Namma Kalvi

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12
jkpo;
Study material
,ay; - 1
capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;
- 1
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md;Grhy; khztr; nry;tq;fSf;F!
tzf;fk;>
gyupd; Ntz;;LNfhis Vw;Nwhk; 2019 – 2020
Mk; fy;tpahz;bw;Fupa gd;dpuz;lhk;
tFg;gpw;fhd nghJj;jkpo; ghlE}ypy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s Kjy; myfpw;fhd
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis kl;Lk; jq;fs;
fdpthd ghu;itf;fhf ,izaj;jpy; ,d;W
ntspapl;Ls;Nshk;.

tpiutpy; cq;fs; iffspy; jto cs;s

ciuE}ypy;> Nfs;tpfs; vt;thW
Nfl;fg;gl;lhYk; gjpy; toq;Fk; tifapy;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fisAk;> tpilfisAk;
,izj;J mikj;Js;Nshk;.

ntw;wpf;F top ciuE}iyg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;!

fhykfs; Nkil mikg;ghs;
cq;fs; fdTfs; edTfshFk;
tho;f tsk;ngw;W!
rpwe;j md;Gld;>
ntw;wpf;F top FOkk;.
*****
 www.nammakalvi.org
12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; ek;ik msg;Nghk; ntw;wpf;F top

,ay; -1
capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf
1. ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; xUNrug;; NgRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;
m) ahg;gUq;fhyf;fhupif M) jz;bayq;fhuk;
,) njhy;fhg;gpak; <) ed;D}y;
2. “kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F” ftpQu; Fwpg;gpLk; goikeyk;>
f) ghz;baupd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ
c) nghjpifapy; Njhd;wpaJ
q) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ
m) f kl;Lk; rup M) f> c ,uz;Lk; rup
,) ௩ kl;Lk; rup <) f> ௩ ,uz;Lk; rup
3. “kpd;Ndu; jdpahop ntq;fjpnuhd;W VidaJ
jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo;!” - ,t;tbfspy; gapd;W te;Js;s njhileak;
m) mbNkhid> mbvJif M) rPu;Nkhid> rPu;vJif
,) mbvJif> rPu; Nkhid <) rPu;vJif> mbNkhid
4. fUj;J 1 : ,ay;G tof;fpy;> njhluikg;G vd;gJ vOtha;> gadpiy vd;W tUtNj kuG.
fUj;J 2 : njhluikg;G> rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwo;e;J tUfpwJ.
m) fUj;J 1 rup M) fUj;J 2 rup
,) ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rup <) fUj;J 1 rup> 2 jtW
5. nghUj;Jf.
m) jkpo; mofpay; - 1. guyp R. ney;iyag;gu;
M) epyTg;G+ - 2. jp.R. eluhrd;
,) fpil - 3. rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;
<) ca;Ak;; top - 4. fp. uh[ehuhazd;
m) 4> 3> 2> 1 M) 1> 4> 2> 3 ,) 2> 4> 1> 3 <) 2> 3> 4> 1
FWtpdhf;fs;
1. eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;;gpLf.
 ‘eilngw;wpaYk;’ – (fpstpahf;fk; 26)
 ‘eiletpd;nwhOFk;’ – (nra;Aspay; 135)
 ‘Mrpupa eilj;Nj tQ;rp; Vid
ntz;gh eilj;Nj fyp’ (nra;Aspay; 107)
vd;w epiyfspy; eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak; fUj;Jf;$Wfpd;wJ.
2. “glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf” - ,r;; rq;ff; ftpijapd; mbfspy; Xir eakpf;f
nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;GfisAk; vLj;J vOJf.
Xir eakpf;f nrhw;fs; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
glhmk;> nflhm> flhm nra;Aspir msngil
ey;ypir gz;Gj;njhif
Ngf mz;ik tpspr;nrhy;
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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; ek;ik msg;Nghk; ntw;wpf;F top
3. ftpQu; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;?
 khiyf;fjputd; kiyNkl;by; jiyiar;rha;fF ; k; moF.
 thdnky;yhk; fhzg;gLk; nre;;epwj;Jg;; G+f;fhl;bd; moF
 me;jr;rpte;j G+f;fhl;ilg; Nghd;W cioj;Jr;rpte;j njhopyhsu;fspd; iffs;
 me;jj; njhopyhsu;fspd; tpk;Kfpd;w Njhs;kPJ tPw;wpUf;Fk; tpau;it nts;sk;
,tw;iwnay;yhk;> tpae;Jghl jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;whu; ftpQu; rpw;gp.
4. tpbay;> tdg;G - ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;Jj; njhlu; mikf;f.
ehd;> tpbaypy; kyUk; kyu;fspd; tdg;igf;fz;L kfpo;e;Njd;.

