thj;jpa ,irapd;

jdpjJ
; tkhd mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L ,uridia ntspg;
gLj;JNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz> kpUjq;fk;> thj;jpa ,ir mlq;fpa
xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
• ,irf;fUtpfspd; glq;fs;
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
• njhiyf;fhl;rp
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz> kpUjq;f thj;jpaq;fspd; ,iria ,dq;fz;L
NtWgLj;jpf; $Wthu;.
• Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz> kpUjq;f thj;jpaq;fspd;; ,iriaf; Nfl;Lj; jkJ
,uridia ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
• thj;jpa ,iria Rakhf ,urpf;Fk; mDgtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
gb 1.2.1.1 : • ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wp khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpjy;.

• ,irf;fUtpfspd; gpupTfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ,irf; fUtpfspy; ,irf;fg;gLk; ,irapd; jd;ikia vLj;Jf;
fhl;Ljy;.
• Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz> kpUjq;fk; Mfpa thj;jpaq;fspd;
,irapid> xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fspy; xypf;fr; nra;Njh> my;yJ
,irf;fUtpfspy; thrpj;Jf;fhl;bNah> my;yJ njhiyf;
fhl;rpapy; Nghl;Lf;fhl;bNah> mjid mtjhdpf;fr; nra;J
,urpj;jYf;Fj; J}z;Ljy;.
• Vida ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wp gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf
fye;Jiuahliy epfo;j;Jjy;.
- Gy;yhq;Foy; Jisf;fUtpahFk;> fhw;W thj;jpakhFk;>
tPiz euk;Gf;fUtpahFk;> kpUjq;fk; Njhw;fUtpahFk;
- ,f;fUtpfis ghu;j;Jk;> Nfl;Lk; ,urpf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk;
kd czu;T> thrpf;Fk; Kiw.
- ,t;thj;jpaq;fSf;F ,irf;fg;gLk; mzpNru; thj;jpaq;fspd;
xj;jpirT
32
gb 1.2.1.2 : • khztu;fis ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jr; nraw;gj;jpuj;ij
toq;Ff.
• khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <L;gLfpd;whu;fsh vd;gij cWjp
nra;f.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jkJ NgWfisr; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
• Vida FOf;fSk; mtw;iw mtjhdpj;J fUj;Jf;fs; $w
,lkspf;Ff.
gb 1.2.1.3 : • FOf; f spd; NgWfisj; njhFf; F k; tz; z k; gpd; t Uk;

tplaq;fisf; fye;Jiuahb kPsTk; typAWj;Jf.
• Gy;yhq;Foy; goikahd Jisf;fUtpahFk;. rfy [Ptuhrp
fisAk; kaf;Fk; jd;ik Gy;yhq;Foy; ,irf;Fz;L.
• tPiz ,e;jpa rq;fPj;jpy; vy;yh thj;jpaq;fSf;Fk; murp
ahfTk;> Njrpa thj;jpakhfTk; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
• ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd; ,irf;F kpUjq;fk; mzpNru; thj;jpa
khfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
• ,t;thj;jpaq;fs; fr;Nrupfspy; jdpj;jdpahfTk;> vy;yhtif
ahd cUg;gbfisAk; thrpf;ff;$bajhf jpfo;fpd;wJ.
1. Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz> kpUjq;fk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfspd; tpNrl mk;rq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. thj;jpa ,iria ,urpg;gjd; %yk; thj;jpaf; fiyQupd; Mw;wiy kjpg;ghu;.
3. thj;jpa ,iria ,urpf;Fk; NghJ Vw;gLk; czu;Tfis gfpu;e;J nfhs;thu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
• Gy;yhq;Foy; ,irapd; jdpjJ

; tkhd mk;rq;fspy; ,urpjj; tw;iw ,dq;fz;L
gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
• tPiz ,irapd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fspy; ,urpj;jtw;iw ,dq;fz;L
gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
• kpUjq;fk; thrpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gk;> ,jd; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rq;fspy;
,urpj;jtw;iw ,dq;fz;L gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
33
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 2.2 jj;jk; ,ay;Gf;Nfw;g rpWtu; ghly;fis Mf;fp

nkl;likj;Jg;ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 2.2.1 rpwpa ghly;fisj; jp];u> rJ];u eilfspy; Mf;fk;

nra;J nkl;likj;Jg; ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• rpwpa ghly;fs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpTehlh
• RUjpg;ngl;b
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• rpwpa ghly;fis jp];u rJ];u eilfspy; Mf;fk; nra;thu;
• Mf;fpa ghly;fis nkl;likj;Jg; ghLthu;.
• ghly;fis Mf;fp nkl;likf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
gb 2.2.1.1 : • khztu;fs; fw;w> Nfl;lwpe;j rpwpa ghly;fisg; gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahb mtw;iwg; ghLk;gb Nfl;Lg; gpd;tUk; tplak;
njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• jp];u rJ];u eilfis tpsf;Fjy;
(jfpl> jfjpkp vd;w [jpr; nrhy;)
• xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fspy; rpwpa ghly;fis xypf;fr; nra;J
nkl;il kdjpy; nfhz;L ,iraikf;fj; J}z;Ljy;.
gb 2.2.1.2 : • nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;Gf;fSf;F Vw;g jp];u> rJ];u eilfspy;

rpwpa ghliy Mf;f topg;gLj;jy;.
• NtWrpy nkl;Lf;fspNy mike;j ghly;fis ghbf;fhl;b
nkl;likf;Fk; jpwidg; ngwitj;jy;.
gb 2.2.1.3 : • jp]u; > rJ];u eilfspy; Mf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l rpwpa ghly;fis

nkl;likj;Jg;ghl re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;.
• kPsTk; KOikahf gapw;rp nra;jy;
1. rpWtu; ghly;fisj; jp];u> rJ];u eilfspy; Mf;fk; nra;Ak; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
2. Mf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l ghly;fis nkl;likj;Jg; ghLk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
3. jp];u> rJ];u eilfspy; Mf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l ghly;fis nkl;likj;Jg; ghLthu;.
34
Nju;rr
; p : 3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfisr; RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghbf;
fhl;Lthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.2 ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.2.1 “,dp ekf;nfhU ftiyAkpy;iy” vd;Dk; fPuj

; j
; idiar;
RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLNthk;.
Neuk; : 3 kzpj;jpahyk; 20 epkplq;fs;
ghlNtisfs; : 05
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
• xypg;gjpT ehlh
• fPu;j;jid vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• fPu;j;jid rghfhd cUg;gb vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• “,dp ekf;nfhU ftiyAkpy;iy” vDk; fPu;j;jid gpyùp ,uhfj;jpy; &gf
jhsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ vdf; $Wthu;.
• gpyùp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfzj;ijf;; $Wthu;.
• fPu;j;jidahdJ gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;Dk; mq;fq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ vdf; $Wthu;.
• “,dp ekf;nfhU ftiyAkpy;iy” vd;Dk; fPu;j;jidiar; RUjp> ,uhf
jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
gb 3.2.1.1 : • fPuj
; j
; id vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jp mjd; mikg;G
gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
- “fPu;j;jidahdJ rghfhd cUg;gbahFk;”
- fPu;j;jidapd; ,uhfk; - gpyùp
- fPu;j;jidapd; jhsk; - &gfk;
- gpyùp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfzk; : ]upfgj];
mtNuhfzk;: ];epjgkfup]
- fPuj ; j
; idahdJ gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;Dk; mq;f
tpj;jpahrq;fisAila cUg;gb.
• gpyùp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz> mtNuhfzj;ij ghbf;fhl;b
khztiuAk; ghlr; nra;jy;.
gb 3.2.1.2 : • tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fspd; vz;zpfi ; ff;Nfw;g khztu;fisf;

FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jr; nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;fp khztu;
nraw;gl mwpTWj;jiy toq;Fjy;.
35
nraw;ghl;bid Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.
• Vida FOf;fs;> jj;jkJ fUj;jpidf; $wr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspj;jy;.
• RUjp> jhsk;> ];tu];jhdk; tOtpg; ghba khztu;fSf;F
kPz;Lk; gapw;rpapid toq;Fjy;.
1. fPu;j;jidahdJ rghfhd cUg;gb vdf; $Wthu;.
2. fPuj
; j
; idahdJ gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;Dk; mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
vdf; $Wthu;.
3. “,dp ekf;nfhU ftiyAkpy;iy” vd;w fPu;j;jid gpyùp ,uhfj;jpy; &gf
jhsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ vdf; $Wthu;.
4. gpyùp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfzk; - ]upfgj];
mtNufhzk;- ];epjgkfup]
vdf; $Wthu;.
5. “,dp ekf;nfhU ftiyAkpy;iy” vd;Dk; fPuj; j
; idiar; RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld;
ghLthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
• “,dp ekf;nfhU ftiyAkpy;iy” vd;Dk; fPu;j;jidiar; RUjp> ,uhf>
jhsj;Jld; gapw;rp nra;f.
• “,dp ekf;nfhU ftiyAkpy;iy” vd;Dk; fPu;j;jidiar; RUjp> ,uhf>
jhsj;Jld; ghLf.
36
fPu;j;jid
,uhfk; - gpyùp MNuhfzk; : ]upfgj];

mtNuhfzk;: ];epjgkfup] } 29 ,d; [d;dpak;
jhsk; : &gfk;
,aw;wpatu; : kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is
gy;ytp
1. ];h ];h eP jh gh gh / epj jg k f f up f up]h /
,. dp
@ fh gh
e
jh @ hP
.
kf; nfh U
/
f
.
]h
t
@
iy
@ ];ep
A
jg
kp . iy
jh /
vd; Wk; ,d; g Nk . . k d Nk.
2. ];upf;up ];h eP jh gh / epj jg kf fup f up ]h /

,. dp
@ fh gh
e
jh
kf;
@
.
nfh U
hP /
.
f
]h
t
@
iy
@
A
];ep
kp .
jg
iy
jh /
vd; Wk; ,d; g g Nk . . k d Nk.
mDgy;ytp
1. @ ff gh jh @ ];h / ];h @ ];h ]; epjg epj /

. Gdp j j;ah . f uh [ ];th ... kp
2. @ ff gh jh @ ];h / ];u;pf;u;p ];h ]; epjg epj /

. Gdp j j;ah . f uh... [ ];th ... kp
3. jg ff gh jh @ ];h /
.
];u;pf;g; f;up];epjg jh /
. Gdp j j;ah . f uh... [ ];th ... kp
@
.
j up ];h ];epjh gh / epjjg kf fh gh jh /
. fd tpy; te; . J fh... l;rp. je; j jhy;
ruzk;
@ gh gh @ gh @ / epj jg kf fup fup]h /
fe; ju; . th . f .. d. Nyh . .yh
@ up fh. ]h @ ]
fd rP .y . .epj. / ]upfh
j;ah f.
upfgh@ kf /
uh . [
upf gh gh @ gh @ / epj jg kf fup fup]h /
.. fe; ju; t / f . .. d. Nyh .. yh
@ up fh. ]h @
fd rP . y. .
] epj.. / ]upfh
j;ah
upfgh@ >
f. uh .
g /
[
(mDgy;ytp Nghy; ghlTk;)

Re;juu; Nrit fz;l ed;
Rfpu;jNk Rfpu;jk;
37
Nju;rr
; p : 3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.1 mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfis mg;gpahrk; nra;thu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.1.3 “KUfh” vd;w kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf Mjpjhs jhdtu;zj;jpd;
g+u;thq;fg; gFjpiag; ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 08
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• `hu;Nkhdpak;
• tu;zk; ];turhfpj;jpakhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf ];tu];jhd tiuglk;
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• tu;zk; mg;gpahrfhdj;jpw;Fk; rghfhdj;jpw;Fk; nghJthd cUg;gb vdf;
$Wthu;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fisf; $Wthu;.
• jhdtu;zj;jpid ,uhf ghtj;Jld; ghLk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
• “KUfh” vd;w Mjpjhstu;zj;jpd; g+ut
; hq;fg; gFjpia ,uhf> jhs> ghtj;Jld;
ghLtu;.
gb 3.1.3.1 : • kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy;> Kd;du; fw;W ,urpj;j cUg;gbfs;

gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf tu;zj;jpd; g+u;thq;fg;
gFjpiag; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
• tu;zk; vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;.
• tu;zj;jpd; mikg;ig tpsf;fp ,uhf jhsj;ijf; $Wjy;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghbf;
fhl;Ljy;.
• tu;zj;jpd; g+u;thq;fg; gFjpia ];tu> rhfpj;jpa &gkhf
gFjp gFjpahf fw;gpj;jy;.
• khztu;fs; mjid nrtpkLj;Jg; ghl topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• g+u;thq;fg; gFjpia ,U fhyq;fspYk; ghl topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J g+u;thq;fg; gFjpiag; ghLjy;.
gb 3.1.3.2 : • khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;gf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jg;

g+u;thq;fg; gFjpia ];tu rhfpj;jpakhfg; ghl topg;gLj;Jf.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jpwk;glr; nraw;gLfpd;whu;fsh vd;gij
cWjp nra;J newpg;gLj;Jf.
gb 3.1.3.3 : • FOf;fs; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F ,lkspj;jy;.

• Fiwfis ,dq;fz;L KOikg;gLj;Jjy;.
1. tu;zj;jpd; ,uhf> jhsj;ijf; $Wthu;.
2. tu;zj;jpd; mq;f milahsq;fisf; $Wtu;.
38
3. tu;zj;jpd; g+u;thq;f gFjpia ,uz;L fhyq;fspYk; ghLtu;.
4. tu;zj;jpd; g+u;thq;f gFjpia ];tu rhfpj;jpa jhs mq;f milahsf;
FwpaPL;fSld; vOJtu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;
rfy FOf;fSf;Fk; ,r;nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Ff.
• tu;zj;jpd; g+u;thq;fg; gFjpia RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ,uz;L fhyq;fspYk;
ghLf.
jhd tu;zk;
,uhfk;:- kj;jpakhtjp
jhsk;:- Mjp
MNuhfzk; - ]upkgep];
mtNuhfzk; - ];epgkup] } 22d; [d;ak;
gy;ytp
uP]huP@
KUfh
upkgk - up]uP /
. . . . v .d
upkgk - upkup]
jh. . . U. . . ap. . .
...
/ ]epgep - ]up]up ||
Nu . . .
upkgkup] upkupkgk - gep gep / g ep];];ep g kg /epepgk - upk up ] ||
t.&.... th.. . .a; md; .. Ng . . . . M . . W .K. f. Nd .
mDgy;ytp
eP gh eP @ gkgep g k gh / kg ep kgkup] / upkgep ];h@ ||

ngU f h . . . . . . j yh . Ny. . . . th.b . Ndd;
. . •
g ep];up k;u;p ];u;p]; ep];ep-gkgep /];up;]; ep];epgep / gkgk -upkup] ||
Ng . . . u. U. . . . .. sh. . sh. . . . . m. o... fh. .
Kf;jhap]t
; uk;
uPgk - uPkup - ]hup] - epg
• • ]ep /]h@ •- ];h epep / gg kk upup ]] /
upgg • • / epgk
upkk - ]upkgep -kgep];up/ k;uPk;hp]; up]; upgkup]/
/
(KUfh)
ruzk;
gh gh eP @ @ - k gh upkh / gh @ @ kg / epepgk - up]up k ||
jp U khy; m U kU fh . . k. iw.G. - f .Ok; .
1. gh @ @ khuP khuP ]h / uP ]h@ gk / epgh kup] upk ||

