Hindawi

Scientific Programming
Volume 2022, Article ID 5873919, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5873919

Research Article
Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and
Ecological Risk in Soils around a Rare Earth Mine in Gannan

Yi Wang,1,2 Wei Sun ,1,2 Yuli Zhao ,1,3 Peiyong He,1,2 Lidong Wang,3
and L. T. T. Nguyen 4
1
China Institute of Geological Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100081, China
2
Key Laboratory of Mine Ecological Effects and Systematic Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
3
School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
4
International University-Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Correspondence should be addressed to Wei Sun; [email protected] and Yuli Zhao; [email protected]

Academic Editor: Jie Liu

Copyright © 2022 Yi Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In order to explore the pollution of heavy metals in the soils around the mined rare-earth mines, this paper used the geoaccumulation index
method, the Nemerow pollution index method, and the potential ecological risk index method during the high water period and the
withered water period, respectively, to analyze and assess the pollution characteristics and ecological risks of Mn, Cu, Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and
Zn in the soils of the study area. The results showed that all the eight heavy metals in the soil of the study area have accumulated to varying
degrees, and the accumulation indices were Pb > Mn > Zn > Cd > Cu > Ni > Cr > As in descending order, with Pb and Mn accumulating
most seriously. According to the results of the Nemerow pollution index, more than 25% of the sampling points in the soil were lightly
contaminated, the Nemerow index of heavy metal Pb was greater than 2, which was moderately contaminated, and Cd was lightly
contaminated in the withered water period. The potential ecological risk index showed that the heavy metal Cd was moderately ecologically
hazardous, while the other seven heavy metals were all mildly ecologically hazardous. The heavy metals Pb and Mn in the soils of the study
area were more seriously polluted, and there was also a certain degree of heavy metal Cd pollution during the withered water period, and the
more seriously polluted areas were mainly located around the open pit of the rare-earth mines. Based on Java, the software platform of soil
heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment around rare-earth mines is realized. The overall structure of the
platform is designed, the background development framework is planned based on SSM, and the database is designed with SQL Server.

1. Introduction rice,” “blood lead,” and “cadmium wheat” in recent years has
also sounded the alarm for the assessment and prevention of
As one of the technical problems in ecological restoration heavy metal pollution in soil [3]. When farmland is con-
and environmental management of mines, the excessive taminated with heavy metals, these contaminants will enter
heavy metal contamination of soil in mining areas has been a the human body through the crops and thus cause harm to
widespread concern of experts and scholars at home and the human body. Some scholars have divided heavy metals
abroad [1]. How to solve the problem of heavy metal into two parts according to the extent to which they are
contamination in soil left behind by mining has become an needed for crop growth: those that are extremely harmful to
important part of the development of ecological protection humans but less so for plant growth, such as Cd, Hg, and Pb,
in China, so the identification of its pollution characteristics and those that are needed for both human and plant growth
and ecological risk assessment has become the first priority but are harmful to humans if they exceed certain standards,
to solve the pollution problem. Heavy metal contamination such as Zn and Cu [4].
of soils can cause health hazards through the food chain [2]. Rare-earth mines, due to their special mining process,
The occurrence of food safety problems such as “cadmium are extremely harmful to the ecological environment around
2 Scientific Programming

