See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/368462985

IJISRT23JAN1020

Article · February 2023

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7628554

CITATIONS READS

0 6,941

1 author:

Ariel barco Barreda

Partido State University
14 PUBLICATIONS 19 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Ariel barco Barreda on 13 February 2023.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Role of Civil Society on Crime Prevention in

Developing Country Philippines
ARIEL B. BARREDA
Affiliation University of the Cordilleras, Baguio City, Philippines
Graduate School, College of Criminal Justice Education

Abstract:- An environment that is safe, secure, and contribute to the sustainable development of countries, as
orderly is necessary for the attainment of the Filipino well as enhance the quality of life for all citizens. Prevention
people's long-term vision of a matatag, maginhawa, and is the first imperative of justice, according to the United
panatag na buhay for everyone. This primary goal of this Nations document S/2004/616, para. 4: "Crime Prevention
study determined the role of civil society in crime comprises strategies and measures that seek to reduce the
prevention in the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines risk of crimes occurring, and their potential harmful effects
Sur, Philippines. This study combined quantitative and on individuals and society." (Economic and Social Council
qualitative research methods in order to ascertain the resolution 2002/13, annex) "Crime Prevention comprises
roles of civil society in the PNP's crime prevention in the strategies and measures that seek to reduce the costs
study sites. The study's findings suggested that the associated with the formal criminal justice system, as well as
Philippine National Police, civil society organizations, other social costs that result from crime."
barangay officials like the barangay captain, sanguniang
bayan member, and barangay tanod, as well as the local In its Resolution 2005/22 Action to promote effective
population, are aware of the civil society's limitations in crime prevention, the Economic and Social Council
terms of its ability to prevent crime in the San Jose (ECOSOC) called on UNODC to strike a balance between
municipality of Camarines Sur. Consequently, we crime prevention and criminal justice responses and to
require a solid relationship between the police further develop initiatives on crime prevention. In order to
department and the community in order to strengthen effectively address the conditions that can lead to crime and
our crime prevention strategies. The government has a violence, ECOSOC encouraged member states to
responsibility to make sure that all Filipinos can go incorporate crime prevention considerations into all
about their social, economic, and business activities pertinent social and economic policies and programs in its
without fear of harm coming to them or their property Resolution 2008/24, Strengthening prevention of urban
when walking and traveling across the entire nation. crime: an integrated approach, in 2008.
Furthermore, the government must protect national
interests, territory, and sovereignty as the nation strives The police are a body of the government tasked with
for greater economic development. making sure that all citizens always abide by the rules of the
road, and in the event that there are any lawbreakers, they
Keywords:- Role of Civil Society, Crime Prevention, have the authority to track them down and place them in
Developing Country, Philippines detention centers run by the government. Programs for
preventing crime are crucial because they help to make the
I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY security system stronger. This crime prevention hypothesis
seeks to deter all potential criminals from committing crime
The role of civil society groups in tackling problems and lessen their likelihood of doing so.
According to UNDP [37], CSOs are any non-market and
non-state organizations that people form outside of the Criminal activity is a global phenomenon that has an
family to pursue common interests in the public sphere. It impact on every country's economy, society, and politics.
takes a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and integrated The daily incidence of crimes, particularly in various large
effort to prevent crime. Although there has been a lot of cities, has not spared the Philippines. Due to the fact that the
activity, especially among civil society organizations, the Philippines' economic position is insufficient to support a
creation and use of information is a problem. The person's standard of living, crimes against persons and
promotion of government accountability for service delivery property are typically publicized in the national news. The
and the interaction of crime prevention advocates with Philippine National Police (PNP), despite making every
concerns like human rights and the bolstering of democracy effort to prevent crime, has not yet achieved its primary
remain important unanswered questions. objective of effectively implementing crime prevention. The
PNP implements crime prevention tactics from other nations
According to the introduction to the Guidelines for the even when they don't apply to the nation's current
Prevention of Crime, "There is clear evidence that well- criminality issue. Due to their inability to demonstrate their
planned crime prevention strategies not only prevent crime efficacy and efficiency in carrying out its duties, the PNP
and victimization but also promote community safety and organization has a dilemma when it comes to crime
prevention. In order to maintain the goal of crime

