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Distribution Pattern of the Heavy Metals: Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu in Roadside Soils of
Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State Nigeria

Article  in  International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry · October 2014

DOI: 10.9734/IRJPAC/2014/9924

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 International Research Journal of Pure &
Applied Chemistry
4(5): 486-493, 2014

SCIENCEDOMAIN international
www.sciencedomain.org

Distribution Pattern of the Heavy Metals: Pb,

Zn, Cd and Cu in Roadside Soils of Maiduguri
Metropolis, Borno State Nigeria
S. T. Garba1*, I. Ahmed1, J. C. Akan1 and B. A. Dauda1
1
Department of Chemistry, P. M. B. 1069, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author STG designed the
study, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors
IA and BAD collect the samples and managed all the analyses of the study. Author JCA
managed the literature searches and wrote the protocol. All authors read and approved the
final manuscript.

th
Received 8 March 2014
th
Original Research Article Accepted 17 April 2014
th
Published 6 May 2014

ABSTRACT

In this research work the level of the metals: Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu were determined in soil
samples collected within Maiduguri Metropolis. Samples were collected from places of
high anthropogenic activity such as automobile maintenance workshop (AMW), Car park
or Bus stops (CP), and the highways (HW) to places of low activity the Residential areas
(RA) at the depth of 5 to 15cm. To avoid washing away by rainfall, all collections were
done during the dry season in the month of September/October 2012 to April/May of the
following year 2013. These periods are period of incessant wind and sandstorm marked
with low or no rainfall in this part of the country (far north-eastern part of Nigeria). Soil
samples were analyzed using ICP-OES following digestion with aqua-regia and the
-1
results shows that; the AMW has the highest level of 180.96±3.84 µgg for the metal Pb,
-1
whereas the levels, 200.15±10.81, 124.05±6.52, and 1.39±1.28 µgg for the metals: Zn,
Cu, and Cd respectively were observed in the samples from the Highways. Residential
-1
areas received the lowest values of 93.28±3.66, 26.76±3.43, and 0.40±0.54 µgg for the
-1
metals; Cu, Pb and Cd respectively. The least value 113.82±16.02 µgg for Zn was
observed in the samples from the car parks or bus stops. The variation of the level of

___________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

 International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry, 4(5): 486-493, 2014

contamination by the metals: Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn with the high levels from places of high
anthropogenic activity indicate the high level of contribution by vehicles. It also showed
that the level of the metals observed in the samples from the residential areas may be
attributed to atmospheric deposition of the metals carried from the highly anthropogenic
places or from extraneous sources and not only a function of soil type.

Keywords: Pollution; automobiles; traffic; car parks; residential area; power generating plant.

1. INTRODUCTION

Pedos means soil in Greek and the term pedosphere is used to donate the soil cover, the
terrestrial part of the earth. Soil is the main component of the biosphere, the vital layer of our
planet. It is populated by various organisms ranging from tiny bacteria to higher plants,
animals and human. It provides the means of physical support for all terrestrial organisms.
Its physical and chemical properties vary considerably with geographical locations,
depending on the parent material, climate and the type of weathering [1].

Our environment has always been under natural stresses but its degradation was not as
severe as it is today. In recent years there has been increasing concern around the world
over chemicals in the environment. This is in response to information on the wide spread
distribution of chemicals stemming from human activities and the potential harmful effect of
those chemicals to human or on the ecological system which sustain humans. As nations
developed industrially, the production and use of chemicals rises in parallel to the standard
of living and consequent increase in life expectancy [2]. Heavy metal is a general term
3
describing a group of elements with a density of 5 g/cm , having atomic weight between
63.54g and 200.59g, and a specific gravity greater than 4 [3]. Of these, Fe, Mo and Mn are
important as micronutrients, while Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, Va and Cr are toxic elements, but have
importance as trace elements. Silver (Ag), As, Hg, Cd, and Pb have no known biological
function as nutrients, and seem to be toxic to plants and microorganism [4]. The majority of
the heavy metals are toxic to the living organism and even those considered as essential
can be toxic if present in excess. They can impair important biochemical process posing a
threat to human health, plant growth and animal life [5,6,7]. Studies have shown that such
pollutants can be harmful to the roadside vegetation, wildlife and the neighboring human
settlements [8, 9,10,11].