the mines, especially in terms of heavy metal contamination 2.2. Sample Collection and Experimental Analysis. In this
of the soil. On the one hand, the heavy metals present in the study, the sampling points were mainly arranged along the
massive piles of tailings may migrate to the soil, causing area of farmland affected by the rare-earth mine and the area
heavy metal contamination of the soil [5]. On the other of the open pit, and a total of 146 soil samples were collected
hand, the residual leaching agent in the ore will displace for testing and analysis during the high and withered water
heavy metal ions such as Fe2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and periods in 2020, respectively. The sampling points were
Cu2+, which will migrate to the soil in and around the mine mainly selected in places with obvious characteristics of the
area under the natural action of rainwater washing, resulting soil type being mined, and the terrain was relatively flat,
in heavy metal pollution of the soil [6–8]. stable, and well vegetated; the distribution of the sample
At present, the assessment methods of heavy metal collection points is shown in Figure 1. When the authors
pollution in soils at home and abroad are mainly summa- collected soil samples, the depth and sampling points of each
rized as index method, model method, GIS-based analysis sampling site were basically uniform, with the sampler
method, and other mathematical methods [9–12]. The index entering the soil perpendicular to the ground, the collection
method can reflect the relationship between the actual depth was 0–20 cm, and the spacing between collection
measured value and the background value of heavy metal points was 500–2500 m.
concentration in the soil of the region more intuitively and is The collected soil samples were air-dried, ground, and
more widely used in the assessment of heavy metal pollution sieved in the laboratory, and the content of Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn,
in soils [13]. Some scholars have suggested that heavy metal Pb, Ni, Cd, and As in the soil was measured according to the
pollution in soils is a complex process and different as- regional geochemical sample analysis method (DZ/T0279-
sessment methods need to be selected according to different 2016) using an ICAP6300MFC two-way observation plasma
pollution situations. However, there are limitations in a emission spectrometer (D466), an Agilent 7700x inductively
single assessment method, so a combination of multiple coupled plasma mass spectrometer (D483), and an AFS-
assessment methods is adopted to make the assessment 8800 dual-channel Atomic Fluorescence Photometer (D460)
results more relevant to the actual situation [14]. In this to measure the content of Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, and As
study, a total of 146 soil samples were collected during the elements in the soil, as well as an FE28 PH meter (acidity
high and withered water periods. The geoaccumulation meter) (D554) to measure the pH of the soil samples
index method, the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index according to the agricultural soil testing standard (NY/
method, and the potential ecological risk index method were T1121.2–2006).
used to analyze and assess the pollution characteristics and
potential ecological risks of heavy metals Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni,
Pb, Zn, and As in the soil, so as to provide a reference for the 2.3. Assessment Methodology
formulation of heavy metal pollution control and prevention 2.3.1. Geoaccumulation Index Method. The geo-
measures for soils in the study area. At the same time, the accumulation index (Igeo ) method, which determines the
software platform is preliminarily planned and developed, contamination of heavy metals by the relationship between
which provides practical support for the application of the the total concentration of heavy metals in the soil and the
theoretical method of this study. background value, is an effective way to determine the level
of heavy metal contamination in the soil and to classify the
2. Materials and Methods level of contamination according to the value of the geo-
accumulation index (Igeo ). [17, 18] The geoaccumulation
2.1. Overview of the Study Area. Gannan, the geographical index equation is
abbreviation for the southern region of Jiangxi Province
w
(the abbreviation of Jiangxi Province is “Gan.”), is mainly Igeo ! log2 i , (1)
composed of 18 counties (3 districts, 13 counties, and 2 kBi
county-level cities) under the jurisdiction of the prefecture- where Igeo is the geoaccumulation index, dimensionless. wi
level Ganzhou City, with an area of 39,379.64 km2, ac- is the measured value of heavy metal i in the soil sample, mg-
counting for about 25% of the total area of Jiangxi Province kg −1; Bi is the background value of heavy metal i in the
[15]. The region is rich in mineral resources, and Ganzhou is surface soil of Ganzhou City, mg-kg−1; k is a coefficient
known as the “Kingdom of Rare Earth,” with the reserves of characterizing the difference in soil background values due
ionic heavy rare earths being the highest in China [16]. The to differences in rock backgrounds in different places, and
study area is located in the East Asian monsoon region, the value of k in this study is 1.5 [19, 20].
with a mild climate, abundant light, heat and rainfall, be- The assessment criteria are shown in Table 1.
longing to the humid climate of the central subtropical
monsoon. The average annual precipitation in the region is
1500–1600 mm, but the spatial and temporal distribution is 2.3.2. Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index. The
uneven, with large interannual variations and uneven Nemerow pollution index is the most common method for
rainfall distribution, with the most rainfall in June and the comprehensive soil pollution assessment at home and
least in November to December throughout the year. The abroad. The assessment method highlights the maximum
soil types are paddy soil, tidal soil, purplish soil, red soil, and pollution effect and is in line with the criteria of the max-
hilly yellow soil, with soil pH mostly between 5 and 6. imum pollution level as the soil pollution level for soil
Scientific Programming 3