(jpUkhy;)
2. ghgePg - kepghg khgupk / ghkuP kup] / hp]hup ep]upk ||
• (jpUkhy;)
3. eP g k g - epepgh kupghk upk /upup ]kkup gk / epg ];epgh@ ||
• •
];ghep - kgep];hup ep];epg ];ep /];up];h> gepk / gh> upk - upgk /
4.
. . • • •
uP @ uP];ep- ];up];ep - gkgep / ];h@ @ ep]; / upk;up]; epgep]; ||
(jpUkhy;)
• •
up ];hup - eP] ghep khg - uPk / gg];hepgk -up /kgepep ];h @ /
• • • •• •• •
gepg ];h]; - ep];ep uP up ];ep];up / up;up;k;k; - up;up;];]/; epgep];- uP@/
•
];u•p;k;uP -];ep g - •
up;];hepgk - ];ep /
, gkup epghk / up] - ]uP - ]upk /
(jpUkhy;)
39
Nju;rr
; p : 4.0 ,irapd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.5 gz;zpir gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.5.1 gz;zpirapd; Njhw;wk;> gz;fspd; tiffs; tsu;rr

; p gw;wp
mwpNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• gz;fspd; tiffs; ml;ltiz
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• gz;zpd; tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.
• gz;fSf;Fk; rkaj;jpw;FKs;s njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;L gf;jp> czu;it
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
• jw;NghJ tof;fpYs;s gz;fs; 24 vd;gijf; $Wthu;.
gb 4.5.1.1 : • NjhLila nrtpad; vDk; Njthuj;ijg; ghbg; gz;zpir

gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij fye;Jiuahbg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis
tpsf;Fjy;.
• irtk; eypTw;W rkzrkak; Xq;fp tsu;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;
Njthu Kjypfs; Njhd;wp gz;zpir tsu;j;jjd; %yk;
irtrkaj;ij Xq;fp tsur; nra;jdu; vd;gij khztu;fSf;F
tpsf;Fjy;.
• gz;fs;> gz;fSf;Fr; ,izahd ,uhfq;fspd; ml;ltiz
iaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mtw;wpw;F xg;ghd ,uhfq;fisAk;
ml;ltiz %yk; vLj;Jf; $Wjy;.
• Myaq;fspy; XJthu;fis epakpj;J MjPdq;fspd; gz;zpir
iag; fw; g pg; g jw; F trjpaspj; j ik ,uh[uh[Nrhod; >
ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp %yk;> Njthuq;fisj; njhFj;J cjtp
aik gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
• 103 gz;fspy; jw;fhy tof;fpYs;sJ 24 gz;fs; vd;Wk;
gz;fspd; tiffs; gfw;gz;> ,uhg;gz;> nghJg;gz; vd;Wk;
gz;fspd; gpupTfs; gz;zpak;> jpwk;> jpwj;jpwk; (\hlt> xslt>
];tuhe;juk;) vd;gtw;iwAk; tpsf;Fjy;.
gz; - (rk;g+u;z ,uhfk;)
gz;zpak; - (\hltk;)
jpwk; - (xsltk;)
jpwj;jpwk; - (];tuhe;juk;)
jpwd; - ([d;dpauhfk;)
gpwo;r;rpg;gz; - (gh\hq;f ,uhfk;)
xUtpagz;- (tu;[ ,uhfk;)
40
gb 4.5.1.2 : • khztu;fisr; rpwpa FOf;fshf;fpr; nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Ff.
• mwpTWj;jYf;Nfw;gr; nraw;ghl;by; FOf;fis <Lglr; nra;f.
gb 4.5.1.3 : • xt;nthU FOitAk; jkJ ngWNgWfisr; rku;g;gpf;f

toptFf;f.
• Fiwfis fz;L eptu;j;jp nra;f. epiwfisg; ghuhl;Lf.
1. gz;zpirapd; Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpthpg;ghh;.
2. gz;fspd; tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.
3. gz;fisAk; mtw;wpw;F ,izahd ,uhfq;fisf; $Wthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
FO - 1
• gz;zpirapd; Njhw;wk; tsu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
FO - 2
• gz;fisAk; gz;zpw;F ,izahd ,uhfq;fisAk; vOJf.
,izg;G
gz;zpir
,e;jpa rq;fj
P tuyhw;iw Nehf;fpd>; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s ,uhf jhs mikg;Gld;
$ba cUg;gbfspy;> kpfg; goikahdJ Njthuk; vd;gJ GydhFk;. jw;fhyj;jpy;
toq;Fk; gy ,uhfq;fSf;Fj; Njthug; gz;fNs Mjp yl;rpaq;fshFk;.
irtrkak; eypTw;Wr; rkz rkak; Xq;fp tsu;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpw; Njthu

Kjypfs; Njhd;wpg; gz;zpir tsu;j;jjd; %yk;> irtrkaj;ij Xq;fp tsur;
nra;jdu;.
Njthuj;ijj; jpUtha; kyu;e;jUspa> jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk; jpUehTf;furUk;

fp.gp 7Mk; E}w; w hz; b Yk; Re; j u%u; j ; j pehadhu; fp.gp 9Mk; E}w; w hz; b Yk;
tho;e;jtu;fshthu;. Njthug; gjpfq;fs; Njhd;Wk; NghNj ,ir tbtq;fSld; %tu;
thf;fpy; ,Ue;Jk; Njhd;wpa rpwg;ig cilad. ,f;fhuzj;jpdhNyjhd; Njthug;
gjpfq;fSf;Fj; jdpr; RitAk; gpufhrKk; ,Ug;gNjhL> Nfl;NghUf;Fg; gf;jp czu;Tk;
cz;lhfpdw ; J. Njthug; gz;fspd; tu;z nkl;Lf;fs;> XJthu;fs; %ykhfTk; FUrp\a ;
guk;giu %ykhfTk; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;L te;Js;sd.
Njthuk; vd;gJ nja;tj;jd;ik tha;ej ; “thug;” ghly;fshFk;. ,irj; jkpior;

Nru;e;j Kjdil> thuk;> $il> jpus; vd;Dk; ehd;F tiffspy; xd;whfpa “thuk;”
vd;gJ rq;fPjj;jpYk; rhfpj;jpaj;jpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
41
jpUQhdrk;ge;jUf;Fg; nghw;whsk; fpilj;j tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J> Njthuk;
jhsj;Jld; ghlg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
gz; vd;gJ ,uhfk; MFk;. gz; vd;w gjj;jpw;Fg; ghl;L> rk;g+u;z ,uhfk; vd
NtW ,U nghUs;fSk; cz;L. gz;fSf;F ,uhfq;fisg; Nghy; ];tuq;fs;> [Pt
];tuq;fs;> epahr ];tuq;fs;> me;epa ];tuq;fs; uf;jpg;gpuNahfq;fs;> nrh&gj;ij
tpsf;Fk; El;g RUjpfs;> fkfq;fs; Kjypad cz;L. gz;fspd; nrh&gq;fis
mwpaj; Njthuq;fNs rpwe;j y\pakhFk;. ,uhfq;fis xslt> \hlt> rk;g+u;zk;
vd;W gpupg;gjw;Fk;> gz;fNs fhuzkha; ,Ue;jd.
,e;jpa rq;fPj rupj;jpuj;jpy; gh\hq;f ,uhfk; vd;gij> Kjd;Kjyhfj; Njthug;

gz;fspNyNa fhz;fpNwhk;. gh\hq;f ,uhfk; vd;gJ uf;jpapd; nghUl;Lj; jdJ
jha; ,uhfj;jpy; tuhj xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W ];tuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l
gpuNahfq;fspy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ,uhfk; MFk;. nfsrpfk; (igutp) tpahof;
FwpQ;rp (nrsuh\;buk;) Nghd;w gz;fs; ,jw;F ey;y cjhuzq;fshFk;.
NkYk;> fhe;jhu gQ;rkk; (Nfjhunfsis) nre;JUj;jp (kj;jpakhtjp) Nghd;w

gz;fs; cghq;f ,uhfj;jpwF
; cjhuzq;fshFk;. nre;JUj;jpg; gz;zpidr; Re;ju%u;jj
; p
ehadhupd; xU gjpfj;jpNyNa fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ. ge;Jthuhsp vd;w gpujpkj;jpk
,uhfj;jpw;F xg;ghdit rhjhup> el;luhfg; gz;fshFk;.
jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; ghba “khju; klg;gpbAk;” vd;w gjpfj;jpw;Fj; jpUePyfz;l

aho;g;ghzu; aho; thrpf;f KbahJ tUe;jpa rk;gtj;jpypUe;J> Njthuk; ghLifapy;
aho; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik njspthfpd;wJ.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,uhfq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Njthug; gz;fs; kpf;f cjtpahf

,Ue;jd. Njthug; gz;fspy; uf;jp ,uhfq;fNs Kf;fpakhff; fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. xt;nthU
gz; z pw; F k; cw; w RUjpfs; > fkfq; f s; > tf; u g; gpuNahfq; f s; > cUg; g bfs;
Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; jFjpahd ];tuq;fs; Kjypa tplaq;fis me;je;jg; gz;fspy;
mike;Js;s Njthug; gjpfq;fspw; fhzyhk;.
24 gz;fSk;> gz;fSf;Fr; rkkhd fu;ehlf ,uhfq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW:
gz; ,uhfk;
gQ;rkk; - M`pup
rPfhkuk; - ehjehkf;upa
GwePu;ik - g+ghsk;
tpahof; FwpQ;rp - nrsuh\;buk;
nfsrpfk; - igutp
nre;JUj;jp - kj;jpakhtjp
fhe;jhu gQ;rkk; - Nfjhunfsis
me;jhspf; FwpQ;rp - ]hkh
jf;Nfrp> jf;fuhfk; - fhk;Nghjp
nrt;top - aJFyfhk;Ngh[p
gok;gQ;Ruk; - rq;fuhguzk;
nfhy;yp> nfhy;ypf; nfsthzk; - etNuh[;
fhe;jhuk;> gpae;ijf; fhe;jhuk;
Nkfuhff; FwpQ;rp - ePyhk;gup
el;lghil - fk;gPu ehl;il
42
]hjhup> el;luhfk; - ge;Jtuhsp
aho;Kup - mlhzh
,e;jsk; - khahkhstnfsis
goe;jf;fuhfk; - Mugp
FwpQ;rp - ùpfhk;Ngh[p
jpUehTf;furupd; jpUj;jhz;lfk;> ùpfhk;Ngh[p ,uhfj;jpYk; jpUthrfk; Nkhfd

,uhfj;jpYk; ghlg;gl;L tUtJ kughFk;. gz; vd;gij jha; ,uhfk; vd;Wk;> jpwk;
vd;gij [d;auhfk; vd;Wk; $Wtu;.
Njthug; gjpfq;fs;> jw;NghJ 24 gz;fspy; mike;Js;sd. gz;fs; ghlg;gl

Ntz; b a fhd fhyj; i jf; nfhz; L gfw; g z; > ,uhg; g z; > nghJg; g z; vdg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gz; - rk;g+u;z uhfk;

gz;zpak; - \hlt ,uhfk;
jpwk; - xslt ,uhfk;
jpwe;jpwk; - ];tuhe;ju ,uhfk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;
gfw;gz;fs; ,uhg;gz;fs; nghJg;gz;fs;

GwePu;ik rPfhkuk; nre;JUj;jp
gQ;rkk; tpahof; FwpQ;rp nrt;top
,e;jsk; me;ehspf; FwpQ;rp
fhe;jhu gQ;rkk; nfhy;yp
jf;Nfrp Nkfuhff; FwpQ;rp
gok; gQ;Ruk; goe;jf;fuhfk;
el;lghil
rhjhup
Njthug; gjpfq;fs; ghlg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; xNu tifahd

rq;fPjNk ,Ue;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;> fue;hlf rq;fPjk; vd;dk;
gpupT Vw;gltpy;iy.
7Mk;> 8Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ehad;khu;fshw; ghlg;gl;l Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfq;fs;

Nrho kd;duJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNy - kf;fspilNa gug;gg;gl;ld. Nrho muru;fs;>
rptnewpr; nry;tu;fshf ,Ue;J Myaq;fspy; XJthu;fis mku;j;jp> mtu;fs; %yk;
Njthug; gjpfq;fis ehL KOtJk; gug;Gk; gzpapy; <Lgl;ldu;. Nrhod; fhyj;jpy;
ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gpahy; 12 jpUKiwfshf tFj;Jj; njhFf;fg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
jhFk;.
43
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.2 ,uhfq;fspd; ,yl;rzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.2.2 fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfz tiuglk;
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
• ,izg;G
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• fy;ahzp ,uhfk; xU jha; ,uhfk; vdf;; $Wthu;.
• fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; Nks vz;> MNuhfz mtNuhfzk;> ];tu];jhdk;
vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fs; vy;yhk; jPtpu ];tuq;fs; vd;gjidf;
$Wthu;.
• fy; a hzp ,uhfj; i jg; ghLk; NghJ ,dk; f hz; g u; . fy; a hzp ,uhf
cUg;gbfisAk; ,dk;fhz;ghu;.
• NtW ,uhfq;fSf;Fk; ,yl;rzk; vOJk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

gb 4.2.2.1 : • khztu;fsplk; Vw;nfdNt fw;w [df ,uhfq;fs; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuh`z mtNuh`zj;ijg; ghbf;
fhl;b khztiur; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• MNuh`z> mtNuh`z ];tu];jhd ml;ltiziaf; fhl;rpg;
gLj;jp> khztu;fis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.
gb 4.2.2.2 : • mtjhdpj;j tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLk; NghJ

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mwpTWj;Jf.
- fy;ahzp Uj;u rf;fuj;jpd; Ie;jhtJ ,uhfk; (Uj;u-kh)
- fy;ahzp 65 tJ Nksu;j;jh ,uhfk;
- M - ]hpfkgjep];
mt - ];epjgkfhp]
- vy;yh ];tuq;fSk; jPtpu ];tuq;fshf mike;Js;s
,uhfk;
- rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpd; Neu; gpujp kj;jpk ,uhfk;
fy;ahzp MFk;.
- rQ;rhuk;
- cUg;gbfs;
- fpuf Ngjk; nra;tjpy; cz;lhFk; ,uhfq;fs;
• nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fjy;.
44
gb 4.2.2.2 : • kPs typAWj;Jk; tifapy; ,uhf ,yl;rzj;ij KOikg;
gLj;jpf; $wy;
1. fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuh`z mtNuh`zk;> Nks vz; ];tu];jhdq;fisf;
$Wthu;.
2. vy;yh ];tuq;fSk; jPtpu ];tuq;fshf mike;Js;s ,uhfk; vd;gijf; Fwpgg
; pLthu;.
3. rq;fuhguzj;jpd; Neu;gpujp kj;jpk ,uhfk; vd;gijf; $Wthu;.
4. fy;ahzp ,uhf cUg;gbfs;> rQ;rhuq;fis vOJk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;
• jug;gl;Ls;s ,izg;gpd; cjtpAld; fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij
fPo;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp vOJf.
- Nks vz;
- MNuhfz mtNuhfzk;
- ];tu];jhdk;
- tpN\l gpuNahfq;fs;
- upfgjep ];tuq;fis fpuf Ngjk; nra;tjdhy; cz;lhFk; ,uhfq;fs;
- rQ;rhuk;
- cUg;gbfs;
,uhf ,yl;rzk;
fy;ahzp
fy;ahzp 65MtJ Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfkhFk;. Uj;u rf;fuj;jpy; Ie;jhtJ