rpWtpdhf;fs;
1. rq;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff.
 %Nte;jUk; $bg;ghup kd;did vjpu;j;Jg; Nghupl te;jdu;. mg;NghJ fgpyu;
ePq;fs; xU Nru te;jnghOJk; ghupapd; gwk;G kiyiag; ngwy; ,ayhJ vd;whu;.
 Fspu;e;j gwk;Gkiy 300 Cu;fis cilaJ.
 me;j 300 Cu;fisAk; MbAk; ghbAk; ,utyu;fs; ngw;Wr; nrd;Wtpl;ldu;.
 ehq;fs; ,Utu; kl;LNk cs;Nshk;; ghupkiyAk; cs;sJ.
vd;W td;ikahfr; nrhy;ytpUk;gpa fgpyu;> ty;ypd nka;fs; kpFjpahf
,lk;ngWkhW ghbdhu;.
,Njh me;j xypf;Nfhyk; :
fle;jL jhid %tpUq;$b
cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;G nfhsw;fupNj;
Ke;E}W Cu;j;Nj jz;gwk;G ed;dhL;
Ke;E}W CUk; guprpyu; ngw;wdu;;
ahKk; ghupAk; csNk;
Fd;Wk; cz;LePu; ghbdpu; nrypNd (Gwk;; -110)
 capu; xypfs;> mtw;Ws;Sk; neby;fs;> rpy nrhw;fs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g tuy;
rq;fg; ghly;fspy; Kf;fpakhd gz;ghFk; vdf; fhl;Lk; xypf;Nfhyq;fs; epiwe;j
nrhw;Nfhyq;fspy; NkYk; rpw;rpy :
“glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf” (Gwk; - 145)
“Gzupd; GzuhJ nghUNs; nghUs;tapd;
gpupapd; GzuhJ Gzu;Nt” (ew; - 16)
“Ee;ij je;ijf;F ,td;je;ij je;ij” (Gwk; -290)

2. nrk;gupjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fhlhk; thd nky;yhk;’ njhlu;

ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 nrf;fr;rpte;j fjputd; khiy Ntisfspy; kiwthd;. ,J ,ay;gha; epfOk; epfo;T.
 ehnsy;yhk; cyFf;Fj;jd; xspia toq;fpdhd; fjputd;.
 njhlu;e;J cioj;jjhy; Nrhu;e;J Nghdhd;.
 Nrhu;e;Njhu; Xa;Tngwy; ,aw;ifapd; epajpjhNd!
 vdNt> ‘fjputd; kiy Nkl;bidj; jdf;Fj; jiyaizahff; nfhz;L rha;e;J
gLj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;’ vd;fpwhu; ftpQu; jk; fw;gidg;ghu;itapy;!
 fjputd; kiwAk; Ntisapy; me;jr;rpte;j xspnts;sk; thdpy; gLfpwJ.
 me;j thdNkh> nrf;fr;rpte;j kyu;fs; epiwe;j G+q;fhl;bidg;Nghyf; ftpQupd;
ftpg;ghu;itapy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
 ,ay;ghd epfo;Tfspd; kPJ ftpQu; jk; fw;gidia Vw;wpf;$WtJ epide;J
epide;J kfpo;jw;FupaJ.

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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; ek;ik msg;Nghk; ntw;wpf;F top
3. Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.

,lk; jz;bayq;fhu ciuNkw;Nfhs; ghlypy;> Mrpupau; ‘jz;b’> jkpOf;Fk;

fjputDf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s gad; rhu;e;j xw;Wikiaf; $Wk;NghJ $wpaJ.
nghUs; flyhy; R+og;gl;l cyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;WtJ R+upad;.
 jkpo; mf ,Uis mfw;Wk;.
 R+upad; Gw ,Uis mfw;Wk;.
tpsf;fk;  jkpOf;Fk;> R+upaDf;Fk; cs;s gad; rhu;e;j xw;Wikia Kjypy; $wp
mtw;Ws; jkpo; jd;Ndupy;yhjJ vd;w jd;ikiag; gpd;du; NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;bajhy; ,J nghUs; Ntw;Wikazp Mapw;W.