N Table 2: Criteria for assessment of soil pollution with Nemerow

pollution index.
The values of Nemerow Pollution
Pollution levels
pollution index class
PZ ≤ 0.7 I Clean
0.7 < PZ ≤ 1 II Moderately clean
1 < PZ ≤ 2 III Slightly polluted
Moderately
2 < PZ ≤ 3 IV
polluted
PZ > 3 V Heavily polluted

scientist Hakanson, which takes into account not only the

content of heavy metals in the soil but also the toxicity level,
the concentration of contamination, and the sensitivity of
the environment to heavy metal contamination [25–30]. The
0 0.35 0.7 1.4 km
expression is as follows:
n
Study area Sampling point RI ! # Ei ,
Open pit area House i!1 (3)
Farmland in Ei ! Ti × Cf,i ,
affected area
Figure 1: Distribution of soil sampling sites in the study area. where RI is the composite potential ecological risk hazard
index, dimensionless. Ei is the potential ecological hazard
Table 1: Criteria for assessment of soil pollution with geo- index of heavy metal i in the soil at the sampling site, di-
accumulation index. mensionless. Cf,i is the ratio of the measured value of heavy
metal i in the soil at the sampling site to the background
The values of Igeo Class The cumulative degree value of heavy metal i in the surface soil of Ganzhou City,
Igeo < 0 I Clean dimensionless. Ti is the toxicity response coefficient of heavy
0 ≤ Igeo < 1 II Mild accumulation metal i, dimensionless, where the toxicity coefficients of Mn,
1 ≤ Igeo < 2 III Mild-to-moderate accumulation Cu, Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn are 1, 5, 2, 10, 30, 5, 5, and 1,
2 ≤ Igeo < 3 IV Moderate accumulation respectively. [29] The assessment criteria for the compre-
3 ≤ Igeo < 4 V Mild-to-heavy accumulation
hensive potential ecological risk index RI and the potential
4 ≤ Igeo < 5 VI Heavy accumulation
Igeo ≥ 5 VII Severe accumulation ecological risk index Ei [31–39] are shown in Table 3.

assessment in China. The Nemerow index is calculated by 3. Results and Discussion

the following formula:
3.1. Characteristics of Heavy Metal Content in Soils
Ci
P! ,
Si 3.1.1. Characteristics of Heavy Metal Content in Soils during
"!!!!!!!!! (2) the High Water Period. The average contents of heavy
P2J + P2i max metals Mn, Cu, Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soils of the
PZ ! , study area during the high water period were 448.97, 18.92,
2
30.33, 3.00, 0.14, 13.13, 92.99, and 64.18 mg−kg−1, which
where P is the one-factor index for that sampling point, were 1.85, 1.25, 0.88, 0.34, 1.56, 1.06, 2.72, and 1.11 times
dimensionless. Ci is the measured value of heavy metal i at higher than the background values of heavy metal contents
that point, mg-kg−1. Si is the standard value of heavy metal i. in the surface layer of soils in Ganzhou City, respectively,
In this study, Si is the risk screening value of heavy metal i in which can be seen in Table 4 [33]. Among them, the contents
the Soil Environmental Quality Standard (GB 15618-2018) of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and As were all lower
(the background value of heavy metal Mn in the surface layer than the screening values for soil pollution risk on agri-
of Ganzhou soil is used), mg-kg; and PZ is the Nemerow cultural land (GB15618-2018), while 37 sampling points of
index for the point, dimensionless. PJ is the mean value of heavy metal Pb exceeded the screening values for soil pol-
the single factor index at the point, dimensionless. Pimax is lution risk on agricultural land, with an exceedance rate of
the maximum value of the single factor index for heavy metal 50.68%, and the maximum content value of Mn was 5.57
i at the site [21–24], dimensionless; the assessment criteria times higher than the soil background value. The above data
for the Nemerow index are shown in Table 2. indicate that there is a certain degree of contamination of
heavy metals Pb and Mn in the soil during the high water
period. The heavy metals in descending order of coefficient
2.3.3. Potential Ecological Risk Index. The potential eco- of variation are Cd, Cr, As, Mn, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn, with Cd
logical risk index is a method proposed by the Swedish having a coefficient of variation of 446%, which is a very
4 Scientific Programming