,uhfkhFk;. (Uj;ukh) flgahjp rq;fi
; af;fhf Nkrfy;ahzp vd;W miof;fg; gLfpwJ.
,jd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzk;.
M - ] hp f k g j ep ];
m - ]; ep j g k f up ];
,e;j ,uhfk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ];tu];jhdq;fshtd:-
]l;[k;> rJ];Ujpup\gk;> me;jufhe;jhuk;> gpujpkj;jpkk;> gQ;rkk;> rJ];Ujp

ijtjk; fhfypep\hjk; vd;gdthFk;. ,J gpujpkj;jpk ,uhfq;fspy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w
,uhfkhFk;. mNef [d;dpa ,uhfq;fisf; nfhz;l Xu; [df ,uhfkhFk;.
rk;g+u;z ,uhfk; [z;il ];tug; gpuNahfq;fSk;> jhl;L ];tug; gpuNahfq;fSk;

,e;j ,uhfj;jpw;F ,uhfuQ;rfkhdit. ];u;t ];tu fkf tupf uf;jp ,uhfk; vy;yh
];tuq;fSk; ,uhfr;rhah ];tuq;fs; tp]j; hukhd ,uhf Myhgidf;F ,lk; nfhLf;Fk;
,uhfk;.
vg;nghOJk; ghl cfe;j ,uhfk; vdpDk; khiyNtisapy; ghl kpf uQ;rfkhf

,Uf;Fk;. RNyhfk;> gj;ak;> tpUj;jk; ghl Vw;w ,uhfk;. ,J xU %u;r;rduhf
Nks,uhfk;. ,jd; up\g> fhe;jhu> fhe;jhu> gQ;rkk;> ijtj> ep\hj ];tuq;fis
45
fpufNgjk; nra;tjhy; KiwNa ùpfhk;Ngh[p> eligutp> rq;fuhguzk;> fuùg;gpupah>
Njhb ,uhfq;fs; cz;lhFk;. Kjd; Kjypy; kdpj ghu;itf;F te;j gpujpkj;jpk
,uhfk; fy;ahzp ,uhfkhFk;. rq;fuhguzj;jpd; Neu;;g;gpujp kj;jpkuhfkhFk;.
rQ;rhuk;
];epjgkfup - fkgjep];h - jep];hepjgk

fkgj kgjep - ];hepjep];h - epf;up];epj];h
];u;pf;k; gh;k;f;up; f;up;;];epjgk gkfup]h
cUg;gbfs;
fPjk; - gje;jUtha; - Mjp

tu;zk; - td[h\pNuh - Mjp
td[hop - mljhsk; - gy;ytp Nfhghya;au;.
fpUjp - epjprhy - rhG - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
VjTduh - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
MLk; fyhg kapy;- Mjp -cLkiyg;Ngl;il ehuhaz ];thkp
thRNjtadp - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
fkyhk;ghk;g[Nu - Mjp - jP\pju;
`pkhj;jpup]{Nj - &gfk;- rpahkhrh];jpupfs;
gjk; ghnuq;Fk; - Mjp - fdk; fpU\;za;au;
46
Nju;rr
nraw;ghL : 4.2.3 fuùg; g pupah ,uhfj; j pd; ,yl; r zj; i j mwpe; J

nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpd; MNuh`z> mtNuh`z tiuglk;
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
• ,izg;G
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• fufug;gpupah ,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fs; Nks vz;> MNuhfz mtNuhfzk;
vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• rhkfhdk; fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpNy ghlg;gl;lJ vd;gjidf; $Wtu;.
• jpahfuh[ Rthkpfshy; fuùg;gpupah ,uhfk; gpugy;akile;jJ vd;gjid
$Wthu;.
• `peJ; ];jhdp rq;fj
P j;jpy; fhgp vdg;gLtJ ,t;tpuhfkhFk; vd;gjidf; njupeJ
;
nfhs;thu;.
• fufug;gpupah ,uhfj;ijg; ghLk; NghJ ,dk;fhz;gu;. fuùg;gpupah ,uhf
cUg;gbfisAk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzk; vOJk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

gb 4.2.3.1 : • ntt;NtW ,uhfj;jpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;w ghly;fs; rpytw;iwg;
ghbf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfj;jpid ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.
• fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpd; MNuh`z mtNuh`zj;ijg;
ghbf;fhl;b khztiur; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
gb 4.2.3.2 : • nrtpkLj;j tplaq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l ml;ltizAld;>

,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fisAk; mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• ml; l tiz %yk; ,dk; f z; l tplaq; f s; njhlu; g hf
fye;JiuahLk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mwpTWj;Jjy;.
• fuùg;gpupah ,uhfk; 22tJ Nks ,uhfk;
• Ntj rf;;fuj;jpy; ehd;fhtJ ,uhfk; (Ntj - g+)
• MNuh`z mtNuh`zk;> ];tu];jhdk;> cUg;gb> rQ;rhuk;
vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
gb 4.2.3.3 : • fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij kPsTk; typAWj;jp

KOikg;gLj;Jjy;.
47
1. fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpd; Nks vz;> MNuh`z> mtNuh`zk;> ];tuq;fisf;
$Wthu;.
2. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpy; fhgp vd miof;fg;gLk; ,uhfk; fuùg;gpupah vd;W
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3. jpahfuh[ Rthkpfshy; fuùg;gpupah ,uhfk; gpugy;ak; mile;jjijf; $Wthu;.
4. rhkfhdk;> fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpNyNa ghlg;gl;lJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
5. fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpy; mike;Js;s cUg;gbfis $Wthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; :
rfy khztUf;Fk; ,r;nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Ff
• fuùg;gpupah ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij fPo;tUk; mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fp

vOJf.
- Nks vz;
- MNuhfz mtNuhfzk;
- ];tu];jhdk;
- tpN\l gpuNahfq;fs;
- `pe;J];jhdp ,irapy; toq;Fk; ngau;
- ,e;j ,uhfj;ij gpugy;ak; milar; nra;j thf;Nfafhuu;
- fpufNgjk;
- cUg;gbfs;
- rQ;rhuk;
- NtW gz;Gfs;
,uhfk; - fuùg;gpupah
22MtJ Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfk;. Ntj rf;fuj;jpy; ehd;fhtJ ,uhfk; (Ntj- g+)
,jd; MNuh`zk; - ]upfkgjep];
mtNuh`zk; - ];epjgkfup]
]l;[ gQ;rkq;fisj; jtpu ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; tUk; ];tuq;fs; rJ];Ujp up\gk;

rhjhuz fhe;jhuk;> Rj;j kj;jpkk;> rJ];Ujp ijtjk;> ifrpfp ep\hjk;.
g+u;thq;fKk; cj;juhq;fKk; xNu rPuha; mike;Js;s Nks ,uhfq;fspy;

,JTnkhd;W ]u;t ];tu fkf tupf uf;jp ,uhfk; up> f> j> ep ,uhfr; rhah
];tuq;fSk;> epah] ];tuq;fSkhFk;. gpuj;ahfj fkfk; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpd; ];t&gj;ij
njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; ePjgkfuP> ePjgjep]>; ePjghkfhup vd;gd uQ;rfg; gpuNahfq;fs;.
ve;NeuKk; ghlyhk;. mNef [d;dpa ,uhfq;fis cila [df ,uhfq;fspy;
,JTnkhd;W. fpUjpfs; ]> up> g> ep Mfpa ];tuq;fspy; Muk;gpf;fpd;wd. jpup];jhap
,uhfk;. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjj;jpYs;s fhgp vd;gJ ,e;j ,uhfNk. jpahfuh[
];thkpfs; mNef fpUjpfis ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; ,aw;wp ,t;tpuhfj;ij gpugy;akilar;
nra;jhu;. fhdu]g; gpujhd ,uhfk;.
%u;r;rdhfhuf Nks ,uhfk;. ,jd; up> f> k> g> j> ep Mfpa ];tuq;fis
KiwNa fpuf Ngjk; nra;jhy; `DkNjhb> Nkrfy;ahzp> ùpfhk;Nghjp> eligutp>
jPurq;fuhguzk; Mfpa ,uhfq;fs; tUk;.
]hkfhdk; ,t;tpuhfj;jpNyNa ghlg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
48
rQ; r huk; :-
. .. .
epjkgkfhup - epjgjepj -ghkfhup -upfkg jep];h -];epjg kfhup - upfkg jep];h];epjh
jep];upf;up - ];ep];up - f;k;f;hf;upuP - uP];h];epjh - gjep];up - ];];eP jepgjgjep];
..
epepjg -kgepjgkfhuP - ePepjep ggkk ffupuP - ]hepj -
. ep]hup]h -
cUg; g bfs; :-
fpUjp - rf;fdpuh[ - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
fpUjp - elrp elrp - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
fpUjp - tplKN]Na - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
fpUjp - gf;fy epygb - kp];urhG - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
fpUjp - uhkeP]khd - &gfk; - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
fpUjp - ]q;fy;gNg - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
fpUjp - jpahfuh[h - Mjp - jpahfuh[ ];thkpfs;
fpUjp - khatpj;ij - Mjp - ghgehrk; rptd;
49
Nju;rr

tpsf;fq;fisAk; ngWthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.3.2 Gy;yhq;Foy; vd;w thj;jpaj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij mwpNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpaj;jpd; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpak;
• Gy;yhq;Foy; ,ir mlq;fpa xypehlh> xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;igf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thrpf;Fk; Kiwapidf; $Wthu;.
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpaj;jpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gb 4.3.2.1 : • khztu;fs; Vw;nfdNt nrtpkLj;j thj;jpaq;fspd; Xir gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahb> xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy; Gy;yhq;Foy; ,iriag;
Nghl;Lf;fhl;br;> nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• Gy;yhq;Foy; fz;zd; ifapy; cs;s thj;jpak; vd tpsf;fp
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;Fjy;.
- Gy;yhq;Foypd; mikg;G
- Gy;yhq;Foypd; rpwg;G
- ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;
- Gy;yhq;Foy; thrpf;Fk; Kiw
- Gy;yhq;Foy; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akile;j tpj;Jthd;fs;
gb 4.3.2.2 : • khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupjJ; r; nraw;gj;jpuk; toq;Fjy;.

• nraw;ghl;by; <LgLfpd;whu;fsh vd cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
gb 4.3.2.3 :
• xt;nthU FOTk; jkJ NgWfisr; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fjy;.
• FOf;fspd; NgWfisj; njhFf;Fk; tz;zk; fye;Jiuahly;
%yk; kPsTk; typAWj;Jjy;.
1. Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpaj;jpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ftu;.
3. Gy;yhq;Foy; thrpf;Fk; Kiwapidf; $Wthu;.
4. Gy;yhq;Foypd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
5. Gy;yhq;Foy; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akhd tpj;Jthd;fspd; ngau;fisf; $Wthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; -
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpaj;jpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• Gy;yhq;Foypd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf
50
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thj;jpak; thrpf;Fk; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
• Gy;yhq;Foy; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;ak; mile;j tpj;Jthd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,irf;fUtp - Gy;yhq;Foy;
Gy;yhq;FoyhdJ Kusp> NtZ vd;Dk; tlnkhopg; ngau;fshYk;> Foy;

vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhy;yhYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. cyfpd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fspYk;
fhzg;gLk; kpfg;goikahd Jisf;fUtp Gy;yhq;FoNy MFk;.
tPiz> NtZ kpUjq;fk; vdg;gLk; thj;jpaj;jpy; NtZ ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ij

tfpf;fpd;wJ. fz;zgpuhd; Gy;yhq;Foy; thrpj;jjhfTk;> mtuJ Foy; ,irapy;
rfy [PtuhrpfSk; kaq;fpajhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Mjpfhyj;jpy; kdpjd;> %q;fpy;
fhLfspD}lhfg; NghFk; NghJ mq;F ,dpikahdnjhU Xiriaf; Nfl;lhd;. mjid
cw;W mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ tz;Lfshw; Jis nra;ag;gl;l %q;fpw; fk;GfspD}Nl
fhw;W Eioe;J> me;jj; Jthuq;fspdpd;W ehj xyp ntspg;gl;lij czu;e;jhd;.
,t; t Dgtj; i j mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; L Gy; y hq; F oy; vd; w thj; j paj; i j
cUthf;fpdhd; - Mjpfhyj;jpy; thOk; #oYNk jkpopirf;Fg; gf;fthj;jpaq;fshfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Gy;yhq;FoyhdJ %q;fpyhy; nra;ag;gl;l cUis tbtkhd ePzl ; FohahFk;.

,J Rkhu; 14 mq;Fy ePsKk; 3/4 mq;Fy tpl;lKk; cila FohahFk;. ,jd;
,lg;gf;fk; %lg;gLk;. tyg;gf;fk; jpwe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. %lg;gl;l Kidapy; ,Ue;J
3/4 mq;Fy J}uj;jpy; CJk; Jthuk; mike;Js;sJ. tha;itj;J CJk; Jisf;F
puk;’ my;yJ ‘Kj;jpiuj; Jis
‘Kfue;jpuk Jis’ vd;W ngau;. ,j;Jthuj;jpw;F Neu;Nfhl;by;
xd;gJ ];tuj;Jisfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;Jisfs; CJk; Jisia tplr;
rw;W rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,lJ iftpuy;fspy; fl;il tpuy;> rpWtpuy; jtpu;e;j %d;W tpuy;fisAk;>

tyJ iftpuy;fspy; fl;il tpuy; jtpu;e;j ehd;F tpuy;fisAk; 7 Jisfspd; kPJ
itj;J Kj;jpiuj; Jisf;Fs; thapd; topahff; fhw;iwr; nrYj;jp> Jisfis
%bj; jpwf;Fk; NghJ ,ir cUthfpwJ. tyJ gf;fj;jpy; ,Wjpahf cs;s Jis
jpwe;Nj ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;JisahdJ mg+u;tkhf xU rpy rkaq;fspy; kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 7 ];tuq;fSf;F 7 Jisfs; ,Ue;jhYk; %r;rpd; msitf;
nfhz;Nl El;g ];;tuq;fis rupahf xypf;f KbAk;. Kfue;jpuj;jpw;F neUq;fpAs;s
Jthuk; jhd; kpf cau; RUjpAila ];tuj;ij cz;lhf;FtjhFk;. ,j;JisahdJ
‘jhuje;jpuk
puk;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf cjl;bw;F tyg;gf;fNk Gy;yhq;Foy;
itj;J thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; 2½ ];jhap tiu thrpf;fyhk;. ,J RUjp epu;zapf;fg;gl;l

Vfj;tdp thj;jpakhFk;. Gy;yhq;Foypd; ePsk;> cs; $l;bd; msT ,tw;wpd;
NtWghLfspdhy; Mjhu RUjp NtWgLk;. ePsk; mjpfkhfTk;> cs; $l;bd; gug;G
mjpfkhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; Mjhu RUjp FiwAk;. ePsk; FiwthfTk; cs;$l;bd;
gug;G FiwthfTk; ,Ue;jhy; Mjhu RUjp mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Gy;yhq;Foy; nra;tjw;F je;jk;> re;jdkuk;> fjpukuk;> fUq;fhyp> ntz;fyk;

Kjypad gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; %q;fpw; FoNy kpf ,dpikahd ,iria
vOg;Gk; jd;ik cilaJ.
rq;fPj fyhepjp jpUg;ghk;Guk; b.vd;.Rthkpehjgps;is> T.R. kfhypq;fk;> ukzp