4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fspYs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
tOty fhy tifap dhNd. nka;rpypu;f;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy! $tp th> th!
- ed;D}y; - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
“gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;
tOty fhy tifap dhNd”
- ed;D}y;
 goik moptJk;> GJik GFtJk; fhykhw;wj;jhy; Fw;wkhff; fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.
 Mdhy;> khw;wk; vd;gJ tsu;r;rpg; ghijia Nehf;fpAk;> tpUk;gj; jFe;j
tifapYk; mike;jhy;jhd; me;jr; rKjhak; Nkd;ik milAk;.
kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
nka;rpypu;f;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy! $tp th> th!
- rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
 ghz;baupd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ Kj;jkpo;.
 filnaO ts;sy;fis <d;W je;jJ Kj;jkpo;.
 murd; Kjy; Mz;btiu midtu; nre;ehtpYk; jto;e;J ,Ue;jJ Kj;jkpo;.
 ‘vq;Fk; jkpo; vjpYk; jkpo;’ vd;wpUe;jJ me;ehspy; jkpo;.
 ,d;W jkpod; jkpo; Ngrj; jaq;Ffpwhd;.
 vdNt> ‘jkpo; vq;Fk; vjpYk; jpfoNtz;Lk;;’ vd;gJ rpw;gpapd; Mty;.
 ed;D}yhu; ‘tsu;r;rpia Nehf;fpg; goikia tpl;Ltplyhk;’ vd;whu;.
 rpw;gp> jkpouplk; jkpiog; GJg;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; nka; rpypu;f;f goikj;jkpo;
kPz;Lk; jioj;J Xq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;.

neLtpdhf;fs;
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfshtd
 xypf;Nfhyq;fs;
 nrhw;fspd; Gyk;
 njhlupay; Nghf;Ffs;

xypf;Nfhyq;fs; :
 nkhoprhu;e;j ftpij ,irNahLk;> ,irf;fUtpNahLk;jhd; gpwf;fpwJ. XirAk;>
nghUSk;; ,ize;J fiytbtk; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,JNt> xypg;gpd;dy; MFk;.

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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; ek;ik msg;Nghk; ntw;wpf;F top
fle;jL jhid %tpUq;$b
cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;G nfhsw;fupNj;
Ke;E}W Cu;j;Nj jz;gwk;G ed;dhL;
Ke;E}W CUk; guprpyu; ngw;wdu;;
ahKk; ghupAk; csNk;
Fd;Wk; cz;LePu; ghbdpu; nrypNd (Gwk;; -110)
,e;jg; ghliy td;ikahfr; nrhy;y tpUk;gpa fgpyu; ty;ypd nka;fis kpFjpahf
mikj;J me;j xypf;Nfhyj;ijg; gilj;jhu;.
nrhw;fspd; Gyk; :
 nrhw;fspd; Gyk; vd;gJ> rq;f ,yf;fpa nkhopapd; milahskhf cs;s xU gz;G.
 ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpak;> ‘njhifepiy’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk;.
 ‘ePu;gL gRq;fyk;’ ,J xU nrhy; NghyNt mikAk; njhifnkhop.
 itFW tpbay;> Gy;nyd;khiy> rpd;dPu;> eiff;$l;lk; vd;gdNghd;W xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fshfTk; tUk;.
njhlupay; Nghf;Ffs; :
 xypf;;NfhyKk;> nrhw;GyKk;> nrhw;nwhlu; epiyAk; ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg;
gz;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 njhlupay; tbNth ghj;jpfl;;b> tug;Gau;j;JfpwJ.
 vOtha; + nrag;gLnghUs; my;yJ gpwtw;Wld; $ba mikg;G + gadpiy vd
tUk; kuG rq;fg; ghly;fspy; gpwo;e;Jk; tUk;.
 njhlupay;; gpwo;Tepiy ghlypd; ,WjpapNyNa ngUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLk;.
 ek;gp neLQ;nropad; ,we;jhd;.
 ‘Nghnuapd; KWtyu;’ mtDila rhTr;rlq;F ru;r;irf;F cs;shdNghJ ghbdhu;.
 ‘njhbAila Njhs; kze;jdd;’ vd;W njhlq;Ffpwhu;.
 xt;NthubAk; jd;dpiwNthL Kbfpd;wd.
 gjpndl;Lg; gz;Gfis tupirg;gLj;jpdhu;.
epiwthf>
“,Lf nthd;Nwh> RLfnthd;Nwh;
gLtopg; gLf> ,g;Gfo; nta;Nahd; jiyNa” vd;whu;.
 ‘Mq;Fr; nra;gnty;yhk; nra;jdd; Mjypd;’ vd;f; $wptpl;Lg; ‘Nghlh Ngh –
Gijj;jhy; Gij; Rl;lhy; RL’ vd;whu; ftpQu;.
 ghlypd; njhlupay; rhu;e;j tbtikg;G ,jw;Fj;Jiz epw;fpd;wJ.

2. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W> r%fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw

tptupf;f.
ghujpapd;>
 nkhopg;gw;W
 r%fg;gw;W

nkhopg;gw;W :
 jkpio tsu;g;gNj flik.
 Gjpa Gjpa Nahrid> cz;ik> ,d;gk;> jkpopy; Vwpf;nfhz;Nl Nghf Ntz;Lk;.
 jkpo; ehL tho Ntz;Lk;.
 jkpo;g; gs;spfs; kypjy; Ntz;Lk;.
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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; ek;ik msg;Nghk; ntw;wpf;F top
r%fg;gw;W :
 ek;iktpl nkypatu;fSf;F ehk; ,uq;fp> mtu;fis ekf;F epfuhf;fptpl Ntz;Lk;.
 cs;sNk cyfk;.
 epw;Fk; epiyapypUe;J fPNo tpohjgb fapWfs; fl;b itj;Jf;nfhz;L gpiof;f
Kaw;rp gz;Zk; goq;fhyj;J %lu;fisf;fz;L Fly; FYq;fr; rpupj;jhtJ>
mtu;fspd; klikia mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.
 ,d;Dk; gy cauq;fisj; njhl Ntz;Lk;.
 Neha;fs; jPu Ntz;Lk;.
 gs;spfspy; etPdf;fiyfs; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 MZk; ngz;Zk; rkk;.
 ngz;zbik $lhJ.
 njhopy;fs;> tpahghuq;fs; ,ae;jpuq;fs; tsu;e;J ngUf Ntz;Lk;.
 rq;fPjk;> rpw;gk;> ,ae;jpu E}y;> G+kp E}y;> thd E}y;> ,aw;if E}ypd; Mapuk;
fpisfs; ,it midj;Jk; kype;jpl Ntz;Lk;.
 Kaw;rpfs; Xq;fNtz;Lk;.
 ,itNa> ghujpapd;; fbjk; thapyhf ehq;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W>
r%fg;gw;W MfpadthFk;.

3. ‘nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs; (ftpij) vd;Dk; E}y; cq;fs; gs;sp Mrpupauhy; vOjg;gl;L cq;fs;

gs;spapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. mt;ntspaPl;L tpohtpw;fhd epfo;r;rp epuiy cUthf;fp>
ed;wpAiu xd;iw vOJf.
epfo;r;rp epuy;
 kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wk; : gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G khztpau;
 jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J : midtUk;
 tuNtw;Giu : jpUngW.f.tstd; jkpohrpupau;
 Kd;dpiy : jpUngW.F.kUJ ngw;Nwhu; Mrpupau; fofj;jiytu;
 jiyikAiu : jpUngW.m.ghup jiyikahrpupau;
 E}y; ntspaPL : jpUngW.F.GfNoe;jp (Kd;dhs; jkpohrpupau;)
 Kjy; E}iyg;ngWgtu; : jpUkjp.K.fPjh (cs;Su;j; jkpo;g;gw;whsu;)
 E}y; eaTiu : jpUkjp.g.tsu;kjp jkpohrpupau;
 Vw;Giu : jpUngW.m.Fkud; jkpohrpupau; (ftpij
E}iy ,aw;wpatu;)
 ed;wpAiu : nry;td; g.godpNtY(gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G khztu;)
 ehl;Lg;gz; : midtUk;
ed;wpAiu
“nre;jkpNo! capNu! eWe;NjNd!
nraypid %r;rpid cdf;fspj;NjNd
iee;jha; vdpy; iee;JNghFk; vd;tho;T!
ed;dpiy cdf;nfdpy; vdf;Fe;jhNd!”

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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; ek;ik msg;Nghk; ntw;wpf;F top
 tho;j;JjYf;Fk;> tzq;FjYf;Fk; cupa rhd;Nwhu;fs; epiwe;jpUf;fpd;w ,e;j mitf;F
Kjw;fz; vd; tzf;fk;.
 epfo;rr
; pj; njhlf;fkhf kq;fy tpsf;Nfw;wk; nra;j khztpau;f;Fk;>
 ftpijj;jkpopy; midtiuAk; tuNtw;w ek; gs;spapd; jkpohrpupau; Iah tstd;
mtu;fSf;Fk;>
 ,e;epfo;tpDf;F Kd;dpiy Vw;wpUf;fpd;w ek; gs;spapd; ngw;Nwhu; Mrpupau;
fofj;jiytu; Iah kUJ mtu;fSf;Fk;>
 jiyikAiuNaw;W> jk; Ez;khz; EioGyj;NjhL rpwg;ghfj; jiyikAiuahw;wpa ek;
gs;spapd; jiyikahrpupau; Iah ghup mtu;fSf;Fk;>
 E}iy ntspaplg; ngupJk; nghUj;jkhd> ek; gs;spapd; Kd;dhs;> jkpohrpupau; Iah
GfNoe;jp mtu;fSf;Fk;>
 jd; njspe;j rpe;jidahy; ,e;j E}Yf;F eaTiu toq;fpa ek; gs;spapd; jkpohrpupau;
jpUkjp. tsu;kjp mtu;fSf;Fk;>
 midtUk; Nghw;wpg;ghuhl;ba NghJk; eaTiu toq;fpa Mrpupau; Gfo;e;Jiuj;jNghJk;>
 ‘gzpAkhk; vd;Wk; ngUik’ vd;W ngupJk; mlf;fj;Jld; GfOiufis mikjpahf
Vw;W Vw;Giu toq;fpa Iah Fkud; mtu;fSf;Fk;>
 ,q;Fj;jpushff; FOkpapUf;Fk; khzt ez;gu;fSf;Fk;> Mrpupag; ngUkf;fSf;Fk;>
midj;Jtif mYtyf ez;gu;fSf;Fk; ed;wp etpYk; NeukpJ!
 ,q;Ff; FOkpapUf;fpw xt;nthUtu;kPJk;> Mapukhapuk; ed;wp kyu;fisj; J}tp vd;
ciuf;Fj;jpiuapl;L tpilngWNtd;.