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1877

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
prevention, which is the PNP's primary focus, numerous transformation. Rafel Marchetti and others. Al., (2011).
research have been conducted. This study's main objective is Robert F. Tusalem (2007) investigated the empirical
to evaluate the San Jose Police Station's crime prevention conundrum of whether civil society is a blessing or a curse
programs' performance and determine whether they suit the for democracies and found that it has negative impacts that
town's overall crime pattern. promote democratic collapse and underperformance. the role
of organizations in the conflict society in the escalation,
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE management, settlement, and change of conflicts. Rafel
Marchetti as well as others Al., (2011).
The review of pertinent domestic and international
literature that is pertinent to the current investigation is The importance of the civil society as a "third" sector
presented in this chapter. Since crime is a byproduct of has been generally acknowledged. Its power might be
urbanization and human progress, society struggles to advantageous to the market and the state. Therefore, it is
prevent it despite its appearance as incivility. As more believed that civil society will play a larger role in
people congregate in cities around the world, it became advancing concepts of good governance such as
necessary to protect humankind from crime in order to accountability, effectiveness, responsiveness, and
maintain daily life in cities. Seng Boon, Lim, and others transparency. A. G. Pasha (2004). The basis for
(2020). Orjuela, C (2003). It outlines the potential role of recommending a policy will be how far the Philippine
civil society in promoting peace while simultaneously National Police Operation has advanced initiatives for peace
criticizing the idea of civil society and outlining the and order. Recapente, M. A., Pallega, R. B., and Galabin, N.
challenges it has in playing this role. Civil-society actors can D. (2021). In order to promote peace and order, the
support peace processes by addressing the following Philippine National Police has always carried out police
concerns: (1) ethnic divisions and public opinion through operating process initiatives. Galabin, N. D., Pallega, and
educational and awareness-raising initiatives, as well as Recapente, M. A. (2021).
interethnic discussion; (2) politics; (3) economic issues
through reconstruction and development. Rafel Marchetti The Philippine National Police has consistently carried
and others. Al., (2011). context's effects on civil society, out police operating procedural efforts to support law and
more specifically how statehood, democracy, nationalism, order. Galabin, N. D., Recapente, M. A., and Pallega (2021)
development, and global presence affect the nature of civil Pasha A. G (2004) Civil society is now largely
society. acknowledged as a vital "third" sector. The state and the
market may benefit from its strength. Therefore, it is
The role of civil society has been widely recognized as believed that civil society is becoming a more significant
an essential ‘third’ sector. Its strength can have a positive force in the promotion of traits associated with good
influence on the state and the market. Civil society is governance, such as accountability, effectiveness,
therefore seen as an increasingly important agent for responsiveness, and openness. According to Galabin, N. D.,
promoting good governance like transparency, effectiveness, Recapente, M. A., and Pallega (2021), there was a strong
openness, responsiveness, and accountability. Pasha A. G. correlation between the frequency of police operations and
(2004). Civic peace organizations strive to play a role in both index and non-index crime rates. There is a need for
promoting peace, but their actions are frequently project- more research. Mark Patalinghug M, (2017). The PNP's
oriented and top-down rather than mass-based and bottom- crime prevention strategies and the index crime rate were
up Orjuela, C. (2003) The creation of social capital, connected. D.P. Farrington (1997). suggests a strategy for
facilitating citizens' expression of their ideas, beliefs, civic assessing Communities that Care, a local initiative to
norms, and democratic practices, and mobilizing certain prevent crime. John Patalinghug, M. (2017). Utilized
constituencies particularly the more vulnerable and methods of crime prevention have a considerable impact on
marginalized sections of society to engage more actively are the index crime rate. Bennett,T (1991). In his study a quasi-
all top concerns. Pasha A. G (2004) experimental assessment of the results of a police initiative
designed to lessen residents' fear of crime and enhance their
Researchers and civil-society players must continue to quality of life in two selected neighborhoods. Haigh, Y.
create critical analyses of the effects of small-scale actions (2006). The strategy is based on developing building designs
and their connections to the larger conflict environment (in and urban structure to reduce the opportunity for crimes to
which the work of related organizations as well as external occur in the local crime area.
pressures must be taken into account). Orjuela, C. (2003)
According to Robert F. Tusalem (2007), the development of Maintaining societal harmony, political stability, and
civil society not only contributes to the expansion of people' economic growth all depend on ensuring the safety and
political and civil liberties but also improves institutional security of the populace. Peace is indivisible and universal
effectiveness. the various elements influencing civil since it is essential to human survival. Nicor-Mangilimutan,
society's influence on conflicts. It examines the effects of the R. G., Mejica, M. N. A., & Caelian, M. V. (2020). The
political identities, action frameworks, and political strategy's current effectiveness in reducing crime and, as a
opportunity structures that civil society use, according to result, fostering some level of personal and community
Rafel Marchetti and others. Al., (2011). the involvement of safety within the respective locality. Y. Haigh. (2006).
conflict society organizations in conflict escalation, conflict Caliguid, R. L., et., al., (2019). The Barangay Peacekeeping
management, conflict resolution, and conflict