Table 3: Criteria for assessment of soil pollution with the potential ecological risk index.
The values of RI The values of Ei Pollution levels
RI < 150 Ei <40 Light pollution
150 ≤ RI < 300 40 ≤ Ei < 80 Moderate pollution
300 ≤ RI < 600 80 ≤ Ei < 160 Moderate-to-heavy pollution
600 ≤ RI < 1200 160 ≤ Ei < 320 Heavy pollution
RI ≥ 1200 Ei ≥320 Extreme-intensity pollution

Table 4: Characteristics of heavy metals in the soil surface layer of the study area.

Projects Content (mg−kg−1) content (mg−kg−1)

Sampling time
Projects Mn Cu Cr As Cd Ni Pb Zn
Minimum value 164 3.54 3.6 0.96 0.025 2.23 45.1 42
Maximum value 1354 44.7 135.8 13.4 0.27 27.9 377.6 95
Average value 448.97 18.92 30.33 3.00 0.14 13.13 92.99 64.18
High water period
Standard deviation 239.75 9.33 22.44 1.80 0.58 6.40 47.36 11.00
Coefficient of
53% 49% 74% 60% 414% 49% 51% 17%
variation
Minimum value 126 1.16 5.09 1.02 0.113 <2 35.7 32.4
Maximum value 1111.3 41.7 71 12.2 0.541 24.2 214 96
Average value 471.12 16.48 27.28 3.12 0.26 11.97 94.01 61.07
Withered water period
Standard deviation 289.18 9.31 15.36 1.61 0.09 5.63 35.90 12.52
Coefficient of
61% 56% 56% 52% 35% 47% 38% 21%
variation
Background values for topsoil in Ganzhou 243 15.17 34.56 8.85 0.09 12.35 34.19 58.05
Background values for topsoil in Jiangxi 259 20.8 48.0 10.4 0.10 19.0 32.1 69.0
Background values for topsoil in China 540 20.0 53.9 9.2 0.07 24.9 23.6 67.7

strong variation. The larger the coefficient of variation value of over 50% indicates that the spatial distribution of this
is, the more unevenly distributed the heavy metal is in the heavy metal content is very heterogeneous and the possi-
region and the greater the anthropogenic influence is bility of point source pollution exists [36].
[34, 35].
3.1.3. Differential Characteristics of Heavy Metal Content in
3.1.2. Characteristics of Heavy Metal Content in Soils during Soil during the High and Withered Water Periods. The mean
the Withered Water Period. The average contents of heavy values of Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn in the soils of the study area
metals Mn, Cu, Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soils of the were lower in the withered water period than in the high
study area during the withered water period were 456.24, water period, while the contents of the heavy metals Mn,
16.48, 27.28, 3.12, 0.26, 11.97, 94.01, and 61.07 mg−kg−1, As, Cd, and Pb were higher than in the rich period. The
respectively, which were 1.94, 1.09, 0.79, 0.35, 2.89, 0.97, above data show that the content of heavy metals in the
2.75, and 1.05 times higher than the background values of soils of the study area fluctuates to a certain extent between
heavy metals in the surface soils of Ganzhou City, as shown the high and withered water periods, with the average
in Table 4 [35, 36]. Among them, the content values of the content of Cd in the withered water period being 1.86 times
heavy metals Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and As were all lower than the higher than that in the high water period, while the content of
screening value of soil pollution risk on agricultural land the other seven heavy metals fluctuates less. The heavy metal
(GB15618-2018). 37 sampling points of Pb exceeded the pollution in the soil during the high water period is mainly Pb
screening value of soil pollution risk on agricultural land, and Mn, while the heavy metal pollution in the soil during the
with an exceedance rate of 50.68%, 15 sampling points of withered water period is mainly Pb, Mn, and Cd. Cd pollution
heavy metal Cd exceeded the risk screening values for soil occurs in the withered water period compared to the high
contamination on agricultural land, with an exceedance rate water period, and the Cd pollution in the soil during the
of 20.55%, and the maximum value of heavy metal Mn withered water period is mainly distributed in the open pit
content was 4.57 times higher than the background value of mining area of the mine.
the soil. The above data indicate that there is a certain degree
of pollution of heavy metals Pb, Cd, and Mn during the 3.2. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils
withered water period. The heavy metals in descending order
of coefficient of variation are Mn, Cu, Cr, As, Ni, Pb, Cd and 3.2.1. Geoaccumulation Index Assessment. The geo-
Zn, with Mn having the largest coefficient of variation of accumulation index values for the heavy metals Mn, Cu, Cr,
61%. Some studies have shown that a coefficient of variation As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soil during the high water
Scientific Programming 5