T.R. etdPjk; Nghd;w njd;dpe;jpaf; fiyQu;fSk; ,t;thj;jpak; thrpg;gjpy; ey;y
Nju;r;rp ngw;Ws;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
51
52
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.4 cUg;gbfspy; ,yl;\zk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.4.1 tu;zk; (jhd tu;zk;> gjtu;zk;) gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fisg;

ngWNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
• jhd tu;zk;
• gj tu;zk;
• xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypg;gjpT ehlh
• ,izg;G
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• tu;zj;jpd; mikg;igAk; mjd; gpupTfisAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• jhd tu;zj;ijg; ghLk; Kiwapidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• gjtu;zk; ghLk; Kiwapidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gb 4.4.1.1 : • ,Utif tu;zq;fisAk; xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy; ,irf;fr;

nra;Njh my;yJ ghbf; fhl;bNah khztiur; nrtpkLf;fr;
nra;jy;.
• nrtpkLj;j cUg;gbfis ,dk;fhzr; nra;jy;.
• njhlu;e;J tu;zk; gw;wpg; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
- tu;zk; mg;gprhrfhdj;Jf;Fk; rghfhdj;Jf;Fk; nghJ
thd cUg;gbahFk;.
- tu;zj;jpd; mq;fq;fs; g+u;thq;fk;> cj;juhq;fk; vdg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sik
- g+u; t hq; f j; j py; gy; y tp> mDgy; y tp> Kf; j hap]; t uk;
vd; g dTk; cj; j uhq; f j; j py; ruzk; > ruz]; t uq; f s;
vd;gdTk; cs.
- gjtu;zj;jpy; vy;yh mq;fq;fSf;Fk; rhfpj;jpak; cz;L.
- jhdtu;zk; fr;Nrupapd; Muk;gj;jpYk; gjtu;zk; ehl;b
af; fr;NrupapYk; gad;gLj;jgg;gLfpd;wd.
- gjtu;zk; nrsf;f fhyj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
- gjtu;zk; MdJ Mltu;zk;> nrsf;ftu;zk; vdg;gLk;.
- tu;zq;fs; Mjp> &gfk;> [k;ig ml jhsq;fspy; mikf;
fg;gl;Ls;sik.
• jhd tu;zq;fis ,aw;wpa kfhd;fspy; rpyu;
- gr;rkpupak; Mjpag;ga;ah;
- rpahkh rh];jpupfs;
- gy;ytp Nfhghya;au;
- Rthjpj; jpUehs; kfhuh[h
53
• gj tu;zq;fis ,aw;wpa kfhd;fspy; rpyu;
- ,uhkrhkp jPl;rpju;
- Kj;J];thkp jPl;rpju;
- gy;ytp N\ra;ah
• jhd tu;zq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs;
- md;dNk - Mugp - Mjp
- epd;DNfhup - Nkhfdk; - Mjp
- neuek;kp - fhdlh - ml
- tpupNghzp - Nfjhunfsis - [k;ig
• gjtu;zq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs;
- Nkhfkhd - igutp - &gfk;
- ];thkp eP -=uQ;rdp - Mjp
- khak; VNjh - khahkhsnfsis - Mjp
4.4.1.2 • jhd tHzk;> gj tHzk; gw;wp tpgupf;f topg;gLj;Jjy;.
4.4.1.3 • gpd;D}l;ly; nra;jy;
1. tu;zj;jpd; nghJthd mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. jhdtu;zk;> gjtu;zk; Mfpa ,ir cUg;gbfis NtWgLj;jp ,dk; fhz;ghu;.
3. tu;zj;jpd; mikg;igf; $Wthu;.
4. tu;zj;jpd; rpwg;gpidAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
5. ,U tif tu;zq;fSk; ghLk; Kiwapidf; $Wthu;.
6. ,Utif tu;zq;fSf;Fk; cjhuzk; $Wthu;.
7. ,Utif tu;zq;fisAk; ,aw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;fs; rpyupd; ngau;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzk;
jhdtuz;k>; gjtu;zk;
mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gb tiffSs; tu;zk; kpf Kf;fpakhjhFk;. tu;zq;fis

mg;gpahrk; nra;tjd; %yk; cUg;gbfis moFgLj;jp> nkUFlDk;> fkfj;JlDk;
ghlTk;> thrpf;;fTk; KbAk;. tu;zj;jpy; thu;j;ijfs; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLk;.
,jd; rhfpjj; pakhdJ gf;jp tp\akhfNth> rpUq;fhu tp\akhfNth> rq;fj
P tpjJ
; thd;
fis Mjupj;j gpuGf;fisg; gw;wpajhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.
tu;zkhdJ gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> Kf;jhap];tuk;> ruzk;> ruz ];tuq;fs;

vd;Dk; mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Ws; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> Kf;jhap];tuk;
vd;Dk; mq;fq;fis g+u;thq;fj;Js;Sk;> ruzk; ruz ];tuq;fs; vd;Dk; mq;fq;fs;
cj;juhq;fj;jpDs;Sk; mlq;Fk;. ruzj;ij cggy;ytp vd;Wk;> vj;Jf;filg;gy;ytp
vd;Wk;> rpl;ilg; gy;ytp vd;Wk; miog;gJz;L. ruz ];tuq;fSf;F vj;Jf;fil
];tuq;fs; vd;Wk;> rpl;il ];tuq;fs; vd;Wk; NtW ngau;fSz;L.
tu;zq;fspy; jhdtu;zk;> gjtu;zk; vd;Dk; ,U tiffs; cz;L.
jhd[hjp rQ; r huq; f Sld; gpufhrpf; F k; cUg; g bNa jhdtu; z khFk; .

,t;tu;zj;jpy; gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; Mfpa gFjpfSf;F khj;jpuk; rhfpj;jpak;
54
fhzg;gLk;. jhdtu;zq;fis fr;Nrupfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; ghbdhy;> fr;Nrup tpiutpy;
fisfl;Lk;. ,jid ,uz;L fhyq;fspYk; ghlTk;> thrpff; Tk; KbAk;. jhdtu;zq;fs;
Mjpjhsk;> mljhsk;> fz;l[hjp> jpupGiljhsk;> rJ];u[hjp mljhsk;> [k;igjhsk;
Nghd;w jhsq;fspy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.
gjtu;zkhdJ ehl;baj;jpw;fhf Vw;gl;l cUg;gb tifahFk;. ,J nrsf;f

fhyj;jpNyNa mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mg+u;tkhf rpy gjtu;zq;fs; kj;jpk fhyj;jpYk;
mike;Js;sd.
cjhuzk; : kdtpNrnfhduhjh - rq;fuhguzk; - Mjp
gjtu;zj;jpy; vy;yh mq;fq;fspw;Fk; rhfpj;jpak; fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; jhJ

MLtjw;F Vw;wjhfTk;> khJ mgpeaj;jpwF
; Vw;wjhfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. gjtu;zq;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; &gf jhsj;jpYk; mike;Js;sd. gjtu;zq;fis nrsf;f tu;znkd;Wk;>
Mltu;znkd;Wk; miog;gJz;L. [jpfs; cs;s gjtu;zq;fSk; cs;sd. mit
gj[jp tu;zq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,uhfkhypfh tu;zq;fspy; mq;fq;fs; ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.

etuhfkhypfh tu;zKk;> fduhfkhypfh tu;zKk;> jpduhfkhypfh tu;zKk;
gpurpj;jkhd cUg;gbfshFk;. jhdtu;z Kiwapy; mike;Js;s ,uhfkhypfh
tu;zq;fSk; cs;sd.
jhdtu;zq;fis ,aw;wpa rpy k`hd;fs; gr;rpkpupak; Mjpag;ga;au;> rpahkh

rh];jpupfs;> gy;ytp Nghghya;au;. ];thjpj;jpUehs;k`huh[h> tPizFg;ga;au;>
ilfu;tujhr;rhupahu;> ,uhkehjGuk;=dpth]Iaq;fhu;.
gjtu;zq;fis ,aw;wpa rpy k`hd;fs; - ,uhk];thkpjP\Pju;> Kj;J];thkp

jP\pju;> gy;ytpNr\a;au;> jQ;rht+u;tbNty;el;Lthdhu;> ,uhkrptd;.
55
Nju;rr
; p : 5.0 ,iria mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L r%f fyhrhug;
ghuk;gupa gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 5.1 ,e; j pahtpd; fu; e hlf ,irapd; Njhw; w k; tsu; r ; r p
njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis Muha;thu;.
nraw;ghL : 5.1.2 ,e;jpahtpd; 14 Mk;> 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fyhrhug; gpdd

; zp
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• ,e;jpahtpd; 14Mk;> 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fyhrhug; gpd;dzp
njhlu;ghd tpsf;fg;glq;fs;.
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• 14Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gpupTfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• 15Mk; E}w;whz;by; jhsghf;fk; rpd;idahTk; mtuJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,aw;wpa
njYq;F nkhopf; fPuj; j
; idfs;> g[idg; gj;jjp Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ,Nj E}w;whz;by; jhsghf;fk; md;dkhr;rhupahupd; fhyj;jpy; gy;ytp> ruzk;
vd;Dk; mq;ftpj;jpahrq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ vd;gij mwpe;J $Wthu;.
Gue;jujh]upd; fhyj;jpYk; mDgy;ytp vd;Dk; mq;fk; fpUjpfspy; fhzg;gl;lJ
vd;gij Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• 15 Mk; E}w;hz;bd; ,Wjpapy; jkpo; nkhopapy; jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fis ,aw;wpa
mUzfpupehju; gw;wp vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

gb 5.1.2.1 : • ,irapd; tsu;rr ; p gw;wp tpsf;fg; glq;fisf; fhl;bf; fye;Jiu
ahly; %yk; Nfl;lwpjy;.
(ngupahu;fspd; glq;fs;> tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp)
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;jg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiu
ahliy epfo;j;Jjy;.
- fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;> `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk; vd;Dk; gpupTfs;
Vw;gl;lit.
- mg;gpupTfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
- jhsghf;fk; rpd;idah> jhsghf;fk; md;dkhr;rhupahu;>
Gue;jujh]u; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;G
- jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lik
- jhsq;fspd; mikg;G gw;wp mUzfpupehjupd; ghly;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik.
gb 5.1.2.2 : • rfy khztu;fSf;Fk; nraw;gj;jpuq;fis toq;Fjy;.

• nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtij mtjhdpj;J KOikg;gLj;Jjy;.
gb 5.1.2.3 : • khztu; nraw;ghl;bid Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.

• Vida khztu;fisAk; mtjhdpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fs; $w
56
,lkspj;jy;.
1. 14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa rq;fj
P j;jpy; Vw;gl;l gpupTfisAk;> gpupT Vw;gl;likf;fhd
fhuzj;ijAk; $Wthu;.
2. 15Mk; E}w;whz;by; jhsghf;fk; md;dkhr;rhupahUk;> jhsghf;fk; rpd;idah>
Gue;jujh]u; MfpNahu; fu;ehlf ,irf;fhw;wpa gq;fspg;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3. mUzfpupehjupd; ,irg; gzp gw;wp Fwpg;gpLthu;.
4. ,tw;wpd; %yk; 14Mk; 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,e;jpahtpd; fu;ehlf ,irapd; Njhw;wk;>
tsu;r;rp gw;wpa mwptpid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; -
• ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpd; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l ,U gpupTfs; vit?
• ,g;gpupTfs; gw;wp $Wk; E}y; ahJ?.
• ,g;gpupTfs; Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
• gpd;tUNthu; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
- jhsg;ghf;fk; md;dkhr;rhupahu;
- jhsg;ghf;fk; rpd;idah
- Gue;jujh]u;
- mUzfpupehju;
• “thf;fpw;F mUzfpup” “re;jg; ghtyu;” vd;Dk; ngau;fshy; mUzfpupehju;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wikf;fhd fhuzj;ijf; $Wf.
,e;jpahtpd; 14Mk;> 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fu;ehlf ,irapd;

fyhrhug; gpdd
; zp
14Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; ùpghyu; vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l “rq;fj

P ]{jhfuk;”
vd;Dk; E}ypy; jhd; Kjd; Kiwahf ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,U gpupTfs;
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit-
1. fu;ehlf rq;fPjk;
2. `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;
Mdhy; mjw;F Kd;du; ,e;jpah KOtjpYk; xNu rq;fPjNk tof;fj;jpypUe;jJ.

14Mk; E}w;whz;by; tlf;fpy; K];ypk; kd;du;fspd; Mjpf;fk; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;
ghurPfk;> mNugpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; ,Ue;J te;j rq;fj
P Kiwfs; ,e;jpa rq;fj
P j;jpy;
fye;jjd; fhuzkhf tl,e;jpahtpy; Vw;nfdNt ,Ue;J te;j rq;fPj Kiw khWjy;
ngw;wJ. MapDk; njd;,e;jpahtpy; g+u;tPfkhd KiwNa njhlu;e;J gpd;gw;wg;gl;L
te;jJ. vdNt may;ehl;L Kiw fye;j tl ,e;jpa rq;fPjk; `pe;J];jhdp rq;fPjk;
vdTk; g+u;tPf gj;jjpapidNa njhlu;e;J Ngzg;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa rq;fPjk; fu;ehlf
rq;fPjk; vdTk; toq;fyhapw;W.
fp.gp 15 Mk; E}w;whz;by; jhsg;ghf;fk; rpd;idahTk; mtuJ Kd;Ndhu;fSk;

njYq;F nkhopapy; Rkhu; 20>000 fPu;j;jidfSk;> NtWk; gy cw;rt rk;gpujhaf;
fPu;j;jidfSk; ,aw;wpg; g[idg; gj;jjpf;F toptFj;jdu;. jhsg;ghf;fk; rpd;idah
g[idg; gj;jjpapd; je;ijahthu;. jhsg;ghf;fk; md;dkhr;rhupahupd; (1408 - 1503)
mj;ahj;k rq;fPu;j;jdq;fspy; Kjd; Kjypy; gy;ytp> ruzk; vd;Dk; mq;f
tpj;jpahrq;fisf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,tUila Ngudhfpa jhsg;ghf;fk; rpd;idahtpd;
57
fpUjpfspYk; gpd;du; Gue;jujh]upd; fpUjpfspYk; mDgy;ytp vd;Dk; mq;fj;ijAk;
Kjd;Kjypy; fhz;fpNwhk;. gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;Dk; ngau;fs; tUtjw;F
Kd;du; gpuge;jq;fspd; mq;fq;fSf;F cj;f;U`k;> j;Utk;> Nkshgfk;> MNghfk;
vd;Dk; ngau;fs; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd.
mUzfpupehju; re;jq;fis mikj;Jj; jkpo; nkhopapy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd

jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fis ,aw;wpdhu;. jpUg;Gfo; ghly;fs; rhjhuz jhsq;fspYk;>
mg+u;t jhsq;fspYk; gy;NtW eilfspYk; mike;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
,it re;jf; fdpTk;> Xirr; rpwg;Gk; mikag;ngw;w cWjp gaf;Fk; gz;G
tha;ej; itahf ,Ug;gjhy; “thf;fpw;F mUzfpupehju;” vd;W mtu; ghuhl;lg;gLfpwhu;.
mjpfk; tof;fpy; ,y;yhj mNef jhsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaikahy; re;jg;