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1878

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Action Team's primary goal in each of their local barangays status was determined by the study using survey and
is to raise awareness of this peacekeeping action. interview techniques, using the many indicators created by
the Philippine National Police and other authorities looking
The government in the Philippines closely monitors into the relevance of peace and order. These were employed
the effectiveness of community peace, order, and public to collect data in order to represent a big population with a
safety (POPS). Caliguid, R. L., et., al., (2019). The high level of general competency. The findings were used to
Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team's work in identifying create a strategic plan that included workable solutions.
criminals and running checkpoints in each barangay to lower
crime rates was valued by the neighborhood. It was advised The viable measures developed in this study were
that community support and involvement in the BPATs responses to the challenges encountered and for the
through the PNP's aid in the operation of checkpoints would improvement of practices that contributed to the success of
be essential. Lim, Seng Boon, and others (2020). In affluent the crime prevention Program's implementation in the
nations, there has been a significant amount of work done to municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur. The paradigm
combat human coexistence with crime and fear of crime in corresponds to the program's implementation, which
urban areas. In rising and developing nations, a trend is explains the study.
becoming more apparent. In light of it, this article presents
factual data pertaining to a community-based safe city  Theoretical Framework
program. This study tries to pinpoint the elements that affect The following theories served as the study's
both crime prevention and criminal fear. M. C. A. Austria, I. foundation: the Stakeholder Theory of Crisis Management
M. Diaz, and (2019). In his investigation on the security by Alpaslan, Mitroff, and Green (2009). Stakeholder theory
measures taken by businesses in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, was a prevalent theory in pre-crisis communications.
the Philippines. The results showed that there were notable According to this notion, organizations need to expand their
disparities between owner and tenant responses in terms of crucial connections with other groups or stakeholders in
crime (t=6.64, p>0.5) and crime prevention (t=4.29, order to succeed beyond simply their stockholders (Fishman,
p=0.05). A noteworthy inverse link between crime and 1999). The Social Contract Theory of Thomas Hobbes
crime prevention (r = -0.56, p> 0.05) was also investigated. (1651). The social contract idea attempts to explain how
Crime prevention measures that can help commercial society came into being. The validity of a state's overall
shopping malls become more secure and safe were jurisdiction over a person is also examined at the same time.
suggested. L.E. Ohlin, J.Q., and D.P. Farrington Wilson Applied Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura (1977).
(1986) reports that the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur The main theory that describes socializing is social learning
Foundation established a small committee called the Justice theory.
Program Study Group, whose members are listed at the end
of this introduction, and asked it a question that can hardly Stakeholder Theory of Crisis Management, developed
be regarded as simple: "What ideas, what concepts, what by Alpaslan, Mitroff, and Green (2009).The function of a
basic intellectual frameworks are lacking" to comprehend stakeholder in crisis management is crucial. Not because of
and deal with crime in our society more effectively? People their strength or impact over finance al value, but rather
who are familiar with the work of the Study Group's because of characteristics like the possibility for damage,
members will recognize how many opposing viewpoints on they should be included in crisis preparations and responses.
the subject of crime control were stated. Hence, community- Alpaslan, Mitroff, and Green assert that crises can change
based approaches to prevention face unique challenges in the relative importance of different stakeholder groups, and
high-crime areas. Community initiatives have largely failed that managers who are aware of stakeholder theory take into
due to a lack of comprehension of the nature of social account and take into account the wants and values of
relations in residential communities. Hope, T. (1995). various stakeholders. Building relationships with
stakeholders before a crisis has two advantages. First,
 Conceptual Framework because they have a stake in the organization's success,
This study was founded on the idea that the civil stakeholders may act as a support system when a crisis
society's role in the implementation of a crime prevention arises. Second, if stakeholder relations are weak,
program necessitates assessing the effects of crime stakeholders who are frequently negatively impacted by a
prevention strategies on implementation and challenges, best crisis may stop supporting the project. This might make the
practices that go along with it regarding the minimum crisis last longer or even worse (Ulmer, 2001).
requirements set by the PNP, and how the people driving
implementation respond to it, with the goal of obtaining Theory of the Social Contract by Thomas Hobbes
results that will serve as the bases to arrive at a frank (1651). The goal of social contract theory is to explore how
assessment of the effectiveness of the program. society came into being. It also examines the general
validity of the way in which a state has jurisdiction over a
Based on the implementation status as viewed by the person. Hobbes defined consent as a person's implicit or
stakeholders, the various factors necessary to establish the verbal agreement to give up their own freedoms to a
role of civil society in crime prevention measures were governing figurehead or group in exchange for the
examined. This is a crucial way to look at the key protection of the freedoms they can still exercise. He held
organizations that can determine whether the program's the view that human beings live impoverished, lonely,
implementation was effective or not. The implementation brutish, and brief lives in the state of nature or in the natural