ed;wp tzf;fk;!

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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top

,ay; - 1
capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
jkpohf;fk; jUf
Learning is a treasure that will follow its fw;wy; vd;Dk; Gijay; jd; Kjyhspia
1.
owner everywhere. vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; njhlUk;.
2. A new language is a new life. xU GJnkhop xU GJ tho;f;if MFk;.
cd;id kf;fs; Gupe;Jnfhs;s
If you want people to understand you,
3. Ntz;Lnkd;why; mtu;fs; nkhopapy;
speak their language. NgR.
Knowledge of languages is the doorway nkhopfspd; mwpT Qhdj;jpd;
4.
to wisdom. jpwTNfhy;.
The limits of my language are the limits vdJ nkhopfspd; vy;iyNa> vdJ
5.
of my world. cyfj;jpd; vy;iy.

fPo;fhZk; gj;jpiag; gbj;J Ie;J tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ff

nkhop vd;gJ kf;fs; gilj;Jf; fhf;Fk; mupanjhU fiy. nkhopNa kf;fspd;

mwpit tsu;j;J cau;j;Jk; mupa fUtpahfTk; cs;sJ. ngw;w jhapd; Kjy;
Ntl;if jd; Foe;ijAld; NgRjy;. mts; Kjypy; milAk; ngupa kfpo;r;rp>
Foe;ijapd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;gNj MFk;. Foe;ijapd; kdtsu;r;rpNahL
njhlu;GilaJ nkhop tsu;r;rpNa MFk;. kdk; vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; nkhopahy;
tsu;e;J mike;jJ. kdj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F Vw;gNt NgRNthupd; nkhopAk; tsu;r;rp
ngw;W epw;Fk;. kf;fs; midtUk; nkhopf;F MrpupauhfTk; cs;sdu;;
khztuhfTk; cs;sdu;. nkhopia tsu;g;gtUk; kf;fNs; nkhopahy; tsu;gtUk;
kf;fNs.
- nkhop tuyhW (K. tujuhrdhu;)

tpdhf;fs; :
1. nkhop vd;gJ ahJ?
2. kf;fspd; mwpit tsu;j;J cau;j;Jk; mupa fUtp vJ?
3. ngw;w jhapd; Kjy; Ntl;if vd;d?
4. jha; Kjypy; milAk; ngupa kfpo;rr ; p vJ?
5. Foe;ijapd; kdtsu;r;rpNahL njhlu;GilaJ vJ?
6. kdj;jpw;Fk; nkhopf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G ahJ?
7. nkhopapd; Mrpupau;fs; ahtu;?
8. nkhopia tsu;g;gtUk;> nkhopahy; tsu;gtUk; ahtu;?
9. NtWghlwpe;J njhlupy; mik mupa> mwpa / kdk;> kzk;.
10. ‘Ntl;if’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; vd;d?
11. ‘tsu;r;rp’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;Fupa vjpu;rn; rhy; jUf.
12. ‘nkhop tuyhW’ – vOjpatu; ahu;?
13. Mrpupau; - gpupj;Jg;nghUs; jUf.
14. ‘Jd;gk;’ vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fupa vjpu;rn ; rhy;iyg; gj;jpapypUe;J vLj;njOJf.
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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf

Kr;rq;rq; $l;b
KJGytu; jikf; $l;b
mr;rq;fj; Js;Ns
msg;gupa nghUs;$l;b
nrhw;rq;f khfr;
RitkpFe;j ftp$l;b
mw;Gjq;f nsy;yhk;
mikj;j ngUkhl;b!
- fz;zjhrd;