Metal toxicity and the danger of their bioaccumulation in the food chain represent one of the
major environmental and health problems of our modem society. Unlike organic substances
which are degradable, even at extremely low concentration heavy metals may cause serious
diseases in human beings. For example, Pb poisoning can cause neurologic and behavioral
disorders, learning and concentration difficulties. In severe cases, the affected person may
suffer from acute psychosis, confusion and reduced consciousness [5,12]. Cu and Zn are
essential elements in the human body, but excess doses of them will cause diseases.
Copper for instance causes vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute tubular necrosis, and
hemolytic anemia [13]. Most heavy metals are emitted from anthropogenic sources; industry
and industrial wastes, transport, manure and herbicides used in agronomy, as well as
sewage silt [14]. However, in urban areas it has been reported that automobile exhausts
emission is one of the potent contributions. These metals are released during different
operations such as combustion, component wear, fluid leakage and corrosion of metals.
Lead, cadmium, copper and zinc are the major metal pollutants of the roadside

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 International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry, 4(5): 486-493, 2014

environments and are released from burning of fuel, wearing out of tyres, leakage of oils,
and corrosion of batteries and metallic parts such as radiators etc. [15,16,17,7].

Sakagami et al. [18] reported that there was a close relationship between trace metal
concentration in roadside soil and those in the dust falls. Trace metals in the soils can also
be re-suspended in the air in the form of dusts, which may affect the air quality [19]. While
the route of exposure to atmospheric aerosols is by inhalation, exposure to toxic substances
in the soil is mainly by ingestion. It has been observed that in most developing countries
where pollution are especially high a large number of children lives on the roadside and
spend most of the day on the street in condition of poor hygiene picking up objects from the
soil and chew them [1]. Therefore, studies on urban heavy metal accumulation are of great
significance to the region’s environmental protection and human health safety. Hence the
need to determine the level of the metals: Cu, Pb, and Zn in Maiduguri Metropolis, the
capital of Borno state, Nigeria.

2. EXPERIMENTALS DESIGN

2.1 Sample and Sampling Sites

Samples were collected within Maiduguri metropolis. Four different sampling sites were
designated for this study, these include: Car parks or bus stop (CP) this covers; tashan
Bama Motor Mark (Mari), Tashan Baga Motor Park (Baga Road), Tashsn Kano Motor Park
(Maduganari), maiduguri Terminus and Tashan Joni all within Maiduguri Metropolis.
Highways (HW) this site includes; the highway from Post Office to Tashan Baga; from Post
Office to Tashan joni (Air port Road); from custom to the University compus; these are the
bussiest roads within the Metropolis. Automobile Maintenance workshops (AMW) this site
includes: The Bank of the north area of post office, Dauda mechanic workshop area of
Leventis super market, and the automobile maintenance workshop around the flour mill
area. The sites represent areas of high anthropogenic activities. The residential areas (RA),
include the sites; Jiddari Polo ward, Silimri ward, Sulemanti ward and Kafanti ward. These
sites represent the areas of less activity. Five different composite and homogenized samples
were collected for each sampling site. Samples were collected at the depth of five to fifteen
centimeters from the surface and at the intervals of two meters apart using broom and hand
trowel. To avoid washing away by rainfall, all collections were done during the dry season in
the month of September/October 2012 to April/May of the following year 2013. These
periods are period of incessant wind and sandstorm marked with low or no rainfall in this part
of the country (far north-eastern part of Nigeria). Samples collected were preserved in an
acid prewashed cleaned polyethylene bags for subsequent analysis.

2.1.1 Sample preparation and analysis

Samples collected were homogenized, dried at 60°C t o a constant weight, grounded into fine
powder using an acid pre-washed mortar and pestle and sieved through a 2mm nylon sieve
[7]. Analysis was done using ICP-OES following digestion with 10 mL Aqua regia [16] in a
digestion tube, for the level of the metals: Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd, in the soil samples.