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1879

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
condition of mankind. Due to the lack of any rights, it is a by the San Jose Local Government Unit. Through this
location where self-interest is present. This makes it research, the sangunaing bayan of San Jose, Camarines
impossible to establish social contracts, which is necessary Sur may be able to pass legislation through this study
for the development of societies. It's a location where there's regarding the implementation of crime prevention
practically no order. measures by PNP San Jose, Camarines Sur to protect
public safety.
A social compact, in which society agrees that it is in  San Jose Municipal Police Station- The results of this
everyone's best interests to uphold laws that secure study will be used as a basis to evaluate the
everyone's safety and security, including the weakest, is program/projects and activities' efficacy in preventing
Hobbes' proposed remedy. The social contract can thereby crime through the implementation of the
transform society from a state of nature to one in which even aforementioned programs, civil society participation,
the weak can survive. The extent to which society defends and community response.
the vulnerable may vary, but in our society, we accept the  Barangay Officials- The findings of this study may
contract and require the contract to assure everyone's assist barangay officials in determining the limits of
security. civil society's roles in crime prevention strategies
implemented by the PNP in the municipality of San
Applied Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura Jose, Camarines Sur. In addition, through this study,
(1977). According to social learning theory, which was first sanguniang barangay members will gain insight into
known as a differential association-reinforcement theory of what crime prevention measures can be implemented to
criminal conduct, criminal behavior is learned similarly to ensure public safety and security in the community.
other behaviors (Burgess and Akers 1966; Akers 1985).  Other Researchers- The findings and
According to Sutherland's (1939) seminal theory of recommendations of this study will be useful to other
differential association, criminal behavior can also be researchers conducting similar research. This will be
learned through observation and modeling in addition to their reference materials, which will improve future
direct interaction and conversation with criminals. studies on this topic.
Sutherland's nine propositional theory basically says that
interaction and association with other criminals is how  Limitations of the Study
criminal behavior is learned. The degree of criminal learning The study covered the scope of civil society's
will increase with increased exposure to criminal people on contributions to the Municipality of San Jose's Camarines
a regular and intense basis. Specific methods, drives, and Sur crime reduction program. The civil society organizations
attitudes are covered in this lesson. Whether breaking the in all barangays in the municipality of San Jose, Camarines
law is seen favorably or unfavorably affects the direction of Sur, were the focus of this study.
such motivations and attitudes. A person learns to be a
criminal if definitions that encourage breaking the law  Statement of the Problem
exceed those that encourage doing the right thing. This is the The purpose of this research is to determine the role of
central tenet of differential association. civil society in the PNP's crime prevention (initiatives)
strategies in the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur.
 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study may be useful to the local  It Sought to Answer the Following Questions in
community, civil society, local government of San Jose, San Particular:
Jose Municipal Police Station, and barangay officials in
determining the roles that civil society can play in  What are the crime prevention strategies used in San
Camarines Sur's Municipality of San Jose's crime prevention Jose, Camarines Sur?
initiatives and strategies.  What are the crime prevention measures implemented
in San Jose, Camarines Sur?
 Community- the study's findings provided constituents  What are the crime prevention measures implemented at
with valuable information on how civil society's the household level in the Municipality of San Jose,
concern role can be sustained in order to realize the Camarines Sur?
dream of a peaceful neighborhood and community.  What role does civil society play in crime prevention in
 Civil Society- The findings of this study may assist and the municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur?
guide civil society in promoting community activities.  What are the limitations of civil society's role in crime
Furthermore, the civil society in San Jose, Camarines prevention measures in the Municipality of San Jose,
Sur will be able to formulate better programs/projects Camarines Sur?
and activities that will empower the community to
actively participate and gain cooperation in order to III. METHODOLOGY
reduce crime incidents in the community as a result of
this study. This chapter examined the study's local context,
 Local Government Unit of San Jose- The results of research design, study participants, sampling methodology,
this study may be used as a guide to design data collection, and data analysis process. Additionally, the
programs/projects and activities to encourage procedures and methods for analyzing the information
community participation in crime prevention initiatives gleaned from the investigation were presented.