period were 0.15, −0.51, −1.15, −2.32, −0.15, −0.74, 0.74, and moderately ecologically hazardous in 58.90% of the sam-
−0.46, respectively, while the geoaccumulation indix values pling sites, and moderately to heavily ecologically hazardous
for Mn, Cu, Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soil during the in 4.11% of the sampling sites, while it was lightly ecolog-
withered water period were 0.10, −0.89, −1.21, −2.23, −0.86, ically hazardous in 1.37% of the sampling sites during the
−0.88, 0.78, and −0.54, respectively, as shown in Table 5. withered water period, moderately ecologically hazardous in
Except for the heavy metal As in the withered water period, 53.42% of the sampling sites, moderately to heavily eco-
the accumulation of heavy metals Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, logically hazardous in 43.84% of the sampling sites, and
and Zn occurred to varying degrees in the high and withered heavily ecologically hazardous in 1.37% of the sampling sites.
water periods; see Figures 2 and 3. Among them, the Although the content of the heavy metals Pb and Mn in the
accumulation of heavy metals Pb and Mn was the highest soil was high, their toxicity coefficient values were small and
and that of As was the lowest. 95.89% and 97.26% of the therefore the ecological hazard risk was low. The potential
sampling sites showed varying degrees of accumulation ecological hazard index for the heavy metal Cd was evaluated
of heavy metal Pb and 53.43% and 45.21% of the sam- to be high due to the large toxicity coefficient values of Cd.
pling sites showed varying degrees of accumulation of
heavy metal Mn during the high water and withered
water periods, respectively.
4. Software Platform
4.1. Overall Structure. The user requirements of heavy metal
3.2.2. Comprehensive Assessment of the Nemerow Pollution pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment
Index. The results of the Nemerow pollution index show platform contain functional and nonfunctional require-
that 39.72% of the sampling points were under alert and ments [40–43]. Functional requirements analysis is based on
26.03% were lightly polluted during the high water period; the most basic in-depth study of the functions required by
39.72% of the sampling points were under alert and 30.14% the system, that is, the requirements with specific contents
were polluted to varying degrees during the dry water pe- and functions that the system must contain. From the
riod, of which 28.77% were lightly polluted and 1.37% were perspective of system nonfunctionality, nonfunctional re-
moderately polluted; see Figure 4. The Nemerow pollution quirements analysis mainly covers the development and use
index values for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, and As were 0.68, principles of the system and the characteristics of the system.
2.03, 0.39, 0.66, 0.36, 0.71, and 0.24, respectively, during the As shown in Figure 5, the platform is divided into four
high water period and 0.63, 2.19, 0.40, 0.36, 0.32, 1.22, and functional modules: system login module, heavy metal
0.22, respectively, during the withered water period, as pollution characteristics and ecological risk monitoring
shown in Table 6. The heavy metal Pb was moderately module, heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological
polluted, and Cd was under alert during the high water risk standard evaluation module, and heavy metal pollution
period and lightly polluted during the withered water period. characteristics and ecological risk early warning module.
The Nemerow pollution index of Mn was evaluated Nonfunctional analysis mainly restricts the platform
according to the Ganzhou soil surface background value as from the perspectives of performance, availability, and
the standard value, and its Nemerow pollution index values maintainability [44–47].
were 4.16 and 3.51 during the high water period and (1) Security. User authentication and data required by
withered water period, respectively, indicating that there is the system need to be encrypted in the transmission
also a certain degree of Mn pollution in the soil. process, and the security of users and data needs to
be effectively guaranteed.
3.2.3. Potential Ecological Risk Index Method. The com- (2) Compatibility and flexibility. The system can operate
prehensive potential ecological risk index RI and potential on different types of terminal equipment, support
ecological hazard index Ei were calculated based on the multiple hardware platforms, and support infor-
potential ecological risk hazard index formula; see Table 7. mation sharing with data of other systems.
According to the comprehensive potential ecological risk (3) Real time and effectiveness. The data transmission
index RI, all the sampling sites in the study area were mildly and display shall be effective in real time. When the
ecologically hazardous during the high water period, 82.19% data is obtained, the background will automatically
of the sampling sites were mildly ecologically hazardous start the online assessment and evaluation
during the withered water period, and 17.81% of the sam- calculation.
pling sites were moderately ecologically hazardous.
(4) Maintainability. The system shall adopt the principle
According to the potential ecological hazard index Ei , the
of high coupling and low cohesion, with high in-
heavy metals Mn, Cu, Cr, As, Ni, and Zn were all mildly
dependence between modules for later modification
ecologically hazardous; Pb was mildly ecologically hazard-
and maintenance.
ous in 98.63% of the sampling sites during the high water
period, moderately hazardous in 1.37% of the sampling sites, The overall structure of the platform is shown in Fig-
and mildly hazardous in all sampling sites during the ure 6. The structures of heavy metal pollution characteristics
withered water period. Cd was mildly ecologically hazardous and ecological risk standard evaluation and ecological risk
in 36.99% of the sampling sites during the high water period, standard evaluation modules are divided into three parts:
6 Scientific Programming