2.1.1.1 Statistical data handling

All statistical data handling were performed using SPSS 17 package. Differences in heavy
metal concentrations among the different sites of sampling were detected using One-way

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 International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry, 4(5): 486-493, 2014

ANOVA, followed by multiple comparisons using Tukey tests. A significance level of (P =

0.05) was used throughout the study.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Table 1 shows the levels of the metals observed in the soil samples sampled within the
Maiduguri Metropolis. Of all the elements determined, Zn has the highest level of 200.15
±10.81 and was found in the sample from the highways. The least value 113.82±16.02 of
this metal (Zn) was observed in the sample from the car parks or bus stops. The highest
-1
level of Cu (124.05µgg ) was observed from the automobile maintenance workshop
whereas the least value (93.28±3.66) was found in the samples from the residential areas.
The highest level of Pb (41.83±4.54) was observed in the sample from the highways.
Whereas the least value ((26.76±3.43) was found in the samples from the residential areas.
And of all the elements determined in this study Cd has the least level of contamination
(0.41±0.57) and this was observed in the samples from the residential areas. The highest
level of contamination of this metal Cd (1.39±1.28) was observed in the samples from the
highways.
-1
Table 1. Mean ± SD concentration (µgg ) of the Heavy metals: Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu, in
Maiduguri Metropolis

Sample AMW ± SD CP ± SD HW ± SD RA ± SD
Pb 180.96±3.84 37.15±7.01 41.83±4.54 26.76±3.43
Zn 142.86±7.51 113.82±16.02 a 200.15±10.81 120.11±9.29
Cd 1.21±1.51 0.56±0.41 1.39±1.28 0.41±0.57
Cu 112.80±2.33 102.87±9.54 a 124.05±6.52 93.28±3.66
Means with the same letter within a column are not significantly different at (P = .05) according to the
Tukey test. Data are presented in mean ±SD (n = 5) = Standard deviation of five different samples,
AMW = Automobile maintenance workshop, CP = Car Park or Bus stop, HW = Highway, RA =
Residential Area

The distribution pattern of the heavy metal pollutants determined in this study within
Maiduguri Metropolis varies from a place of high anthropogenic activity such as the
mechanical workshops, car parks or bus stops and the high ways to a place of less
anthropogenic activity such as the residential areas. The mechanical workshop for instance,
there are various sections or units that deals with the constructions of vehicle body where
filing and welding of metals, scrapping and re-paintings of the vehicle body takes place.
Engine repair another unit where diesel, gasoline and lubricating oils spills. All these,
coupled with corrosion of batteries and metallic parts such as radiators, rusting and oxidation
of organic compounds have resulted into the release of these metals into the environment.
-1
Hence the level: 180.96±3.84; 142.86±7.51; 1.21±1.51 and 112.80±2.33 µgg for the metals;
Pb, Zn. Cd and Cu respectively determined in the samples from the automobile maintenance
workshop as shown in Table 1 above. It has been reported that heavy metal pollutants such
as Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn originated mainly from gasoline, car component, oil lubricants and
vehicle/industrial incinerator emissions [20,7].

In the Car Parks or bus stops, the level of the metals (Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn) observed was
found higher than even what was observed from the mechanical workshops. Apart from the
atmospheric gravitational deposition of these particles, the high level of these metals from
these sites could be due to traffic density, high rate of warming engines (combustion),
leakage of oils, wearing out of tyres due to repeated brakes coupled with the high

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temperature and the nature of our roads, might have contributed to the release and high
levels of the pollutants (Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn). It has been reported that heavy metals are
released due to weathering of the road surface asphalt and corrosion of crash barriers and
road signs [21]. This has confirmed that, in the urban environment, the greater source of the
metals, Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn is linked to industrial operations, traffic and its density, rate of
emission and the speed at which the vehicles operate as reported by [22,23,11]. More so
most of the vehicles operating in the car parks or bus stops are poorly managed or aged
ones. It has been reported that older vehicles will emit more pollutant than a newer ones, if
they are not properly maintained [24].