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1880

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Local of the Study Municipality of Pili, the provincial seat of Camarines Sur.
In the province of Camarines Sur, the seaside The municipalities of Lagonoy to the north, Tigaon and
municipality of San Jose is located. The municipality makes Sagay to the south, Lagonoy Gulf to the east, and Goa to the
up 0.87% of Camarines Sur's total area with a land area of west, form the borders of the municipality. It consists of
48.04 square kilometers (18.55 square miles). According to twenty-nine (29) barangays, of which six (6) are considered
the results of the 2020 Census, it has 43,973 residents. This urban and the other twenty-three (23) are considered rural.
was equivalent to 2.13% of the province of Camarines Sur's Sabang, Dolo, Manzana, Telegrafo, Calalahan, and Tagas
entire population or 0.72% of the entire Bicol Region's are the six (6) coastal barangays of mainland San Jose that
population. These numbers are used to calculate the are situated at the western end of Lagonoy Gulf. However,
population density, which is 915 people per square Barrio Adiangao is the only coastal barangay that was cut
kilometer or 2,371 people per square mile. With coordinates off from the rest of San Jose's mainland districts. It is
of 130 42' North and 1230 31' East, San Jose is situated in situated at 130 44' North and 1230 41' East along the
the province of Camarines Sur's southern region and is Caramoan Peninsula's shore, bordered by the barangays of
roughly 520 kilometers south of Metro Manila. It is roughly the Municipality of Presentacion.
55 kilometers from Naga City and 45 kilometers from the

Fig 1 Location Map of the Municipality of San Jose Camarines Sur

Source:https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r05/camarines-sur/san-jose.html. Date Retrieved: September 26, 2022.

 Research Design interviews with participants in the study will be used to

This study employs a mixed-methods approach to collect data.
research. This study combined quantitative and qualitative
research methods (Creswell, 2012). In order to ascertain the  Respondents
roles of civil society in the PNP's crime prevention The members of the Philippine National Police (PNP),
(initiatives) plans in the Municipality of San Jose, civil society/organizations recognized by the PNP, local
Camarines Sur, survey questionnaires used the quantitative government units, members of the barangay council in the
method. However, a qualitative method will also be Población area, including Barangay Del Carmen, San
employed to examine the information from the Key Antonio, San Juan, Solidad, Santa Cruz, San Vicente, and
Informant Interview and Focused Group Discussion chosen residents of the municipality of San Jose, Camarines
responses. The researcher can look into how people interpret Sur, are the study's target respondents. The subject was
their experiences and turn that understanding into awareness chosen because of their easy accessibility and close
by using a phenomenological technique (Finlay, 2021, p. proximity to the researcher. This non-probability sampling
12). Open-ended survey questions and unstructured methodology was adopted by the researcher.

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1881

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Data Gathering Tools The four-point Likert scale was used in data analysis
In order to collect information from the research for the quantitative part while the thematic analysis was
participants, the researcher used survey questionnaires. The used in the qualitative aspect. For the former, the rubrics
researcher decided to employ interviews and a survey were used to wit: Table 1 describes the scale/ range used
questionnaire to collect data from the observed phenomena with the weight and the descriptions where such applies.
after carefully reviewing and evaluating the study's goals
and the present role of civil society in crime prevention. Table 1 Interpretation of the Computed Weighted Mean for
Because it lists the PNP's activities and the role of civil the Impact of Crime Prevention the Municipality of San
society in crime prevention strategies in the municipality of Jose, Camarines Sur
San Jose, Camarines Sur, and because it identifies Weight Scale/Range Description
challenges and best practices related to program 4 3.26 – 4.00 Extremely Aware
implementation, the survey questionnaire design was
appropriate for use in the study's mixed methods of research. 3 2.51 – 3.25 Moderately Aware
The survey form was typewritten in English and distributed 2 1.76 – 2.50 Slightly Aware
to each research subject. However, the barangay officials' 1 1.00 – 1.75 Not-Aware
accents, such as "Bicol" and "Partidonian," were heard
during the reading of the questionnaire and the interview.  Questionnaires, the Rubrics will be Using:

 Data Gathering Procedure  Extremely Aware - the indicator is established, well

Prior to conducting the study, the researcher worked defined, applied and sustained;
with the line agency, including the Philippine National  Moderately Aware - the indicator is established, well-
Police, Civil Society Organization, Sanguniang Barangay, defined, and applied;
and the chosen members of the community, to identify any  Slightly Aware - the indicator is established and well-
potential problems and brainstorm solutions to enhance the defined; and
crime prevention measures in our area. The researcher will  Not Aware - the indicator is established.
draft the necessary communication or request letters for the
appropriate office. If approved, a request for the study's IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
conduct will be sent to the appropriate office. After that,
verbal coordination will be made with the barangay  Roles of Civil Society in Crime Prevention
Chairman of the target barangays and the selected In preventing crime, reducing reoffending, and
community members, and the researcher will be recording providing support to victims, the goodwill and efficacy of
the responses and answers based on the questions indicated civil society are just as important as the work of the courts
in the survey questionnaire. The respondents were assured and statutory services. This, according to David (2011). It
that their information would be kept private. Finally, all of discusses the role of the voluntary and community sector,
the data collected for the qualitative and quantitative community support, and the influences of family and other
analyses was secured and prepared. attachments in diverting those at risk, particularly young
people, from turning to crime; ensuring that victims'
 Treatment of Data concerns are heard and responded to; and supporting
The researcher applied the next statistical method for a vulnerable people such as victims' and offenders' families,
clear interpretation of the information obtained from the those with mental health or addiction problems, and
survey questionnaires: Weighted Average when values are minorities who are likely to be neglected. It delves into the
not equally important, one uses the weighted mean (Bluman, concepts of 'community,' 'local justice,' and 'localism,' as
2009). The study employed the following formula. well as the role of the lay magistracy. Following the August
2011 riots, the government placed a new emphasis on the
'Big Society' as a means of reasserting moral values and
𝑤 𝑋 +𝑤 𝑋 +. . . 𝑤𝑛 𝑋𝑛 ∑𝑤𝑋
𝑋̅ = 1 1 2 2 = mending Britain's 'broken society'; the chapter concludes
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 . . .+ 𝑤𝑛 ∑𝑤
where: with some reflections on what might be called a 'good
w1, w2, . . . , wn = weights society,' and on the 'Big Society' as it features in coalition
X1, X2, . . . , Xn = values government policies.

N = Total number of frequencies

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1882

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 2 Crime Prevention Strategies in the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur
INDICATORS POLICE CIVIL BRGY. COMMUNITY Total
SOCIETY OFFICIALS
The Stations has WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
Conducted Awareness Seminar/ Information 4.56 EA 3.52 MA 4.41 MA 2.53 A 3.75 MA
Campaign/ Dialogue/ Lecture On RA9262,
RA 9165, RA 9344, RA 7610, RA 10591
And/Or Other Related Laws.
Maximize The Utilization Of Quad Media In 4.51 EA 3.49 A 4.56 EA 1.58 SA 3.55 MA
Crime Prevention Campaign
Distributed IEC Materials On RA9262, RA 4.59 EA 3.46 MA 3.44 A 3.55 MA 3.76 MA
9165, RA 9344, RA 7610, RA 10591 And/Or
Other Related Laws And Other Crime
Prevention Measures
Conducted Regular Police Checkpoint/ 4.51 EA 4.55 EA 4.51 EA 4.57 EA 4.53 EA
OPLAN SITA.
Conducted Inspection In Beerhouses, 4.52 EA 3.43 A 3.45 MA 2.59 A 3.49 MA
Videoke Bars And Other Similar
Establishments (OPLAN BAKAL).
Deployed Police Officers In Public Areas 4.62 EA 3.45 A 3.49 A 2.51 A 3.51 MA
Like Terminals, Public Markets, And Other
Places Of Convergence (Police Visibility).
Conducted Regular House Visit To 4.59 EA 3.39 A 4.04 MA 2.45 SA 3.61 MA
Registered Gun Holders With Expired
License (OPLAN KATOK).
Conducted Systematic Search For Criminals 4.51 EA 4.41 MA 4.35 MA 2.48 SA 2.24 SA
Or Criminal Activity In Crime Prone Areas
(Dragnet Operation/OPLAN GALUGAD).
Implemented Strict Gun Ban During Election 4.59 EA 3.42 A 4.57 EA 3.56 MA 4.03 EA
Period.
Arrest Members Of Partisan Armed Groups 4.52 EA 3.47 A 3.48 MA 2.59 A 3.51 MA
(Pags) Used By Unscrupulous Politicians
During Election Period.
Serve Warrants Against Wanted Person. 4.62 EA 3.44 A 3.43 A 2.56 A 3.51 MA
Conducted Raids And Searches On Illicit 4.59 EA 3.35 A 4.09 MA 2.45 SA 3.64 MA
Gun Manufacturers, Dealers, And Repair
Shops.
Filed Outright Charges To Violators Of 4.51 EA 4.42 MA 4.35 MA 2.48 SA 3.94 MA
RA9262, RA 9165, RA 9344, RA 7610, RA
10591 And/Or Other Related Laws.
Intensified Border Control Measures And 4.62 EA 3.43 A 3.46 A 2.56 A 3.51 MA
Inter-Unit Coordination To Deny Entry Of
Loose Firearms/Paltik/Sumpak.
Average Weighted Mean 4.55 EA 3.64 MA 3.94 MA 2.73 A 3.71 MA