ghtyu; ngUkhd; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgtu; mUzfpupehju; Mthu;. 35 jhsk;> 175
jhsk;> 108 jhsk; Mfpa jhsq;fspd; mikg;Gf;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,tuJ
ghly;fspNy fhzyhk;. xt;nthU ghlYf;Fk; Kd;dhy; mjw;Fupa eilAk;> jhs
mikg;Gk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. ,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpy; cs;s
gy jhsq;fs; mopeJ; Nghfhky;> jpUg;Gfo; %yk; ghJfhj;j rpwg;G mUzfpupehjUf;Nf
cupaJ.
58
3k; jtiz (,urpj;jy;)
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 1.3 tpy;Yg;ghl;L ,iria ,urpg;ghu;.
nraw;ghL : 1.3.1 tpy; Y g; g hl; L ,irapd; jdpj; J tkhd mk; r q; f is

mtjhdpj;J ,uridia ntspg;gLj;JNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rp mlq;fpa xypg;gjpT ehlh
• xypg;gjpTf;fUtp
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rp xd;wpidg; ghu;j;Jk; Nfl;Lk; ,uridia ntspg;
gLj;Jthu;.
• gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thj;jpaq;fspd; xj;jpirT gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• gq;Fgw;Wdupd; jpwk; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

gb 1.3.1.1 : • khztu;fs; ghu;j;Jk; Nfl;Lk; ,urpj;j tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rp
apidg; gw;wpf; Nfl;lwpe;J fye;JiuahLjy;.
• xspg;gjpT ehlhtpy; tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpapid Nghl;Lf;
fhl;b mjid mtjhdpf;fr; nra;J tpy;ypir epfo;tpd;
mq;fj;jtu;fisAk;> gad;gLj;Jk; thj;jpaq;fs; gw;wpAk;
tpsf;Fjy;.
gb 1.3.1.2 : • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis typAWj;Jk; tifapy; fye;Jiu
ahliy epfo;j;Jjy;.
- tpy;ypd; ePsk;
- mq;fj;jtu;fs;
- gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs;
- fij / fUj;J
- eifr;Rit
gb 1.3.1.3 : • tpyY; g;ghl;L epfo;rr
; p xd;wpid epfo;jj
; pj; jdpjJ
; tkhd mk;rq;
fis ntspg;gLj;j re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;.
• tpLgl;l tplq;fis tpgupj;J kPs typAWj;jy;.
1. tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpapid ,urpg;ghu;.
2. tpy;Yg;ghl;by; ,lk;ngWk; thj;jpaq;fisf; $Wthu;.
3. mq;fj;jtu;fspd; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; -
• tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpapid ghu;j;J ,urpj;j tplaq;fis gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
59
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 2.3 ];tu rQ;rhuq;fis rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpy; Mf;fk; nra;J

ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 2.3.1 rq;fuhguz ,uhf ];tu];jhdj;jpy; ]l;[> up\g. fhe;jhu

kj;jpk ];tuf; Nfhu;itfis Mf;fk; nra;J ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• ];tu rQ;rhuq;fs; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• khztu;fs; rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpy; ];turQ;rhuq;fis Mf;fk; nra;J
ghbg;gapw;rp ngWtjd; %yk; Mf;fj;jpwidAk; ghLk; jpwidAk; ngWthu;.
• ,jd; %yk; ntt;NtW ,uhfq;fspYk; rQ;rhuq;fis Mf;fk; nra;J ghLk;
jpwidg; ngWthu;.
gb 2.3.1.1 : • khztu;fs; Vw;nfdNt fw;w rq;fuhguzg; ghly;fisf;

Nfl;lwpjy;.
gb 2.3.1.2 : • rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ij ghbf;

fhl;Ljy;.
• Vfk; > Mjp> &gfk; Mfpa jhsq; f spy; Fwpy; > neby;
];tuq;fspy; rQ;rhuq;fisg; ghbf;fhl;ly;.
gb 2.3.1.2 : • khztu;fs; rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpy; ]> up> f> k ];tuq;fis

itj;J rQ;rhuq;fis Mjp> Vfk;> &gfk; Mfpa jhsq;fspy;
Mf;fpg; ghl re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;.
1. khztu; rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghbf; fhl;Lthu;.
2. rq;fuhguz ];tuq;fis itj;J Mf;fk; nra;thu;.
3. Mjp> &gfk;> Vfk; Mfpa jhsq;fspy; Fwpy;> neby; ];tuq;fspy; rQ;rhuq;fis
Mf;fk; nra;J ghLthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk; -
rfy FOf;fSf;Fk; toq;Ff.
• Mf;fk; nra;j ];tuf;Nfhu;itfis Vf> Mjp> &gf jhsq;fspy; ghbf; fhl;Lf.

Nju;rr
; p : 3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfisr; RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghbf;
fhl;Lthu;.
60
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.2 ,ir cUg;gbfis ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.2.2 “cs;skpuq;fp” vd;Dk; fPu;j;jidiar; RUjp> ,uhf

jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• xypg;gjpT ehlh
• fPu;j;jid vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• “cs;skpuq;fp” vd;Dk; fPu;j;jidapd; ,uhfk;> jhsk;> ,aw;wpatu; ngau;
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• fPu;j;jid kj;jpk fhyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ vdf; $Wthu;.
• fPu;j;jidapy; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj;ijg; ghLthu;.
• fPuj
; j
; idapd; ,uhfk;> jhsk;> ,aw;wpatu; ngau; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• fPu;j;jidia RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
gb 3.2.2.1 : • Kd; d u; khztu; fw; W f; n fhz; l fP u ; j ; j idfs; gw; w pf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.
• “cs;skpuq;fp” vd;Dk; fPu;j;jid vOjg;gl;l ghly; ml;il
iaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
- fPu;j;jidapd; ,uhfk; - `k;]j;tdp
- fPu;j;jidapd; jhsk; - Mjp
- ,aw;wpatu; - ghgehrk; rptd;
- MNuhfzk; - ]upfgep];
- mtNuhfzk; - ];epgfhp]
• `k;rj;tdp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuh`z mtNuh`zj;ijg; ghbf;
fhl;b khztiug; ghlr; nra;jy;.
• fPu;j;jidiag; gFjp gFjpahfg; ghl> njhlu;e;J khztu;
ghLjy;.
• khztUld; Nru;e;J jhsj;Jld; ghLjy;.
• khztUld; Nru;e;J RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; gyjlitfs;
ghLjy;.
gb 3.2.2.2 : • tFg;gpYs;s khztu; njhiff;Nfw;gf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J

nraw;gj;jpuq;fis toq;fpr; nraw;gl mwpTWj;jiy toq;Fjy;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtij mtjhdpj;J
gb 3.2.2.3 : • xt;nthU FOTk; fPu;j;jidiag; ghlr; re;ju;g;gk; mspj;jy;.
• Vida FOf;fs; fUj;Jf; $w ,lkspj;jy;.
• RUjp> ,uhf> jhsk;> ];tu];jhdk; tOtpg; ghbatu;fSf;F
61
kPz;Lk; gapw;rp toq;Fjy;.
1. “cs;skpuq;fp” vd;Dk; fPu;j;jid `k;]j;tdp ,uhfj;jpy; Mjp jhsj;jpy;
,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. ,f;fPu;j;jidia ,aw;wpatu; ghgehrk;rptd; vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3. `k;rj;tdp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzk; ]upfgep]; ];epgfup] vdf;
$wpg; ghbf;fhl;Lthu;.
4. fPu;j;jidiar; RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;
rfy FOtpdUf;Fk; ,r;nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Ff
• “cs;skpuq;fp” vd;Dk; fPu;j;jidia ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghbg; gapw;rp ngWf.
• fPu;j;jidiar; RUjp> ,uhf jhsj;Jld; ghLf.
fPuj
; j
; id
“cs;skpuq;fp”
,uhfk; - `k;rj;tdp
jhsk; - Mjp
MNuh`zk; : ]upfgep];
mtNuh`zk; : ];epgfup] } 29 ,d; [d;ak;
,aw;wpatu; : ghgehrk;rptd;
gy;ytp
cs;skpuq;fp te;jUs; GupthNa cd; gjky njhU - fjpapy;iy mwpthNa (cs;s)
mDgy;ytp
fs;sk; epiw neQ;rd; ehNd MdhYk; fz;zPu; nrhupe;Jd;wd; foypidg;

gzpe;NjNd
(cs;s)
ruzk;
jg [g Nahfk; nra; ]j;Fz rPyu;f;F jia Guptjpy; cdf;nfd;d ngUik
mguhjp vidahs kdkpyh cdf;F mofpw;Nfh gd;dpU fuKk; NtYk; mapYk;
(cs;s)
62
gy;ytp
@ g]; h ep gh g f ep g f up ] h @ ] uP f up f g h @ g h @
cs; .s kp - u q; - fp - t e; . j Us; G . up t h . N a .
@ g f h g eP ]; h ]; h ]; h ]; h @ ] ; uP ep ]; h g ep f h gh @
c d; @ g j k - y - njh . U . f jp ap iy m wp t h. Na .
g ep up ep up ep gh f g ]; ep g f up ] @ ] uP f up f g ep ]; ep gh@
c s; . . s kp u q; . fp . t e; . j U s; G up t h . . . Na
@ ep g fh> g eP ]; hp; f;up; ]; ep ]; h @ ] ;eP g fh up fh gh> ep

c d; . g j k y- J . U . f jp ap iy m wp th Na
mDgy;ytp
@ ep gh ep eP - ]; h > ];h> - eP @ ];> u;P ];h > ep up ]; ep g h eP

f s; sk; ep iw neQ; - rd; eh Nd M . . dh . . Yk;
@ g ep ]; ep g ep ];h> ];h >uP @ up f;h hp];]; ]; f; up; ]; ep g eP

f s; s k; ep iw neQ; rd; eh Nd - M . . . dh Yk;
@ g eP g eP - ]; h eP gh gh @ f ep g - f uP ]; uP f gh eP
f z; zPu; nrh upe; Jd; wd; . f o . yp id g zpe; Nj . Nd
@ ]; u;p f; u;p ];h - ep up; ]; ep gh eP @ g ep up ep gh g f up f gh ePP

. f z; . zP u; nrh . up e; Jd; wd;. f o . yp id g zp e; . Nj Nd
(cs;sk;)
ruzk;
@ g gh g gh g fh gh> eP @ g ];h ep gh g f ep g f up fh
. j g [ g Nah . fQ; .nra; . ] j; F z- rP . . . y u; f;F
@ ]; eP g gh g f ep g f up ]h @ ] uP f up f gh @ gh @
j; ia G up t . jp . . Y df; . nf d; d ng . U ik
@ g ep g f up f g f h gh > eP @ ep up ]; ep gh ]; ]; ep g f up fh
j g . [ g . . Nah fQ; nra;; ] . j; F z rP . . yu; . . f;F
@ g ep ]; ep gh f ep ep g f up ] h do do do do
j ia . G up t . . jpy; c . df; do do do do
]; eP gh >• eP ]; ];h ];h ]; h @ ]; uP ]; ];h @ ep gh eP >

m g uh . jp v id ah s . k d kp yh .c df; F
ep up ]; ]; ep g eP ]; ];h ];h> uP @ ]; up f; up ]; ]; @ ep gh eP >

m g . uh . . jp v id ah s . k d . kp y h . c df; F.
@ ep uP ]; gh @ g eP g eP ]; eP gh > fh uP; > f gh eP

m o fpw; Nfh g d; dp U f u Kk; Nt Yk; . m ap Yk;
@ ep f; u;p ep gh @ ]; eP g eP ep up ]; gh> ep g f uP f gh eP
m o fp w; Nfh g d; dp U f u .. Kk; Nt ./ Y k; m ap Yk;
63
Nju;rr
; p : 3.0 ,ir cUg;gbfisr; RUjp> ,uhf> jhsj;Jld; ghLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.1 mg;gpahrfhd cUg;gbfis nra;thu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.1.3 “KUfh” vd;w kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf Mjpjhs jhdtu;zj;jpd;

cj;juhq;fg; gFjpia ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• `hu;Nkhdpak;
• tu;zk; ];turhfpj;jpakhf vOjg;gl;l ml;il
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf ];tu];jhd tiuglk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• tu;zk; mg;gpahrfhdj;jpw;Fk; rghfhdj;jpw;Fk; nghJthd cUg;gb vd
$Wthu;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fis $Wthu;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf cUg;gbfis ];turhfpj;jpakhff; fw;gjdhy; ,uhf
ghtj;Jld; ghLk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
gb 3.1.3.1 : • kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf tu;zj;jpd;; Kd;du; fw;w g+u;thq;fk; gw;wp

fye;Jiuahb kj;jpakhtjp tu;zj;jpd; cj;juhq;fg; gFjpia
KOikahf ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.
• tu;zj;jpd; cj;juhq;fg; gFjp vOjg;gl;l ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;
gLj;jy;.
• tu;zj;jpd; cj;juhq;fg; gFjpapd; mikg;ig tpsf;fp mq;fq;
fisAk; $Wjy;.
• kj;akhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuh`z mtNuh`zj;ijg; ghbf;
fhl;Ljy;.
• tu;zj;jpd; cj;juhq;fg;gFjpapy; ruzg;gFjpia ];tu rhfpjj; pa
khfg;> gFjp gFjpahf fw;gpj;jy;.
• khztu;fs; mjidr; nrtpkLj;Jg; ghl topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• ruz ];tuq;fis gFjp gFjpahff; fw;gpj;jy;.
• cj;juhq;f gFjpapy; ruzk;> ruz];tuq;fisAk; jhsj;Jld;
ghl topg;gLj;jy;.
cj;juhq;fg; gFjpapy; ruzk;> ruz];tuq;fis ,U fhyq;
fspYk; ghl topg;gLj;jy;.
• khztu;fSld; Nru;e;J cj;juhq;fg; gFjpia ,uhf jhsj;
Jld; ghLjy;.
64
gb 3.1.3.2 : • khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;gf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J
cj;juhq;fg; gFjpia ];tu rhfpjj
; pakhfg; ghl topgg
; Lj;Jjy;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jpwk;glr; nraw;gLfpd;wdu; vd;gij cWjp
nra;J newpg;gLj;Jjy;.
gb 3.1.3.3 : • FOf;fspd; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F ,lkspj;jy;.

• Fiwfis ,dq;fz;L KOikg;gLj;Jjy;.
1. tu;zj;jpd; ,uhf jhsj;ijf; $Wthu;.
2. tu;zj;jpd; mq;f milahsq;fisf; $Wthu;.
3. tu;zj;jpd; cj;juhq;fg; gFjpia ,uz;L fhyq;fspYk; ghLthu;.
4. tu;zj;jpd; cj;juhq;f gFjpia ];tu rhfpjj
; pa mq;f milahsq;fSld; vOJthu;.
65
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.5 jpUg;gy;yhz;bid gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.5.1 jpUg;gy;yhz;bidg; gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g Rj;jhq;fkhfg;

ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• jpUg;gy;yhz;L vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• gQ;rGuhzj;jpy; jpUtpirg;ghtpwF; g; gpdg
; hlg;gLtJ jpUg;gy;yhz;L vd;gijf;
$Wthu;.
• rpjk;guj;jpy; Nre;jdhu; jpUg;gy;yhz;L ghlj;> Nju; efu;e;jJ vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• jpUg;gy;yhz;il Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhf ghLthu;.
gb 3.5.1.1 : • gQ;rGuhzk; ghLk; xOq;fpid khztu;fsplk; fye;Jiuahb

jpUtpirg; g htpw; F g; gpd; ghlg; g Lk; Rj; j hq; f g; ghly;
jpUg;gy;yhz;L vdf; $wpg; ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.
gb 3.5.1.2 : • gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf fye;JiuahLjy;.