Table 5: The geoaccumulation index of the heavy metals in soils.

The average values of geoaccumulation index
Sampling time
Mn Cu Cr As Cd Ni Pb Zn
High water period 0.15 −0.51 −1.15 −2.32 −0.15 −0.74 0.74 −0.46
Withered water period 0.10 −0.89 −1.21 −2.23 −0.86 −0.88 0.78 −0.54

100 1.37
The frequency of geo-accumulation index (%)

100
Ground Cumulative Index Frequency (%)

The frequency of Nemerow index (%)

26.03 28.77
80

Nemero index frequency (%)

80

60 60
39.72
39.72
40 40

20 20 34.25% 30.14

0 0
Mn Cu Cr As Cd Ni Pb Zn The wet season The dry season
Heavy metals Season
No accumulation Clean Clean
Mild accumulation Almost clean
Mild to moderate accumulation Light pollution
Moderate accumulation Moderate pollution
Figure 2: Frequency distribution of geoaccumulation index of Figure 4: Frequency distribution of Nemerow pollution index of
heavy metals in the high water period. heavy metals in the study area.

100 Table 6: Nemerow pollution index of the heavy metals in soils.

The frequency of geo-accumulation index (%)
Ground Cumulative Index Frequency (%)

Pi
Sampling time
80 Cu Pb Zn Cr Ni Cd As
High water period 0.68 2.03 0.39 0.66 0.36 0.71 0.24
Dry period 0.63 2.19 0.40 0.36 0.32 1.22 0.22
60