On the highways, although the number of vehicles operating on the highways is greater than
that in the car parks, the speeds at which they operate also contribute. The level of the
metals determined in the samples from these sites (Table 1) therefore was found at a higher
level than what was observed in the car parks, and the residential areas (Table 1). In the
present study, the concentration of zinc for instance, in samples from the highways was
found to be twice the background level (the residential areas) as shown in Table 1. This may
be due to the higher input of zinc in the roadside environments by motor vehicles. Kiekens
[25] stated that the total zinc levels in polluted soils in industrialized countries may account
for hundred to thousand times higher than those in unpolluted soils. Most automobiles
emission comprise of different fraction particles. These fractions include the ultrafine
particles which are formed in the engines and tailpipes, fine particles produced mainly by
chemical reactions and coarse particles which are formed mechanically by the abrasion of
road materials, tyres and brake linings [26,27] has contributed to the high levels of the
metals determined in the samples from this site. The sources of Cd in the urban areas are
much less well known than those of Pb, Cu, Ni, etc. But metal plating and tire enforced with
metals were considered the likely common anthropogenic sources of the metal in the
environment through burning of tyres and bad road surfaces. Other sources of cadmium and
zinc are found in lubricating oils as part of many additives. It was reported that the cadmium
level in car tyres is in the range of 20 to 90 (µg/g) as associated Cd contaminations in the
process of vulcanization [28]. Hence the high level of Cd observed in the samples from the
highway (Table 1). Alloway [29] mentioned that 0–1 µg/g of cadmium in soils indicates non-
contamination, 1–3 µg/g indicates slight contamination and 3–10 µg/g indicates a
-1
contaminated soil. Table 2 shows the comparison of heavy metals (µgg ) along the highway
in Maiduguri Metropolis with those of some cities/countries of the world.

The residential areas which in this study serves as the control or the background used in the
comparison of the heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd), showed drastic reduction in their
concentrations. The level of the metals at this sampling site has further confirmed that the
heavy metal input on the highways, car parks or bus stops, and the automobile maintenance
workshops, originated mainly from gasoline, car component, oil lubricants and
vehicle/industrial incinerator emissions as reported by [20,17,7,15]. This sampling site is
characterized by less traffic activity though there are sparsely distributed household powers
generating plant. The level of the pollutants observed could therefore be attributed to the
atmospheric gravitational deposition of these metals or the natural existence of the metals in
the soil. Although the level of contamination by the metals in residential area of this study is
very low compare to the remaining sampling site, these values were however found higher
than what was observed in other studies conducted elsewhere. The level of Pb for instance
in this study observed in the samples from the residential (26.73) was found higher than
−1
20.37 and 17.69µg g observed in the residential areas of Mubi and Lagos respectively
−1
[30,33] but very much lower than 61.34 µg g observed in Egypt [39].

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 International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry, 4(5): 486-493, 2014

-1
Table 2. The comparison of heavy metals (µgg ) along the Highway in Maiduguri
Metropolis with those of some cities/countries of the world

City/Country Pb Cd Cu Zn
This study 41.83 1.39 124.05 200.15
Mubi/ Nigeria [30] 121.53 0.67 25.06 206.64
Jos/Nigeria [31] 12.10 5.79 2.19 12.88
Enugu/Nigeria [32] 31.00 2.80 64.00 -
Lagos/Nigeria [33] 69.20 - - 198.32
Bhilai city/India [34] 813.20 - - -
Kathmandu/Nepal [35] 245.36 2.84
Dubai/United Arab Emirates [36] 308.09 1.01 18.04 170.27
Kalava/Greece [37] 300.90 0.20 - -
Birmingham/ UK [38] 48.00 1.68 - -

4. CONCLUSION

This study has shown that Maiduguri Metropolis is relatively contaminated with heavy
metals. The level of contamination varies and decreases from place of high anthropogenic
activities (automobile maintenance workshops, the Car Parks or bus stops, and the
highways) to a place of less or no anthropogenic activities (the residential areas).
Automobile, powers generating plant and metal construction works could be responsible for
the high levels of the metals along the high ways, the car parks and the automobile
maintenance workshops. Since their levels was found to increase with increasing traffic
density due to poor and insufficient road networks and of metal construction works. The low
level of these metals (Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) in the residential areas may be attributed to
atmospheric deposition of the metals from extraneous sources and not only a function of soil
type. Finally, results obtained from this research work would now provide significant
reference value for future studies of these areas and other regions in Borno state.

COMPETING INTERESTS

Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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© 2014 Garba et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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