L3

IE333 FALL 2024 / 2025
OCTOBER 15 - 16, 2024
WEEK 3
Announcements
Quiz 1 – October 25 Friday, 13:40
Lab 1 – October 30 – 31, November 1

Teams of 4 students
IE333 FALL 2024 / 2025
Manual Work & Worker-Machine Systems
1. Manual Work Systems

2. Worker-Machine Systems
Chapter 2
3. Automated Work Systems
4. Determining Worker and Machine
Requirements
Categories of Work Systems
1. Manual work system

– Worker performing one or more tasks without the aid
of powered tools
Cycle Time Analysis
Given
Tek= time of work element (task) k
ne = number of work elements (tasks)
ne
Cycle time Tc   Tek

k 1
Cycle Time Variations
Once the method has been established,

the actual time to perform the task is a
variable due to
– Differences in worker performance from one
cycle to another
– Variations in hand and body motions
– Blunders and bungles by worker
– Variations in starting work units
– Differences among workers
– The learning curve phenomenon
Worker Performance
The pace or relative speed of working

• As worker performance increases,
cycle time decreases
• From the employer’s viewpoint, it is
desirable for worker performance to
be high
What is a reasonable pace to expect
from a worker?
Normal Performance
A pace of working that can be maintained by a

properly trained average worker throughout an
entire work shift without deleterious short-term
or long-term effects on the worker’s health or
physical well-being
– The work shift is usually 8 hours, during which periodic
rest breaks are allowed
– Normal performance = 100% performance
– Common benchmark of normal performance:
• Walking at 3 mi/hr (~4.83 km/hr)
Normal Time
• The time to complete a task when working at

normal performance
• Actual time to perform the cycle depends on

worker performance
Tc = Tn / Pw
where
Tc = actual cycle time,
Tn = normal time,
Pw = worker performance or pace
Normal Performance - Example
A man walks in the early morning for health and

fitness. His usual route is 1.85 miles.
The benchmark of normal performance = 3 mi/hr.
(a) how long the route would take at normal
performance
(b) the man’s performance when he completes

the route in 30 min.
Standard Performance
Same as normal performance, but acknowledges that

periodic rest breaks must be taken by the worker
• Periodic rest breaks are allowed during the work
shift
– Labor laws require employer to pay the worker during these
breaks
• Other interruptions and delays also occur during

the shift
PFD Allowance
To account for the delays due to:

• Personal time (P)
– Bathroom breaks, personal phone calls
• Fatigue (F)
– Rest breaks are intended to deal with fatigue
• Delays (D)
– Interruptions, equipment breakdowns
Standard Time
Defined as the normal time but with an allowance

added in to account for losses due to personal
time, fatigue, and delays
Tstd = Tn (1 + Apfd)
where Tstd = standard time,

Tn = normal time,
Apfd = PFD allowance factor
Standard time is also called the allowed time

Irregular Work Elements
• Elements that are performed with a frequency

of less than once per cycle
• Examples:
– Changing a tool
– Exchanging tote pans of parts
• Irregular elements are prorated into the

regular cycle according to their frequency
Irregular Work Elements -- Example
Given: The normal time to perform the regular work
cycle is 3.23 min.
In addition, an irregular work element with a
normal time = 1.25 min is performed every 5
cycles.
The PFD allowance factor is 15%.
(a)Find the standard time
Example
(b) Find the number of work units produced

during an 8-hr shift if the worker's pace is
consistent with standard performance.
(c) Find the Lost Time due to the Allowance

Factor
(d) Find the number of work units produced

during an 8-hr shift if the worker's
performance is 125%..
Standard Hours and Worker Efficiency
• Two common measures of worker productivity

used in industry
Standard hours – represents the amount of work
actually accomplished
Hstd = Q Tstd
Worker efficiency – work accomplished as a
proportion of shift hours
Ew = Hstd / Hsh
Standard Hours and Worker Efficiency - Example
Given: The worker performance of 125%, actual

hours worked is 7.42 hr. Determine:
(a) number of pieces produced,
(b) number of standard hours accomplished,
(c) the worker’s efficiency
IE333 FALL 2024 / 2025
Manual Work & Worker-Machine Systems
1. Manual Work Systems

2. Worker-Machine Systems
Chapter 2
3. Automated Work Systems
4. Determining Worker and Machine
Requirements
Categories of Work Systems
2. Worker-machine system
– Human worker operates powered
equipment/machinery
Examples
– Machinist operating a milling machine

– Construction worker operating a backhoe
– Truck driver driving an 18-wheeler
– Worker crew operating a rolling mill
– Clerical worker entering data into a PC
Types of Powered Machinery
1. Portable power tools

2. Mobile powered equipment
3. Stationary powered machines
1. Portable power tools

– Portable power drills, chain saws, electric hedge
trimmers
2. Mobile powered equipment

– Transportation equipment, back hoes, forklift trucks,
electric power generator at construction site
3. Stationary powered machines

– Machine tools, office equipment, cash registers, heat
treatment furnaces
Level of Operator Attention
Full-time attention
– Welders performing arc welding
Level of Operator Attention
Part-time attention during each work cycle

– Worker loading and unloading a production
machine on semi-automatic cycle
Periodic attention with regular servicing

– Worker loading and unloading an automated
production machine at every 10 cycles
Periodic attention with random servicing

– Firefighters responding to alarms

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IE333 FALL 2024 / 2025

OCTOBER 15 - 16, 2024

Quiz 1 – October 25 Friday, 13:40

Lab 1 – October 30 – 31, November 1

Manual Work & Worker-Machine Systems

1. Manual Work Systems

1. Manual work system

Cycle time Tc   Tek

Once the method has been established,

The pace or relative speed of working

A pace of working that can be maintained by a

• The time to complete a task when working at

• Actual time to perform the cycle depends on

A man walks in the early morning for health and

(b) the man’s performance when he completes

Same as normal performance, but acknowledges that

• Other interruptions and delays also occur during

To account for the delays due to:

Defined as the normal time but with an allowance

where Tstd = standard time,

Standard time is also called the allowed time

• Elements that are performed with a frequency

• Irregular elements are prorated into the

(b) Find the number of work units produced

(c) Find the Lost Time due to the Allowance

(d) Find the number of work units produced

• Two common measures of worker productivity

Given: The worker performance of 125%, actual

Manual Work & Worker-Machine Systems

1. Manual Work Systems

– Machinist operating a milling machine

1. Portable power tools

1. Portable power tools

2. Mobile powered equipment

3. Stationary powered machines

Part-time attention during each work cycle

Periodic attention with regular servicing

Periodic attention with random servicing

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