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
 Kd;Diu
 jpuz;l fUj;J
 njhil eak;
 mzp eak;
 re;j eak;
 jiyg;G
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu :
“kioNah rpy ehs;fspy; nga;Ak; kyu;fNsh rpy Ntisfspy; G+f;Fk;”. Mdhy;>
fz;zjhrdpd; ghl;Lg;G+f;fs; G+f;fhj ehl;fNs ,y;iy vdyhk;. mj;jF ftpauR
fz;zjhrdpd; ghly;fSs; xd;wd; eaq;fisf;Fwpj;J ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
jpuz;lfUj;J :
 Kjw;rq;fk;> ,ilr;rq;fk;> filr;rq;fk; vd;W %d;W rq;fq;fisf; $l;b
 mr;rq;fq;fSf;F> Gyikapy; KJikAila Gytu;fs; gyiu tuNtw;W>
 mr;rq;fq;fspNy> mstplKbahj msT gy;NtW nghUs;fis tpthjpj;J
 jkpopd; nrhw;fs; midj;ijAk; xd;whfr; rq;fkpf;fr; nra;J>
 Rit kpFe;j E}y;fs; gytw;iwg; gilj;jspj;J>
 ahg;gpYk;> mzpapYk; gy;NtW mw;Gjq;fis mikj;j ngUk; ngUikAila jhNa
jkpNo!
njhil eak; :
 ‘njhLf;fg;gLtJjhd; njhil’ mofpa kyu;fisf;nfhz;L khiyiaj;njhLg;gijg;
Nghy vJif> Nkhid Mfpatw;wpy; njhFf;fg;gLtNj njhil MFk;.
Nkhid eak; :
“ghl;Lf;F tPiz>
ftpijf;F Nkhid”
vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; Nkhideak; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ.
 nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk;> my;yJ mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhid
eakhFk;.
 Kr;rq;fq;> KJGytu;
 mr;rq;fj;> msg;gupa
rPu;Nkhidfs;
 nrhw;rq;f> RitkpFe;j
 mw;Gjq;> mikj;j
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 www.nammakalvi.org
12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
vJif eak; :
“,aw;iff;F moF ngha;if
ftpijf;F moF vJif”
vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; Nkhideak; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ.
 nra;Aspy; rPu;NjhWk;> my;yJ mbNjhWk; Kjnyj;J msnthj;jpUf;f> ,uz;lhk;
vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ vJif MFk;.
 Kr;rq;fq;> mr;rq;fj;
mbvJiffs;
 nrhw;rq;f> mw;Gjq;f
,iaG eak; :
 xU nra;Aspd; mbNjhWk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> my;yJ rPNuh xd;wptuj;;njhLg;gJ
,iaGj; njhilahFk;.
rPu; ,iaGfs;  $l;b> $l;b
mb ,iaGfs;  $l;b> $l;b> $l;b> ngUkhl;b
mzp eak; :
 Kr;rq;fq; $l;b> KJGytu; jikf;$l;b vd;gdthf ,ay;ghd nra;jpfisj;
njhFj;Jf; $wpajhy; ,r;nra;Aspy; ‘,ay;G etpw;rp mzp’ gapd;Wte;Js;sJ vdyhk;.
re;j eak; :
 nrtpfSf;F ,dpa Xir jUkhW Gidag;gLtNj re;jk; MFk;. ahg;G miktpidr;
re;Njhk; vd;Nghk;.
 ,irAld; ghLk; tifapy; ,dpa XirAld; mike;J ,dpa re;jj;NjhL ,r;nra;As;
moFkpspu mike;Js;sJ.
jiyg;G
“ jkpo;g; ngUkhl;b ”
KbTiu :
 ,iwtd; gilj;j kdpj capu;fs; mope;JNghfpd;wd. Mdhy;> kdpjd; gilj;j
,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;nwd;Wk; rhfhtuk; ngw;W kpspu;fpd;wd.
 me;j tifapy; fz;zjhrdpd; ,e;jr;nra;ASk; rhfhtuk; ngw;W vd;nwd;Wk; kpspUk;
vd;gjpy; vs;ssTk; Iakpy;iy.

ctikj; njhlu;fisr; nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vOJf.

(jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy> fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy> vypAk; G+idAk;Nghy> mr;rhzp ,y;yhj
Nju;Nghy> cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy)
1. jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy; fUj;J NtWghLfs; kpFe;j fztDk;; kidtpAk;
gpupe;jpUe;jhy; rKjhak; gopJ}w;WNk vd;wQ;rp jhkiu
,iy ePu;Nghy xNu tPl;by; tho;e;jpUe;jdu;.
2. fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy ‘ehlhSkd;wj; Nju;jy; gj;jhz;LfSf;F xUKiwjhd;
epfOk;’ vd;whd; fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy tho;e;JtUk; vd;
ez;gd;.
3. vypAk; G+idAk;; Nghy ehSf;Fehs; vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy tho;e;JtUk;
jk;gjpapdu; ngUfp tUfpd;wdu;.
4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Nju; jiytid tpgj;jpy; ,oe;j FLk;gk; mr;rhzp ,y;yhj
Nghy Nju; Nghy epiyFiye;jJ.
5. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp gs;spg;nghJj;Nju;tpy; 590 kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;w
Nghy vdf;F> muR kUj;Jtf;fy;Y}upapy; ,lk; fpilf;Fk;
vd;gJ cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghyj; njspthfj;
njupe;jJ.

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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
xU gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vOJf

jha; nkhoptopf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;Gfs;.

vz;zj;ij ntspapLtjw;Fk;> rpe;jidahw;wy; ngUFtjw;Fk; jha; nkhopNa
Jizepw;Fk; - ,jid typAWj;jp gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu vOJf.

jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; Njit - jha;nkhopr; rpe;jid – mwpQu;fspd; ghu;it - fw;Fk; jpwd;

- gad; - ,d;iwa epiy.

jiyg;G – ‘jha; nkhoptopf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;Gfs;’

;’
Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;
 Kd;Diu
 jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; Njit
 jha;nkhopr; rpe;jid
 mwpQu;fspd; ghu;it
 fw;Fk; jpwd;
 jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; gad;fs;
 ,d;iwa epiy
 KbTiu
Kd;Diu :
 ,d;iwaf; fhyr;R+oypy; ‘jha;nkhop topf;fy;tp’ vd;gJ goikthjkhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 cyfkakhf;fy; epyTk; ,e;jf;fhyr; R+oypy; jha;nkhopf;fy;tp gad;jUkh? vd;w
vz;zk; ngw;Nwhuplk; ngupJk; gbe;J fplf;fpwJ.
jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; Njit :
 Xu; ,dj;jpd; ,jak; mjd; jha;nkhopNa! Xu; ,dj;jplkpUe;J jha;nkhopiag;
gpupj;Jtpl;lhy; nkhopAk;> ,dKk; rpije;J tpLk;. vdNt> jha;nkhopf;fy;tp Njit.
jha;nkhopr; rpe;jid :
 ek; rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwdpd; jpwTNfhyhf ,Ug;gJ jha;nkhopNa!
 xUtUf;F vj;jid nkhopfs; njupe;jpUe;jhYk;> mtupd; rpe;jid njspe;j
ePNuhilaha; Cw;nwLg;gJ jha;nkhopapy;jhd;!
mwpQu;fspd; ghu;it :
 jha;nkhopapy; fw;gpg;NghUk;> fw;NghUk; jq;fs; vz;zq;fisr; nrayhf;f KbfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; fw;gtupd; jd;dk;gpf;if ngUFk;> vd;gu; mwpQu;.
 ek; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiytu; mg;Jy;fyhk; mtu;fSk;> jha;nkhopapy; Mf;fg;
G+u;tkhd rpe;jidfisf; Foe;ijfs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;Ltu KbAk;> vd;whu;.
fw;Fk; jpwd; :
“gpwehl;L ey;ywpQu; rhj;jpuq;fs;
jkpo;;nkhopapy; ngau;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;” - vd;whu; ghujpahu;.
 midj;Jj;Jiw E}y;fSk; jkpo; nkhopapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mtw;iwg; gbj;Jg; gad;gLj;jpdhy;jhd; fw;Fk; jpwd; tsUk;.
jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; gad;fs; :
 jq;fs; jha;nkhopiaf; Foe;ijfs; NgRtJ vspJ.
 rpe;jpg;gJ vspJ.

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 www.nammakalvi.org
12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
 r%fj;Jld; xj;Jg;ghu;g;gJ vspJ.
 fw;Fk; jpwd; ehsiltpy; ngUFfpwJ.
 fw;gpg;gtUf;Fk; Rikapd;wpr; Rfkhff; fw;gpf;f KbfpwJ.
,d;iwa epiy :
 midj;J ehLfspYk;> jha;nkhopapy; fy;tp fw;f cupikAz;L.
 Mdhy;> ekJ ehl;by;jhd; jha;nkhopf;fy;tpapy; gapyg;Nghuhl Ntz;b cs;sJ.
KbTiu :
 nkhop vd;gJ ntWk; ;vz;zq;fspd; fUj;J}u;jp kl;Lkd;W.
 mJ ek;; gz;ghl;Lld; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUg;gJ.
 cyf ehLfsidj;Jk; jha;nkhopf;fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij czu;e;Js;sd.
 ehKk; czu;e;jhy;jhd; ek; ehL cyf muq;fpy; jiyepkpu;e;J epw;f KbAk;!
“Vw;wk; nfhz;l Njrq;fs; ahTk;
Njhw;wk; fz;lehs; Kjy; fw;gJ
jha;nkhop topapNy!