40
Different sensors transmit the monitoring data to the data
center through the environmental monitoring collector. In
the development and design of the platform, the required
20 monitoring data are obtained from the database interface,
and the monitoring information and calculation results are
displayed on the front-end display screen of the mobile
0
Mn Cu Cr As Cd Ni Pb Zn application through model calculation on the back of the
Heavy metals platform.
No accumulation Clean
Mild accumulation
Mild to moderate accumulation
4.2. SSM Background Development Framework. SSM
Moderate accumulation framework includes two open-source frameworks, Spring
and MyBatis [45–47]. Spring architecture is based on a
Figure 3: Frequency distribution of geoaccumulation index of container that uses JavaBean attribute and can develop any
heavy metals in the withered water period.
Java application. The core idea of Spring is IOC (inversion of
control), which gives Spring the right to create objects
without having to “new” an object by themselves. Spring
monitoring layer, transmission layer, and user layer. Each provides unique data access abstraction and transaction
monitoring section of the monitoring layer can monitor the management abstraction and can provide a consistent model
type and concentration of heavy metal pollution targets. in various underlying transactions such as JDBC. Spring
Scientific Programming 7

Table 7: Potential ecological risk index of the heavy metals in soils.

Comprehensive potential ecological risk Potential ecological hazard index Ei

Sampling time Projects
index RI Mn Cu Cr As Cd Ni Pb Zn
Minimum
31.00 0.67 1.17 0.21 1.08 8.33 0.90 6.60 0.72
value
High water period Maximum
129.83 5.57 14.73 7.86 15.14 90.00 11.30 55.22 1.64
value
Average 77.94 1.88 6.24 1.76 3.39 45.28 5.31 13.60 1.11
Minimum
62.97 0.52 0.38 0.29 1.15 37.67 0.83 5.22 0.56
value
Withered water
Maximum
period 203.60 4.57 13.74 4.11 13.79 180.33 9.80 31.30 1.65
value
Average 118.15 1.94 5.43 1.58 3.52 86.23 4.85 13.75 1.05

login input

login jump
system login module
user password management

user password management

General situation of soil around rare earth

mine
heavy metal pollution
characteristics and ecological risk heavy metal pollution characteristics
monitoring module monitoring information
Heavy metal pollution
characteristics and
ecological risk ecological risk monitoring information
assessment platform

geo-accumulation index method

heavy metal pollution
characteristics and ecological risk Nemerow pollution index method
standard evaluation module
potential ecological risk index method

heavy metal pollution standard limit model warning

characteristics and ecological risk
early warning module statistical limit model warning

Figure 5: Functional modules of the platform.

framework solves the complexity of enterprise development programs. It provides loose coupling between these three
and makes J2EE development easier to use. elements, reduces code repeatability, simplifies grouping
MyBatis is an encapsulation of JDBC, which makes the development, and provides a clear logical framework for
underlying operation of the database transparent. It only software design and development.
needs to provide SQL statements, avoiding manually setting
parameters and obtaining result sets. MyBatis supports cus- (1) M refers to the model side, including DAO classes and
tomized SQL, stored procedures, and advanced mapping. databases. DAO accesses the database to manipulate
MyBatis uses XML to configure and map files, builds data and abstract business logic into a model.
SqlSessionFactory instances, obtains SqlSessions, and executes (2) V refers to the visual layer, which visualizes the data
mapped SQL statements. Its functions are divided into API model and renders it in the user interface.
interface layer, data responsibility layer, and basic support (3) C is the controller, which can update the model to the
layer. view layer. It is not only the link between the model
MVC, namely, model view controller, is a framework layer and the view layer but also the bridge between
that integrates model, view, and controller into independent the user and the system. It receives and processes the
8 Scientific Programming

Theoretical basis of characteristics Platform implementation for

Investigation and analysis
and ecological risk assessment of characteristics and ecological risk
of soil around rare earth
heavy metal pollution in soil around assessment of heavy metal pollution in
mine
rare earth mines soil around rare earth mines

heavy metal pollution ecological risk assessment

assessment method method
Wireless
data
transmission

heavy metal pollution characteristics heavy metal pollution characteristics

and ecological risk standard and ecological risk early warning
evaluation module module

Remote data
server

Design and implementation of

Data
functional modules of
preprocessing database
software platform

Figure 6: The overall structure of the platform.