• Nre;jdhuhy; kl;Lk; ghlg;gl;l ghly; jpUg;gy;yhz;L vd;gij
tpsf;Fjy;.
• Mde; j igutp ,uhfj; j py; cr; r upg; G j; njspTld; ghl
topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• jpUg;gy;yhz;L vOjpa ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpg; gFjp
gFjpahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghl topg;gLj;jy;.
• MrphpaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J ghLjy;.
gb 3.5.1.3 : • kPz;Lk; ,uhfj;Jld; Re;jhq;fkhfg;ghb kPstypAWj;jy;
1. jpUg;gy;yhz;il mUspatu; ngaiuf; $Wthu;.
2. mjd; ,uhfj;jpidf;; $Wthu;.
3. jpUg;gy;yhz;il Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLthu;.
66
Nju;rr
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 3.6 Nrf; f pohu; Rthkpfshy; mUsg; g l; l tpUk; g pa xU

jpUg;Guhzj;ijr; Rj;jhq;fkhf gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g ghLthu;.
nraw;ghL : 3.6.1 jpUg;Guhzj;ijg; gz;Kiwf;Nfw;g kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy;

ghLNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• jpUg;Guhzk; vOjpa ml;il
fw;ww;NgWfs;
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; tpUj;jkhfj; jpUg;Guhzj;ijg; ghLthu;.
• jpUg;Guhzj;ijf; cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; thrpg;ghu;.
• gQ;rGuhzk; ghLk;NghJ ,Wjpahfg; ghlg;gLtJ jpUg;Guhzk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• jpUg;Guhzk; gf;jp czu;it ntspgg;Lj;Jk; ghly; vdf; $Wthu;.
gb 3.6.1.1 : • jpUg;Guhzj;ij fhl;rpg;gLj;jp cr;rupg;Gj; njspTld; thrpf;fr;

nra;jy;.
• gQ;rGuhzj;jpy; ,Wjpahfg; ghlg;gLtJ jpUg;Guhzk; vdf;
$Wy;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghlg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij $wpg; ghbf; fhl;Ljy;.
gb 3.6.1.2 : • jpUg;Guhzk; Nrf;fpohuhy; mUsg;gl;lJ vdf; $Wjy;.

• gFjp gFjpahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jy;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghl topg;gLj;jy;.
gb 3.6.1.3 : • jpUg;Guhzj;ij kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; MrpupaUk; khztUk;

Nru;e;J ghLjy;.
1. jpUg;Guhzj;ij mUspatu; ngaiuf; $Wthu;.
2. jpUg;Guhzk; ghlg;gLk; ,uhfj;jpidf;; $Wthu;.
3. kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; gz;Kiwf;fika Rj;jhq;fkhfg; ghLthu;.
67
Nju;rr
nraw;ghL : 4.1.3 \lq;fk; 35 jhsk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• \lq;fk;
• 35 jhsk; vOjpa ml;il
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
• ,izg;G
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• \lq;fq;fis njupe;J nfhs;thu;.
• 5 [hjpfs;> 7 jhsq;fs; %yk; 35 jhsq;fs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gij
tpsf;Fthu;.
• 35 jhsq;fisAk; ,dq;fhZk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.

gb 4.1.3.1 : • Kd;du; fw;w 5 [hjpfs;> 7 jhsq;fs; gw;wp khztu;fSld;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• khztu;fisj; jkf;Fj; njupe;j jhsq;fisg; NghLkhW
Nfl;ly;.
gb 4.1.3.2 : • vOjpa ml;iliaf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp khztu;fisg;; ghu;itapl

itj;J> xU jhsk;> 5 [hjpfs; cld; NrUk; NghJ 5
jhsq;fs; cUthfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,t;thW 7 jhsq;fSk;> 5 [hjpfSld; NrUk; NghJ> 35
jhsq;fs; cUthFtij ml;ltiz %yk; tpsf;Fjy;.
• \lq;fj;jpy; tUk; 6 mq;fq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; FwpaL
P fisAk;
tpsf;Fjy;.
gb 4.1.3.3 : • \lq;fk;> 35 jhsk; gw;wp kPsTk; typAWj;jp KOikg;gLj;jy;
1. \lq;fq;fisf; $Wthu;.
2. Ie;J [hjpfisAk; mtw;wpd; ml;ruq;fisAk;; $Wthu;.
3. rg;j jhsq;fis tupirg;gLj;Jthu;.
4. yF [hjp NgjkilAk; mq;fk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
5. yFtpy; [hjp Ngjj;jpdhy; 35 jhsq;fs; cUthFk; Kiwia tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;
rfy FOtpdUf;Fk; ,r;nraw;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fjy;.
• \lq;fq;fis FwpaPl;Lld; tpsf;Fjy;.
• rg;j jhsq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; mq;f milahsq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• yFtpd; 5 [hjpfisAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• 35 jhsq;fs; cUthFk; Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;;.
68
Kg;gj;ije;J jhs tpsf;fk;
jpupahq;fq;fs; Mfpa mDj;Ujk;> j;Ujk;> yF vd;gtw;wpy; [hjp NgjkilAk;

mq;fk; yFthFk;> yFthdJ jp];u[hjp> rJ];u[hjp> fz;l[hjp> kp];u[hjp>
rq;fPu;z[hjp vd;Dk; Ie;J [hjpfis cilaJ. ]g;j jhsq;fs; VOk; yFtpd; 5
[hjp Ngjq;fspdhy; jhsq;fs; 7 X5= 35 Mfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf :- JUtjhsj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mJ -

1. jp];u[hjp JUtjhsk;
2. rJ];u[hjp JUtjhsk;
3. fz;l[hjp JUtjhsk;
4. kp];u[hjp JUtjhsk;
5. rq;fPu;z[hjp JUtjhsk; vd tpuptilAk;
jp];u[hjp
13 0 13 13
rJ];u[hjp
14 0 14 14
JUtjhsk; fz;l[hjp
1 0 1 1 15 0 15 15
kp[;u[hjp
17 0 17 17
rq;fPu;z[hjp
19 0 19 19
,t;thNw kl;bajhsKk;> &gjhsKk;> [k;ig jhsKk;> jpupGil jhsKk;>

mljhsKk;> VfjhsKk; tpuptilfpd;wd. yFtpw;F kl;LNk [hjp Ngjq;fs; cz;L.
JUjj;jpw;Fk; mDj;Ujj;jpw;Fk; Ngjk; fpilahJ.
69
rg;j jhsq;fSk; yFtpd; [hjp Ngjq;fspdhy; 35 jhsq;fshf cUthfpd;wd.
[hjpfs; mq;fk; nkhj;j ml;ruq;fs;
JUtjhsk; 1 0 1 1
01.jp];u[hjp JUtjhsk; 13 0 13 13 3 + 2 + 3+ 3 = 11
02.rJ];u[hjp JUtjhsk; 14 0 14 14 4 + 2 + 4+ 4 = 14
03.fz;l[hjp JUtjhsk; 15 0 15 15 5 + 2 + 5+ 5 = 17
04.kp];u[hjp JUtjhsk; 17 0 17 17 7 + 2 + 7+ 7 = 23
05.rq;fPu;z[hjp JUtjhsk; 19 0 19 19 9 + 2 + 9+ 9 = 29
kl;bajhsk; 1 0 1
06.jp];u[hjp kl;bajhsk; 13 0 13 3 + 2 + 3 = 08
07.rJ];u[hjp kl;bajhsk; 14 0 14 4+ 2 + 4 = 10
08.fz;l[hjp kl;bajhsk; 15 0 15 5+ 2 + 5 = 12
09.kp];u[hjp kl;bajhsk; 17 0 17 7 + 2 + 7 = 16
10.rq;fPu;z[hjp kl;bajhsk; 19 0 19 9 + 2 + 9 = 20
&gf jhsk; 0 1
11.jp];u[hjp &gf jhsk; 0 13 2 + 3 = 05
12.rJ];u[hjp &gf jhsk; 0 14 2 + 4= 06
13.fz;l[hjp &gf jhsk; 0 15 2 + 5 = 07
14.kp];u[hjp &gf jhsk; 0 17 2 + 7 = 09
15.rq;fPu;z[hjp &gf jhsk; 0 19 2 + 9 = 11
[k;ig jhsk; 1 U 0
16.jp];u[hjp [k;ig jhsk; 13 U 0 3+ 1 + 2 = 06
17.rJ];u[hjp [k;ig jhsk;; 14 U 0 4 + 1+ 2 = 07
18.fz;l[hjp [k;ig jhsk;; 15 U 0 5 + 1 + 2 = 08
19.kp];u[hjp [k;ig jhsk; 17 U 0 7 + 1 + 2= 10
20.rq;fPu;z[hjp [k;ig jhsk;; 19 U 0 9 + 1 + 2= 12
jpupGil jhsk; 1 0 0
21.jp];u[hjp jpupGil jhsk; 13 0 0 3 + 2 + 2 = 07
22.rJ];u[hjp jpupGil jhsk; 14 0 0 4 + 2 + 2 = 08
23.fz;l[hjp jpupGil jhsk; 15 0 0 5 + 2 + 2 = 09
24.kp];u[hjp jpupGil jhsk; 17 0 0 7 + 2 + 2 = 11
25.rq;fPu;z[hjp jpupGil jhsk; 19 0 0 9 + 2 + 2 = 13
70
ml jhsk; 1 1 0 0
26.jp];u[hjp ml jhsk; 13 13 0 0 3 +3 + 2+ 2 = 10
27.rJ];u[hjp ml jhsk; 14 14 0 0 4+ 4 + 2+ 2 = 12
28.fz;l[hjp ml jhsk; 15 15 0 0 5 + 5 + 2+ 2 = 14
29.kp];u[hjp ml jhsk; 17 17 0 0 7 + 7 + 2+ 2 = 18
30.rq;fPu;z[hjp ml jhsk; 19 19 0 0 9 + 9 + 2+ 2 = 22
Vf jhsk; 1
31.jp];u[hjp Vf jhsk; 13 = 03
32.rJ];u[hjp Vf jhsk; 14 = 04
33.fz;l[hjp Vf jhsk; 15 = 05
34.kp];u[hjp Vf jhsk; 17 = 07
35.rq;fPu;z[hjp Vf jhsk; 19 = 09
71
Nju;rr
nraw;ghL : 4.2.4 kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij mwpeJ

; nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; MNuh`z> mtNuh`z tiuglk;
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• ,izg;G
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; Nks vz;> MNuhfz mtNuhfzk;> ];tu];jhdk;
vd;gtw;iwf; $Wthu;.
• Guhzk;> kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; ghlg;gLk; vd;gij $Wthu;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;ijg; ghLk; NghJ ,dk;fhz;ghu;. kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf
cUg;gbfisAk; ,dk;fhz;ghu;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhf ,yl;rzk; vOJk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.
gb 4.2.4.1 : • vLj;Jf;nfhz;l ,uhfj;jpy;> fw;w cUg;gbfisg; ghbf;fhl;b

Fwpg;gpl;l ,uhfj;jpid ,dk;fhzr; nra;jy;.
• kj; j pakhtjp ,uhfj; j pd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzj; i jg;
ghbf;fhl;b khztiur; nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
gb 4.2.4.2 : • nrtpkLj;j tplaq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l tiuglk; %yk;

tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,uhfj;jpd; ];tu];jhdq;fisAk; mtjhdpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• ,dk;fz;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;JiuahLk; NghJ
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis mwpTWj;Jjy;.
• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; jha; ,uhfk;
• ,jd; MNuh`zk;> mtNuh`zk;
• ];tu];jhdq;fs;
• tpNrl gpuNahfq;fs;
• nre;JUj;jpg; gz; kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfk;
• Guhzk; kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; ghlg;gLk;
• fr;Nrupapd; ,Wjpapy; kj;akhtjp ghlg;gLk;
gb 4.2.4.3 : • khztu;fs; NgWfis rkHg;gpf;f re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;

• kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzq;fis kPstypAWj;jy;
72
1. kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; Nks vz;> MNuh`z> mtNuh`zk;> ];tu];jhdq;fisf;
$Wthu;.
2. Guhzk; kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfj;jpy; ghlg;gLk; vd;gij Fwpg;gpLthu;.
3. nre;JUj;jp gz; vd;gJ kj;jpakhtjp vd;gjidf; $Wthu;.
4. kj;akhtjp ,uhfj;jpy;; mike;Js;s cUg;gbfisf; $Wthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;
rfyUf;Fk; ,r;nraw;gj;jpuj;ij ,izg;Gld; toq;Ff
• kj;akhtjp ,uhfj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij> fPo;tUk; mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fp
vOJf.
1) mjd; jha; ,uhfk;
2) MNuh`z mtNuh`zk;
3) ];t
; u];jhdq;fs;
4) tpNr\ gpuNahfq;fs;
5) gz;zpirapy; toq;fg;gLk; ngau;
6) NtW gz;Gfs;
7) cUg;gbfs;
8) rQ;rhuk;
kj;jpakhtjp
,J 22tJ Nkskhfpa ùfug;gpupahtpd; [d;dpakhFk;. ,jd;

M:- ]upkgep];
m:- ];epgkup]
,jpy; tUk; ];tu];jhdq;fshf ]l;[k;> rJ];Ujp> up\gk;> Rj;j kj;jpkk;> gQ;rkk;>
ifrpfp ep\hjk;> ,J Xu; xslt ,uhfk;. cghq;fuhfk; tu;[ uhfkhFk;. ,jpy; f>j
tu;[ ];tuq;fshFk;.
fkf tupf uf;jp uhfk;
[Pt];tuq;fs; - up> k>g> ep ep]hr];tuq;fshFk;.
fk;gpj ];tuq;fs; - up> ep
fpuf ];tuq;fs; - ]> up> k> g> ep
Guhjd uhfk;> Njthug; gz;fspy; nre;JUj;jp vd;W ngau; Guhzk; njhd;W njhl;L
,t;tpuhfj;jpNy ghlg;gLfpd;wJ. fr;Nrupapd; ,Wjpapy; ,e;j ,uhfj;jpy; ghLtjhFk;.
,uhfq;fshy; Vw;gLk; Njh\q;fs; eptu;j;jpahfpd;wJ. vd;W ngupNahu;fs; $Wtu;.
,J Xu; Rj;j fu;ehlf ,uhfk;. jpup];jhap ,uhfk;. Rgfukhd ,uhfk;. vg;nghOJk;
ghlyhk;. Nkhfdj;jpd; up\g %u;r;ridNa kj;jpakhtjp ,uhfkhFk;.
rQ;rhuk;
upkgepgk - upkup] - ]upkgePep - gep];up;k;up];h