nkhopNahL tpisahL
vz;zq;fis vOj;jhf;Ff

cspNa nkhop vOJ

vd; neQ;Rs; epiwe;jha; eP
cd; xypAs; kiwe;Njd; ehd;
GJnkhop gilg;Nghk; thth…..

me;jhjpj; njhluhy; ftpj;Jtkhf;Ff

Foe;ijiaf; nfhQ;Rk; jhapd; Fuy;

jhapd; Fuypy; capupd; xyp
capupd; xypapy; czu;tpd; nkhop
czu;tpd; nkhopNah cd;djk; jUNk!

kiwe;jpUf;Fk; jkpowpQu;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;Nghk;

v.fh ftpQu; <w;wpU nrhy;yhy; mzpfyd; nra;ayhk; ftpkzp
1. jkpowpQu;; KjypU vOj;Jfshy; kiwf;fyhk;. kiwkiy mbfs;
2. jha;nkhop; <w;wpU vOj;Jfs; ntspr;rk; jUk;. jkpo; xsp
3. rpWfij Mrpupau;; Kjy; ghjp etPdk;. GJikg;gpj;jd;
4. Kd;ndOj;J murd;; gpd;ndOj;J jkpo; khjk;. Nfhij
(jkpo;xsp> mk;ig> Nfhij> mNrhfkpj;jpud;> GJikg;gpj;jd;> $+lhkzp>
n[afhe;jd;> kiwkiy mbfs;)
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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top
nra;J fw;Nghk;
jkpowpQu;fs; vOjpa fbjq;fSs; VNjDk; %d;wpidj; jpul;b tFg;giwapy; toq;Ff.
 04.12.1945y; fiyQu; fUzhepjp mtu;fs;>  <oj;jpd; %j;j vOj;jhsH ,sq;fPudpd;
jpUth&iu Nru;e;j jdJ Njhou; jpUth&u; fbjk;! tho;tpd; Nrhfq;fisAk;
F. njd;dd; vd;gtUf;F vOjpa fbjj;ij fdTfisAk; rhjidfisAk;
rq;Frf;fuk; Nghd;w tbtj;jpy; Rke;Jnfhz;L tpilngw;w ,yf;fpa
vOjpapUf;fpwhu;. MSikapd; cs;sk; Ngrpa fijfs;!
 mf;fbjj;jpd; KbT mjd; eLNt>
fiyQupd; K.f vDk; ifnahg;gj;Jld;
KbfpwJ.

 ghujpapd; kfs; rFe;jyh ghujp t.uhkrhkp  ez;gUf;F K.fUzhepjp vOjpa fbjk;

ma;aq;fhUf;F vOjpa fbjk;

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12-Mk; tFg;G jkpo; nkhopg;gapw;rp ntw;wpf;F top

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
; ;fhZk; nray;ghLfisr; rup / jtW vdg;; gpupj;J> rupnadpy; fhuzKk; jtW vdpy;
fPof
khw;Wtjw;Fupa nraiyAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
nray;ghL rup – fhuzk; jtW – khw;wk;
v.fh. rup. nghUs;fisj; NjlhJ
nghUs;fis vLj;j vLf;f KbAk;. Neuk;
,lj;jpy; itj;jy; tPzhjy; jtpu;ff; g;gLk;.
 vr;rpy; Jg;Gtjw;F
nghJtplj;jpy; vr;rpy; xJf; f g; g l; l ,lq; fisNa
jtW gad; g Lj; J jy; Ntz; Lk;>
Jg;Gjy;
,y;iynad;why;
njhw;WNeha;fs; guTk;.
 fhfpjq;fisf; fpopj;jy;
Kjy; jtW.
tFg;gpy;
fhfpjq;fisf; jtW  mt;thW fpopf;fNtz;ba
fpopj;Jg; NghLjy; #oy; vOe;jhy;> cupa
Fg;igj;njhl;biag;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 khztu;fSf;Fs;
kiwe;jpUf;fpw
fiyNtl;ifNa mtu;fisf;
fpWf;fj; J}z;LfpwJ.
,Uf;if> Nkirfspy; jtW  vdNt> khztu;fs; jq;fs;
fpWf;Fjy; Ntl;ifia newpg;gLj;jp>
xUKfg;gLj;jp> jdp Vl;by;
fpWf;fj; njhlq;fp ngupa
Xtpauhfg; gpd;dhspy;
kpd;dyhk;

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