Controller View

Define the program behavior, map the View selection Interpret the model, request model
request to model update, and select updates, send user input, and allow
the response view User request the controller to select views

Model Notify of changes

Encapsulate the application, respond

to the status query, and notify the
State change view change Status query

database

Figure 7: MVC component relationship.

response to the user’s request, calls the DAO method 4.3. Database Design. The database can be regarded as an
to obtain the required data from the database, electronic warehouse, which stores an organized and
processes the library, and then returns to JSP for shareable data set for a long time in a certain way. Users can
display in the view layer. add, delete, modify, and query the data in the file. This study
uses relational database and SQL Server for database op-
As shown in Figure 7, the basic idea is that the controller
eration. By combining the required data, it is determined
receives the user’s request, decides how to process it, calls the
that the monitoring data information table, heavy metal
data interface in the model layer through the DAO, pro-
pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment ta-
cesses and modifies the data, and sends it to the view layer
ble, and heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological
for presentation. When the data of the model layer changes,
risk early warning table need to be established, and the field
it will be transmitted to the view layer in the form of time
name, identifier, type and length, null value, and primary key
notification, and the view layer will modify the user interface
of each table are designed and compiled as shown in
accordingly.
Tables 8–10.
Scientific Programming 9

Table 8: Monitoring data information table structure.

Serial number Field name Identifier Type and length Primary key
1 Soil area number JC_CD Varchar (40) Y
2 Soil area name JC_NM Varchar (40)
3 Initial section JC_QS Varchar (40)
4 Termination section JC_ZZ Varchar (40)
5 Soil target JC_MB Int
6 Time JC_TM Date time
7 First monitoring value JCZ_1 Decimal
8 Second monitoring value JCZ_2 Decimal

Table 9: Heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment table structure.
Serial number Field name Identifier Type and length Primary key
1 Soil area number JC_CD Varchar (40) Y
2 Soil area name JC_NM Varchar (40)
3 Soil target JC_MB Int
4 Time JC_TM Date time
5 First monitoring value JCZ_1 Decimal
6 Second monitoring value JCZ_2 Decimal
7 Assessment level KH_DJ Int
8 Assessment index KH_ZB Char
9 Assessment method KH_FF Char
10 Geoaccumulation index method KH_GIM Char
11 Nemerow pollution index method KH_NPIM Char
12 Potential ecological risk index method KH_PERIM Char
13 Compliance rate KH_DBL Decimal

Table 10: Heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological risk early warning table structure.
Serial number Field name Identifier Type and length Primary key
1 Soil area number JC_CD Varchar (40) Y
2 Soil area name JC_NM Varchar (40)
3 Over standard warning index YJ_CB Char
4 Excess multiple YJ_BS Varchar (40)
5 Time JC_TM Date time

5. Conclusion (2) The results of the geoaccumulation index assessment

showed that the accumulation of heavy metals Mn, Cu,
The main findings of this study include the following: Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soils of the study area
(1) The contents of heavy metals Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and As occurred to varying degrees, and the geoaccumulation
in the soils of the study area were all lower than the indices of these eight heavy metals were, from largest to
risk control screening values for agricultural land, smallest, Pb > Mn > Zn > Cd > Cu > Ni > Cr > As, with
50.68% of the sampling sites exceeded the risk the accumulation of Pb and Mn being the most serious.
control screening values for agricultural land soils for (3) The assessment results of the Nemerow pollution
the heavy metal Pb, and 20.55% of the sampling sites index showed that 26.03% and 28.77% of the sam-
exceeded the risk control screening values for agri- pling points in the study area were lightly polluted
cultural land soils for Cd during the withered period. during the high water period and the withered water
The maximum value of Mn content was 5.57 times period, respectively, with one sampling point being
higher than the soil background value, and its con- moderately polluted during the withered water pe-
taminated sites were mainly located in the sampling riod. The Nemerow pollution index values for Pb,
area of the mine open pit, indicating that the mining Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, and As were 2.11, 0.97, 0.66, 0.51,
of rare-earth mines has caused a certain degree of 0.40, 0.34, and 0.23 respectively, with Pb being
enrichment of heavy metals in the soil. moderately polluted, Cd and Cu being in the alert
10 Scientific Programming

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