];epgepgk - upkgk - upkup]
cUg;gbfs; :
jhdtu;zk; - ]uFzeu;Ndh - Mjp - jpUnthw;wpa+u; jpahifau;
fpUjp- ]uD]uDDR - Mjp - jpahuh[Rthkpfs;

fpUjp - tpehaFdpthy - Mjp - jpahuh[Rthkpfs;
73
fpUjp - ntq;fNlr epd;W - Mjp - jpahuh[Rthkpfs;
Nju;rr; p : 4.0 ,ir gw;wpa mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 4.4 cUg;gbfspd; ,yl;rzq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.4.2 gjk;; vd;Dk; ,ir cUg;gbapd; ,yl;rzj;ij mwpe;J

nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• gjk; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypehlh
• nraw;gj;jpuk;;
• ,izg;G
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• gjk; vd;w cUg;gbapd; ,yl;rzj;ij mwpthu;.
• gjk; vd;w cUg;gbia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
gb 4.4.2.1 : • gjj;jpid xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy; ,irf;fr; nra;jy; my;yJ

ghbf;fhl;Ljy;.
• nrtpkLg;gjd; %yk; cUg;gbia khztu; ,dq;fhzr;
nra;jy;.
• ,dq;fz;l tplaq;fspy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; typAWj;Jk;
tifapy; fye;JiuahLjy;.
gb 4.4.2.2 : - mgpeaj;jpw;fhf ehafd; ehafp ghtkhf ,aw;wg;gl;l cUg;

gbfspy; gjk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
- gjq;fspy; tUk; ehafd;> ehafp ]fp vd;Dk; ghj;jpuq;
fspd; thapyhfj; jj;Jt cz;ikfis ntspg;gLj;J
fpd;wd.
- gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;Dk; mq;ftpj;jpahrq;fs;
nfhz;lJ.
- xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ruzq;fSk; cz;L. ruzq;fs; xNu
jhJtpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
- mDgy; y tpapNyh> filrpr; ruzj; j pNyh ,aw; w patu;
Kj;jpiu fhzg;gLk;.
• gjq;fis ,aw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;
cjhuzk;- NÑj;uf;Qu;> Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu; Nghd;Nwhu;.
• ,t;TUg;gbf;F cjhuzq;fs;
NtytNu - igutp
njUtpy;thuhNdh - fkh];
• jkpo;> njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspy; gjq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.
74
gb 4.4.2.3 : • khztu;fspd; NgWfis rkHg;gpf;f re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;
• gjj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij kPs typAWj;jp KOikg;gLj;Jjy;.
1. gjk; vd;Dk; cUg;gbia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
2. ,t;TUg;gbapd; ,yl;rzj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
3. gjj;jpd; rpwg;igAk; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
4. ,t;TUg;gbfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; $Wthu;.
5. gjk; ,aw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu;fisf; $Wthu;.
6. ntt;NtW cUg;gbfSs; gjk; vd;w cUg;gbia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;
gpdt
; Uk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp gjk; vd;Dk; ,ir cUg;gbapd; ,yl;rzj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
• mikg;G
• rpwg;Gk; jdpj;JtKk;
• rhfpj;jpaj;jpd; jd;ik
• cUg;gb mike;Js;s nkhopfs;
• rpwg;ghfg; ghlg;gLk; nja;tq;fs;
• cUg;gbia ,aw;wpatu;fs;
• cUg;gbf;F cjhuzq;fs;
cUg;gb ,yl;rzk;
gjk;
flTs; Njhj;jpukhf cs;s ghl;Lf;fis vy;yhk; gjq;fnsd xU fhyj;jpy;

$wpf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Mdhy; gpd;du; mgpeaj;jpw;fhf ehaf ehafp ghtkhf
,aw;wg;gl;l cUg;gbfs; gjq;fnsd miof;fg;gl;L te;jd. gjq;fis ,aw;wpa
thf;Nfafhuu;fs; gjq;fspy; tUk; ehafd;> ehafp> rfp vd;Dk; ghj;jpuq;fs; thapyhfj;
jj;Jt cz;ikfis ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. gjq;fspy; Nfl;gJ vspa nrhw;fshf
,Ue;jhYk; mit cau;e;j fUj;ij czu;j;Jtij ehk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
ehafd; gukhj;thfTk;> ehafp [Pthj;khfTk;> Njhop FUthfTk; (kJu ghtk;)
epd;W tpz;zfk; mila cjTfpd;w cz;ikfis ekf;Fg; gjq;fs; vLj;Jiug;gij
fhz;fpNwhk;.
Kf;fpakhf ,it ehl;baj;jpw;fhf Vw;gl;l cUg;gbfs; vdpDk; kdijf;

ftUk;gbahd mofpa ,irnkl;by; mike;Js;sjhy; fr;NrupfspYk; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
rpUq;fhu urKk;> gf;jp urKk; mjpfk; gpujpgypf;Fk; gbahfNt thf;Nfafhuu;fshy;
,it ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. ehafpfSk;> rfpfSk; (Njhopfs;) ghLk; gjq;fNs ngUk;
ghYk; ,Ug;gpDk; ehafdhy; ghlg;gLk; gjq;fSk; cs. gfpu; rpUq;fhuk; (nfsut
rpUq;fhuk;) me;ju; gf;jp vd;Dk; ,ul;ilj; jhw;gupaj;Jld; $ba rhfpj;jpaNk
gjj;jpd; tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. Vida gjq;fSk;> eifr;Ritg; gjq;fSk; ,aw;wg;
gl;Ls;sd. ,irg; Gytu;fis Mjupj;j gpuGf;fisg; gw;wpAk; rpyu; gjq;fis
75
,aw;wpAs;sdu;. gjk;> gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzq;fs; vd;Dk; mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
rpy gjq;fspy; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ruzq;fSk; cz;L. ruzq;fs; xNu jhJtpy;
ghlg;gLk;. rq;fjpfSk; fbd rQ;rhuq;fSk; jhJtpy; ,Uf;fkhl;lh. ,uhf ghtk;
jJk;Gk; gjq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nrsf;f fhyj;jpNaNa ghlg;gLk;. rhfpjj
; pak; RygkhfTk;>
fpuhkpar; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;litahfTk; gjq;fs; tpsq;Ffpdw ; d. mDgy;ytpapNyh>
filrpr; ruzj;jpNyh ,aw;wpatupd; Kj;jpiu fhzg;gLk;. gjq;fis ,aw;WNthUf;Fr;
rh];jpu QhdKk;> ftpj;JtKk;> ,uhf u] czu;r;rpAk; ,Ug;gJ kpf;f mtrpak;.
ngUk;ghYk; jkpo;gg; jq;fs; KUff; flTs; NkYk; njYq;Fg; gjq;fs; fpU\;zgpuhd;
NkYk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.
gjq;fis ,aw;wpatu;fs; :-
1. njYq;Fg; gjq;fis ,aw;wpatu;fs;:
N\j;uf;Qu;> gupksuq;fu;> f];J}upuq;fu;> rhuq;fghzp> nkul;û; ntq;fluhk
rh];jpup Nghd;Nwhu;.
2. jkpo;g;gjq;fis ,aw;wpatu;fs;:
Kj;Jj;jhz;ltu;> ftpf;FQ;rghujp> fdk; fpU\;za;au;> khk;gof; ftpuhau;>
Cj;Jf;fhL ntq;fl ]{g;iga;au; Nghd;Nwhu;.
gjq;fSs; rpy :-
1. NtytNu - igutp
2. njUtpy; thuhNdh - fkh];
3. Ntyiz mize;jhy; - fkh];
4. jpUnthw;wpa+u; jpahuh[d; - mlhzh
5. ghy; tbAk; Kfk; - ehl;ilf; FwpQ;rp
76
Nju;rr

tpsf;fq;fisAk; ngWthu;.
nraw;ghL : 4.3.3 ehj];tuk; vd;w thj;jpaj;jpd; ,yl;rzj;ij mwpNthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • ehj];tuj;jpd; ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;

• ehj];tu thj;jpak;
• ehj];tu ,ir mlq;fpa xypehlh
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ehj];tuj;jpd; mikg;igf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ehj];tuk; thrpf;Fk; Kiwapidf; $Wthu;.
• ehj];tuj;jpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;ghu;.
gb 4.3.3.1 : • khztu;fs; Vw;nfdNt nrtpkLj;j thj;jpaq;fspd; Xir gw;wpf;

fye;Jiuahlr; nra;J> xypg;gjpTf; fUtpapy; ehj];tu
,iriag; Nghl;Lf;fhl;b> nrtpkLf;fr; nra;jy;.
• ehj];tuk; kq;fsfukhd xU Jis thj;jpak; vdf;$wpg;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;Fjy;.
- eh];tuj;jpd; mikg;G
- ehj];tuj;jpd; rpwg;G
- ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l glk;
- ehj];tuk; thrpf;Fk; Kiw
- ehj];tuk; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akile;j tpj;Jthd;fs;.
gb 4.3.3.2 : • khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J nraw;gj;jpuq;fis

toq;Fjy;.
• mwpTWj;jYf;Nfw;gr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLfpd;whu;fsh vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
gb 4.3.3.3 : • xt;nthU FOf;fSk; jkJ NgWfisr; rku;gg ; pf;fr; re;ju;gg
; k;
toq;Fjy;.
• Vida FOf;fs; mtw;iw mtjhdpj;Jf; fUj;Jf;fs; $w
77
,lkspj;jy;.
• FOf;fspd; NgWfisj; njhFf;Fk; tz;zk; fye;Jiuahb>
kPsTk; typAWj;Jjy;.
1. ehj];tu thj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. ehj];tuj;jpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.
3. ehj];tuk; thrpf;Fk; Kiwapidf; $Wthu;
4. ehj];tuj;jpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpg;ghu;.
5. ehj];tuk; thrpg;gjpy; gpugy;akile;j tpj;Jthd;fspd; ngau;fisf; $Wthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;
• ehj];tu thj;jpaj;jpd; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;Ff.

• ehj];tuj;jpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
• ehj];tuthj;jpaj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• ehj];tuthj;jpak; thrpf;Fk; Kiwia tpsf;fp ,t;thj;jpak; thrpg;gjpy;
gpugy;ak; mile;j tpj;Jthd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,izg;G
,irf;fUtp - ehj];tuk;
Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fspYk;> fy;ahz itgtq;fspYk;> Cu;tyq;fspYk;> kw;Wk;

kq;fsfukhd itgtq;fspYk; jdpr; rpwg;Gld; tpsq;Fk; xU thj;jpakhf ehj];tuk;
jpfo;fpwJ. ehj];tuj;ij ehadk; vd;Wk; $Wtu;.
ehj];tuk; xU fhw;W thj;jpak;. kq;fs ,iria cz;lhf;Fk; thj;jpak;.

ehj];tuj;jpdpdW
; k; ntspgg
; Lk; ehjk; fdKs;sjhfTk; ntFJ}uk; Nfl;ff; $bajhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;.
,f;fUtp Mr;rhkuk; vd;Dk; kuj;;jhy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpd;

Nkw;ghfj;ij nts;spj; jfl;bdhNyh my;yJ jq;fj; jfl;bdhNyh %br; rpy
tpj;Jthd;fs; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
Fk;gNfhzk; Fk;Ngrtuu; NfhapypYk;> Mo;thu; jpUefupf; NfhapypYk; fy;

ehj];tuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ghfq;fs;
1. tl;l tbtkhf tpupe;J fhzg;gLk; mizR
2. cs;Ns $lhd ePz;l kuf;Foyhy; Mfpa $k;G tbt cly;
3. clypd; Nky; nghUj;jg;gLk; nfz;il
4. nfz;ilf;F Nky; mt;tg;NghJ itj;J ,irf;fg;gLk; rPthsp (,jw;F eWf;F
vd;Wk; ngaUz;L)
mizR vd;w gFjp “Rosewood” vd;w kuj;jpypUe;Jk; rPthsp vd;w gFjp

nfhWf;fe;jl;ilapypUe;Jk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
78
ehj];tukhdJ 2 Kjy; 2½ mb ePsKk;> NkypUe;J fPo; tpupe;J nry;yf;
$baJkhd $k;G tbtj;jpy; cs;s xU kuf; FohahyhdJ mjd; mbg;ghfj;jpy;
tupirahf VO ];tuj;JisfSk;> gf;fq;fspy; rg;jj;ij tifg;gLj;Jk; Jthuq;fs;
Ie;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nky;ghfj;jpy; cNyhfj;jpyhd xU $k;G (nfz;il)
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njitf;Nfw;g cgNahfpj;Jf;nfhs;s eWf;FfSk; (rPthsp) xU
Fr;rpAk; cs;sd.
thrpf; F k; Kiw
ehj];tuj;ij ,uz;L iffshYk; Neuhfg; gpbj;J rPthspia tha;fF
; s; itj;J
CJk; NghJ fhw;W thj;jpaj;Js; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mNj rkaj;jpy; ,uz;L if
tpuy;fshYk; ];tuj;Jisfisj; Njitf;Nfw;g %bAk; jpwe;Jk; ];tuq;fis vOg;gp
,ir cz;lhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ehj];tuj;jpw;Fupa RUjp thj;jpak; xj;J vd;Dk; fUtpahFk;. ,J cUt

mikg;gpy; ehj];tuj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. ,f;fUtpapypUe;J MjhuRUjp kl;Lk; jhd;
ntsptUk;. jw;NghJ ,f;fUtpf;Fg; gjpyhf RUjpg;ngl;b gad;gLj;jg;gLtJk; cz;L.
ehj];tuj;jpwF
; jhsf; fUtpahf miktJ jtpy; vDk; Njhw;f; fUtpahFk;. ehj];tuf;
fiyQu;> xj;J ,irg;gtu;> jtpy; tpj;Jthd;> jhsf; fiyQu; ([hy;uhf; fiyQu;)
Mfpa ehy;tUk; xd;W Nru;e;j ,irf;FOitg; ngupa Nksk; vd;W miog;gJz;L.
ehj];tuj;jpy; ,uz;L tif fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. ghup
2. jpkpup
‘ghup’ ehj];tuk; ePsk; mjpfkhdjhAk;> MjhuRUjp FiwthdjhAk; ,Uf;Fk;.
‘jpkpup’ ehj];tuk; ePsk; FiwthdjhAk;> MjhuRUjp $bajhAk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,d;W ifahsg;gLk; ehj];tuk; rhjhuzkhf 2 fl;ilr; RUjpf;Fr; nra;ag;

gLfpwJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; ghup ehj];tuNk $Ljyhf ghtidapy; cs;sJ.
jpwe;j ntspapy>; ,irg;gjw;F Vw;wJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpd; ehjk; ntFJ}uj;jpypUe;J

Nfl;lhYk; juty;yJ. ,t;thj;jpaj;jpy; thrpf;fg;gLk; ky;yhup ,iriaf; Nfl;lTlNd
,iwtd; tPjp cyhtpw;Fg; Gwg;gLfpwhu; vd;gJ Nfhapiyr; Rw;wpAk;> gf;fj;J
Cu;fSf;Fk; njupe;JtpLk;.
Nfhtpy; ntt;NtW Neuq;fspy; eilngWk; g+irfSf;Nfw;g ntt;NtW ,irfis

,irj;J topgl tUNthu;f;Fr; rpwe;j gzpiar; nra;gtu;fs; ehj];tuf; fiyQu;fs;
tpbaw;fhiyapy; ,irf;fg;gLk; g+ghsk;> ngssp ,uhfj;jpypUe;J mu;j;j [hkk;
Kbj; J gs; s paiwf; n fd ,irf; f g; g Lk; Mde; j igutp> eP y hk; g up Kjypa
,uhfq;fisAk; ,ir tbtq;fisAk; thrpj;Jg; gutr%l;Ltu;.
jpUkz tpohf;fspYk; NtWgy tpohf;fspYk; ,t;tpir kq;fy ,irahff;

ifahsg;gLfpwJ.
kf;fspd; tho;fi
; fNahL xd;wpgN
; ghd ,ir ehj];tu ,ir vd;why; mJ kpifad;W.
ehj]; t u ,irapy; gpugy; a k; ngw; w tpj; J thd; f shf jpUthtLJiw

uh[uj;jpdk;gpsi
; s> fhiuf;Fwprr
; p mUzhryk;gpsi
; s> jpUg;ghk;Guk; eluh[ Re;juk;gpsi
; s>
jpUtpopkpoiy Rg;gpukzpagps;is Nghd;Nwhiuf; Fwg;gpl KbAk;.
79
80
Nju;rr
; p : 5.0 ,iria mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L r%f> fyhrhu> ghuk;
gupag; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 5.2 thf; N fafhuupd; tho; f ; i f tuyhw; w pidAk; ,irj;

njhz;bidAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw;ghL : 5.2.2 NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidAk;

,irj;njhz;bidAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahupd; cUtg; glk;
• ,aw;wpa cUg;gbfs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpTehlh
• RUjpg;ngl;b
• nraw;gj;jpuk;
gb 5.2.1.1 : • NfhghyfpU\;zghujpahupd; tho;;f;iff; fhyj;ijf; $Wthu;.

• ,tuJ fy;tp> ,ir fw;w Kiw gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ,tuJ ,irg;gzp gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,tu; ,aw;wpa cUg;gbfspd; rpwg;Gf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ,tu; ,aw;wpa cUg;gbfspy; ,tuJ ngau; Kj;jpiuahf
mike;jpUg;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
• Vida thf; N fafhuu; gw; w pa tplaq; f isAk; mwpAk;
Mw;wiyAk; ngWthu;.
gb 5.2.1.2 : • ,irf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpa thf;Nfafhuu; gw;wp khztu;fsplk;;

Nfl;lwpjy;.
• Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahupd; glj;ijf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp ,tupd;
cUg;gbfs; mlq;fpa xypg;gjpTehlhit xypf;fr; nra;Njh>
Mrpupau; ghbf;fhl;b thf;Nfafhuiu ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.
• NfhghyfpU\;zghujpahu; njhlu;ghfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis
typAWj;Jk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy epfo;j;Jjy;.
• Nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahupd; tho;f;iff;fhyk; (1810-1896)
• gpwe;j Mz;L> ,lk;
• ngw;Nwhu;> ngw;Nwhuhy; ,tUf;F ,lg;gl;l ngau;> rpwg;Gg;
ngau;
• ,sikf;fy;tp> ,ir fw;wKiw
• ,irg;gzp
• ,aw;wpa cUg;gb tiffs;
• Kj;jpiu - NfhghyfpU\;z> ghyfpU\;z
• tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fsJ njhiff;Nfw;gf; FOf;fshfNth>
jdpahfNth cupa nraw;gj;jpuj;jpid toq;Fjy;.
81
• mwpTWj;jYf;Nfw;g nraw;ghl;by; khztiu <Lglr; nra;jy;.
• khztu;fs; nraw;gLfpwhu;fsh vd;gij cWjpnra;J KOikg;
gLj;Jjy;.
gb 5.2.1.3 : • FOf;fspd; NgWfis rkHg;gpf;f re;jH;g;gk; toq;Fjy;.
• tpLgl;l tplaq;fis Fwpg;gpl;L kPs typAWj;jy;
1. NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahupd; tho;f;iff; fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
2. ,tuJ tuyhw;wpidf; $Wthu;.
3. ,tuJ ,irg; gzpapidf; tpsf;Fthu;
4. ,tuJ Kj;jpiuapidf;; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
5. ,tuJ tuyhW> ,irg;gzp vd;gtw;iwf; fw;gjd; %yk; ,irf; fiyQu;fis
kjpf;Fk; kdg;ghq;fpidg; ngWthu;.
nraw;gj;jpuk;
• NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahupd; tho;f;iff; fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtuJ
tuyhw;iw vOJf.
• mtuJ ,irg;gzp gw;wp vOJf.
• ,tUila Kj;jpiuiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,izg;G
NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu; (1810 - 1896)
“ve;NeuKk; ce;jd; re;epjpapNy - ehd;

,Uf;f NtZk; Iah”
vd;W cs;sKUf Njtfhe;jhupiag; ghbj; jkpo; ehl;by; Md;kPfj;ijAk;

jkpopiriaAk; tsu;j;j ngUe;jif NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu; mtu;fs;.
,tu; 1810Mk; Mz;L ehfgl;bdj;ijr; Nru;ej

; eupkzk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,uhkrhkp
ghujpahUf;F kfdhf mtjupj;jhu;. ,tUila Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,irapy; Nju;r;rp
ngw;wtu;fs; je;ijAk; ghl;ldhUk; tPiz thrpg;gjpy; tpw;gd;du;fs; “Nfhtpe;j
rptk;” vd;gtu;jhd; ,Uila Kjy;FU.,tuplkpUe;J rh];jpuq;fisAk;> Nahfk;
KjypaitfisAk; gapd;whu;. ,sikapNyNa gy ,ir muq;FfisAk;> ùpfij
epfo;r;rpfisAk; Nfl;Lg; gad; mile;jhu;.
,e;J];jhd; ,irtpj;Jthd; “,uhkjh];” vd;gtuplk; ,e;J];jhdp ,ir

Kiwiaf; fw;whu;. fdk; fpU];z Iauplk; fu;ehlf ,irKiwiaf; fw;whu;.
Mde;j jhz;ltGuj;jpy; kpuhR jhuuhf ,Ue;j mz;Z Iau; NfhghyfpU\;z
ghujpahiu kpfTk; Mjupj;jhu;. mtUila cjtpahy; ghujpahu; fhyl;Nrgk; nra;J
gzk; rk;ghjpj;jhu;.
,tu; fu;ehlf ,irapYk;> ,e;J];jhdp ,irapYk; Nju;r;rp ngw;wtuhjyhy;

gy Gjpa tu;znkl;Lf;fSld; $ba mNef gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shu;.
“NfhghyfpU\;z” vd;w Kj;jpiuAld; mNef fPuj ; j
; idfis jkpopy; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
Nrf;fpohu; vOjpa ngupaGuhzj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; 37 nra;Al;fspy; mlq;fpa ee;jdhu;
rupj;jpuj;ijf; NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu; “ee;jdhu; rupj;jpuk;” vd;Dk; ,ir ehlfkhf
82
vOjpdhu;. ,e;j ,irelfj;jpy; mofpa fPuj
; j
; idfSld; nehz;br;rpeJ
; > Mde;jf;fspgG
; >
,Unrhy; myq;fhuk;> yhtzp> jz;lfk; Kjypa ,irKiwfSk; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;ehlfk; jpahuh[Rthkpfspd; “gpu`yhj gf;jp tp[ak;” “nesfh rupj;jpuk;” Mfpa
,ir ehlfq;fNshL ruprkkhff; fUjg;gLk; jFjp tha;e;jJ.
jpahfuh[upd; J}z;Ljyhy; “rghgjpf;F” vd;Dk; MNghfp uhf fpUjpnahd;iw

,aw;wpdhu;. kw;Wk; jpah[uh[upd; gQ;ruj;jpdf; fPu;j;jidfisg; gpd;gw;wp jhKk;
jkpopy;>
1. ùù rptrq;fu - ehl;il
2. ruzhfjnkd;W - nfsis
3. gpwthj tuk; jhUk; - Mugp
4. Mba ghjNk fjp - tuhsp
5. kwthky; vg;gbAk; - =uhfk;
vd; w gQ; r uj; j pdf; fP u ; j ; j idfis ,aw; w pdhu; . ,irNkijfshd kfh

itj;jpaehjq;aUk; mtUila rNfhjuu; ,uhkrhkp IaUk; NfhghyfpU\;z
ghujpahu; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W mtUila Gjpa ,ir cUg;gbfis MtYld; fw;W
te;jdu;. lhf;lu; c. Nt. RthkpehjIaUk; rpyfhyk; NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahuplk;
,ir gapYk; NgW ngw;whu;. kfh tpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is mtu;fSk;>
kha+uk; Ntjehafk;gps;is mtu;fSk; NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahupd; neUq;fpa
ez;gu;fshf ,Ue;J Cf;fk; nfhLj;jdu;.
ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; “ee;jdhu; rupj;jpuk;” muq;Nfw;wk; eilngw;w NghJ xU

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu; (rPra;ah Jiu) ,jid xU E}yhf ntspapLtjw;F kpfTk; Jiz
Gupe;jhu;. xUKiw ,uhkypq;f mbfSk; ,r;rupj;jpuj;ijf; Nfl;L kpfTk; ghuhl;bdhu;.
NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu; ,aw;wpAs;s Vida ,irehlfq;fs;

1. ,aw;gif ehadhu; rupj;jpuk;
2. jpUePyfz;l ehadhu; rupj;jpuk;
3. fhiuf;fhy mk;ikahu; rupj;jpuk; vd;gitahFk;
NkYk; ,tu; “Qhdr; rpe;J” “Qhdf; Fk;kp” KjypaitfisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.

rpWtu;fs; kdk; gz;gLk; nghUl;L Fk;kp> Nfhyhl;lk;> CQ;ry;> eyq;F> yhyp
Kjypa ghly;fisAk; ghbAs;shu;. NtWgy mupa fPuj; j
; idfisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shu;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
1. jpUtb ruzk; - fhk;Ngh[p
2. jpy;iyj;jyk; - rhkh
3. eldkhbdhu; - tre;jh
4. fdrNgrd; Nrtb - fkh];
5. fz;zhNy fz;Nld; - ehjehkf;fupia
NkYk; ,tu; ngz;fSf;fhfr; “rhe;Jg;nghl;L jsjsq;f” vd;W njhlq;Fk;
“rpjk;guf;Fk;kp” vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpdhu;. ,J rpjk;gu Myaj;jpYs;s tpehafu;
KjypNahUila re;epjpfis KiwNa juprpjJ ; tUk;NghJ mk;%u;jj
; pfisg; ghLtjhf
mike;Js;sJ.
vg;gbj; jpahfuh[u; jkJ fpUjpfs; %yk; njYq;F nkhopia tsg;gLj;jdhNuh

mNjNghy ghujpahUk; jkJ fPu;j;jidfshy; jkpopiria tsg;gLj;jpdhu;. vdNt
jkpopirg; Gytu;fspNy ,tNu Kjyplj;ij tfpf;fpd;whu;. ,tuJ ghly;fspNy gy
83
Ntjhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtu;fSk; tpsq;fp ,d;Gwj;jf;f KiwapNy
ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;sJ ghuhl;lj;jf;fjhFk;. ghujpahupd; rPlu;fspy; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.
1. rpjk;guk; nghd;Dr;rhkp jP;l;rpju;
2. rpjk;guk; = uh[uj;jpd jPl;rpju;
3. kha+uk; ,uhkrhkp Iau;
4. kha+uk; eNlr Iau;
5. kha+uk; Rg;gpukzpa Iau;
NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu; jdJ 86 MtJ tajpy; 1896 Mk; Mz;L

kfhrptuhj;jpupad;W g+jTliy ePj;J GfOlk;nga;jpdhu;.
gpw;Fwpg;G - rpjk;guf; Fk;kpapy; rpy fz;zpfs;
“rhe;Jg; nghl;Lj; jsjnsd;d ey;y

re;jd thil FKFnkd;d
$e;j yoFf; fhupnay;yhq; fhiyf;
Ftpj;Jf; Fk;kp abAq;fb”
“jpj;jpnad; wPPr dldk; Gupa nka;j

Njtu;fs; g+kio jhd; nrhupa
kj;jsq; nfhl;ba NfhghyfpU\;zid
tho;j;jpf; Fk;kp abAq;fb”
84
fzpdp tbtikg; G
jpUkjp. vd;. ee;jpdp Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpUkjp. ehjPah `p]hd; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Vida cjtpfs;
jpUkjp. khydp tpf;ukehaf;f mofpaw; fy;tpj;Jiw> Nj.f.ep.
jpU. gpNukuj;d ngNuuh mofpaw; fy;tpj;Jiw> Nj.f.ep.
85

T 10 Tim 128

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fHehlf rq;fPjk;

mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw

mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw

Kjw; gjpg;G : 2014

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikia Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gL

gpujpg; gzpg; g hsu; ehafk;

tsHe;J tUk; ehfhpf tsHr;rpfN

,irf;fiyahdJ eilKiwapy; cs;s ghlrhiy fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; xU ghlkhf

md;G> gf;jp> tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F gpwiu kjpj;jy; rNfhjuj;Jtk; gpwehl;L

,urpj;jy; Mf;fj;jpwd;> nrad;Kiw> mwpKiw> fyhrhug; gpd;dzp Mfpatw;wpd;

khztHfs; NjHr;rp> NjHr;rp kl;lq;fspw;F Vw;wthW fw;ww;Ngw;iw miltjw;fhf

nraw; w pl; l ,izg; g hsu; - nraw;jpl;l mjpfhhp

1. jpU. it. fNzrypq;fk; - Mrphpa MNyhrfH

2. jpUkjp. tp. ehNf];tud; - cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH

3. jpUkjp. f. n[aghyrpq;fk; - cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH

4. jpUkjp. f. =];fe;juh[h - Mrphpa MNyhrfH

5. jpUkjp. ,. rz;Kfypq;fk; - cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH

6. nry;tp. f. re;jphpf;fh - MrphpaH

7. jpU. m. fpU\;zhde;jd; - MrphpaH

8. jpUkjp. k. fiythzp - cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH

nkhop Nkw; g hHit - jpU. J. uhN[e;jpuk;

- jpUkjp. A+. tpNtfhde;jd;

v ghlrhiyapd; tUlhe;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthf Neu Kfhik nra;jy;.

v 5 NjHr;rpfspd; fPo; thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s cs;slf;fj;jpw;fikthf 1.0 njhlf;fk;

v jhNk xU nraw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlHghf

v mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s 5 NjHr;rpfSk; jdpahspd; MSik tpUj;jpia mbg;gil

v gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gpl;lthW %d;W jtizf;Fhpa nraw;ghl;bid

jtiz 1 jtiz 2 jtiz 3

gzpg; g hsu; ehafj; j pd; nra; j p iii

gpujpg; gzpg; g hsu; ehafj; j pd; nra; j p iv

Mrpupau; topfhl; b iag; gad; g Lj; J tjw; f hd topfhl; l y; f s; vii

cs; s lf; f k; viii

ghlj; j pl; l k; ix - xix

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

eilKiwapYs;s ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fu;ehlf rq;fPjKk; xU ghlkhfr; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ilepiy tFg;Gf;fspy;

,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfSlhff; fu;ehlf rq;fPjk; ghlj;jpidf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Cf;fkspj;jy; tpUk;gj;jf;fjhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;fF

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if - 2003)

2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

3. #oy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa NjHr;rpfs;

7. "fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;" njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

(Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if - 2003)

1. fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;Jf;fhd mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Ffis tpUj;jp nra;tu;.

2. Rw;Wr; #oNyhL njhlu;Ggl;l ,iria eaf;Fk; Mw;wiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.

3. gilg;ghf;fj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tu;.

4. fiyfisAk;> fiyQu;fisAk; kjpf;Fk; csg;ghq;if ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

5. mofpay; njhlu;ghd gilg;Gf;fis tpku;r;rpf;Fk; jpwidg; ngWtu;.

6. rpwe;j ,irf; fiyQuhf tpsq;Ftjw;fhd rkepiy MSikg; gz;Gfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.

0 1 tho;f;ifNahL 1 ' 1 rh];jpupa ,ir • gjk;. • gjk;> tu;zk; Mfpa 02

1 ' 2 thj;jpa ,iria • Gy;yhq;Foy;. • Gy;yhq;Foy;> tPiz> 02

1.3 fpuhkpa ,iria • tpy;Yg;ghl;L • tpy;Yg;ghl;L epfo;r;rpapy; 02

3.2 RUjp cUg;gbfis • fPuj