 Legend: 4.51-5.00 – Extremely Aware (EA), 3.51-4.50 – Moderately Aware (MA), 2.51-3.50 – Aware (A), 1.51-2.50 –
Slightly Aware (SA), 1.00-1.50 – Not Aware (NA).

Implementing the crime prevention program in our mean (4.55) or extremely aware response, while the
communities is the responsibility of the Philippine National community had the lowest weighted mean (2.73) interpreted
Police, who has the active support of other governmental as aware response. With a weighted mean (4.03),
organizations, local government units, non-governmental respondents were extremely aware that the stations strictly
organizations, and the business community. enforced the gun ban during the election period. OPLAN
SITA was used to conduct regular police checkpoints. (WM-
Table 2 below shows the respondents' answers to 4.53). While being somewhat aware that the police stations
questions about crime prevention methods used in the were instructed to firmly enforce the gun restriction during
Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur. the election period as set forth in RA 9344, RA 7610, RA
10591, and/or other related laws. Maximize the use of quad
According to the data, the overall average weighted media in campaigns to deter crime (WM-3.75) RA 9262,
mean (3.71) was interpreted as moderately aware. However, RA 9165, RA 9344, RA 7610, RA 10591, and/or other
the Philippine National Police had the highest weighted relevant legislation and other crime prevention measures

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1883

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
were covered in IEC materials supplied by (WM-3.55). the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur. However, the
Beerhouses, videoke bars, and other similar facilities were Philippine National Police should step up efforts to raise
subject to inspection under WM-3.76 (OPLAN BAKAL) respondents' knowledge levels from moderately aware to
(WM-3.49). Police officers were stationed in public spaces extremely aware with the help of various stakeholders. The
like terminals, open markets, and other hubs of activity significant gains in respondents' involvement with neighbors
(Police Visibility). (WM-3.51), made routine house calls to in home protection, satisfaction with the police, and contact
registered gun owners whose licenses had expired (OPLAN with the police, in both program regions, according to
KATOK). In crime-prone areas, a systematic search for Trevor Bennett (1991). The findings also revealed
criminals or criminal activity was conducted (WM-3.61; appreciable advancements in at least one program area in
(dragnet operation/OPLAN GALUGAD). (WM -2.24) terms of neighborhood satisfaction, feeling of community,
Arrest members of Partisan Armed Groups (PAGs) used by and informal crime reduction. Creating youth crime
unscrupulous politicians during election period. (WM-3.51), prevention programs in high-crime areas, preventing young
serve warrants against wanted person. (WM-3.51) filed people from becoming victims of crime, diverting young
outright charges to violators of RA9262, RA 9165, RA people from crime and prosecution, minimizing youth
9344, RA 7610, RA 10591 and/or other related laws. (WM- involvement in the criminal justice system, and preventing
3.94) intensified border control measures and inter-unit young recidivism are all part of a comprehensive strategy to
coordination to deny entry of loose reduce juvenile delinquency, according to Bright, J. (1993).
firearms/paltik/sumpak(WM-3.51). J. D. Hawkins and R. F. Catalano, Jr. (1992). In addition to
other communitywide prevention efforts, community
The findings of this study suggested that the mobilization, educational strategies, volunteerism, and mass
community, civil society, and local government unit, among media will be used to achieve significant crime reductions.
other stakeholders, valued the crime prevention initiatives in

Table 3 Distribution of the Respondents Response on Crime Prevention Measures in the

Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur
INDICATORS POLICE CIVIL BRGY. COMMUNITY Total
SOCIETY OFFICIALS
The Stations has WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
Conducted Police Integrated Patrol System 4.56 EA 3.52 MA 4.41 EA 2.53 A 3.75 MA
such as Checkpoint, Beat Patrol, Mobile
Patrol etc.
Conducted Barangay Peace Keeping 4.51 EA 3.49 A 4.56 EA 1.58 SA 3.53 MA
Operation
Conducted Anti-Criminality Operation 4.59 EA 3.46 MA 3.44 A 3.55 MA 3.76 MA
Conducted Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign 4.51 EA 4.53 EA 4.51 EA 4.57 EA 4.53 EA
Conducted Peacebuilding and Counter 4.52 EA 3.45 A 3.48 MA 2.59 A 3.51 MA
Violent Extremism (PCVE) Activities
Counter Radicalization
Conducted Integrated Area Community 4.62 EA 3.45 A 3.49 A 2.56 A 3.53 MA
Public Safety Process
Conducted Community Information and 4.59 EA 3.32 A 4.04 MA 2.45 SA 3.6 MA
Education
Conducted School Safety Assistance 4.59 EA 3.42 A 4.58 EA 3.56 MA 4.03 EA
Average Weighted Mean 4.56 EA 3.58 MA 4.06 MA 2.92 A 3.78 MA

 Legend: 4.51-5.00 – Extremely Aware (EA), 3.51-4.50 – Moderately Aware (MA), 2.51-3.50 – Aware(A), 1.51-2.50 –
Slightly Aware (SA),1.00-1.50 – Not Aware (NA).

The measures of effectiveness in crime prevention was interpreted as moderate awareness. The respondents
program in the national and local level rest upon the were very aware of the station's anti-illegal drug campaign
participation of all sectors in our community, without this and school safety efforts, with a weighted mean of 4.53;
the plans, programs and activities will not effective. they were only moderately aware of the station's police
integrated patrol system, which includes checkpoints, beat
The distribution of the respondents' answers to the patrols, mobile patrols, etc. (WM-3.75); the station's
questions about the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines barangay peacekeeping operation; the station's anti-crime
Sur's crime prevention methods, is shown in Table 3 below. operation; the station's peacebuilding and counter violent
extremism (PCVE) activities; and the stations Counter
The responses from the respondents on the Radicalization (WM-3.51), Conducted Integrated Area
Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur, crime prevention Community Public Safety Process (WM-3.53), Conducted
methods were shown in Table 3. Data showed that the Community Information and Education (WM-3.6). As a
weighted average for the entire sample was (3.78), which result, this development suggests that the success of crime

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1884

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
prevention strategies will depend on the programs, projects, and activities based on the public safety plan customized for the
specific geographic location.

Table 4 Distribution of Respondents Response of Crime Prevention Measures at the Household Level by Barangay in the
Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur
INDICATORS POLICE CIVIL BRGY. COMMUNITY Total
SOCIETY OFFICIALS
WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
Asking neighbors to Look after the house 4.56 EA 3.52 MA 4.41 MA 2.53 A 3.75 MA
Door locks 4.51 EA 3.49 A 4.56 EA 1.58 SA 3.56 MA
Watch Dog 4.59 EA 3.46 MA 3.44 A 3.55 MA 3.76 MA
Window Grills 4.51 EA 4.53 EA 4.51 EA 4.57 EA 4.53 EA
Neighborhood watch 4.52 EA 3.45 A 3.48 MA 2.59 A 3.51 MA
Effective Lighting System 4.62 EA 3.45 A 3.49 A 2.56 A 3.55 MA
Fence 4.59 EA 3.32 A 4.04 MA 2.45 SA 3.62 MA
CCTV 4.51 EA 4.41 MA 4.35 MA 2.48 SA 3.93 MA
Care Taker 4.59 EA 3.42 A 4.58 EA 3.56 MA 3.98 MA
Average Weighted Mean 4.04 EA 3.28 A 3.60 MA 2.87 MA 3.44 MA

 Legend: 4.51-5.00 – Extremely Aware (EA), 3.51-4.50 – Moderately Aware (MA), 2.51-3.50 – Aware(A), 1.51-2.50 –
Slightly Aware (SA),1.00-1.50 – Not Aware (NA).

The distributions of the respondents' answers to the that the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur, has
questions about the barangay-level crime prevention implemented household-level barangay-level crime
measures in the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur, reduction measures. All signs showed that respondents were
are shown in Table 4 below. Data showed that the weighted only little aware.
average for the entire sample was (3.44), which was
interpreted as moderate awareness. The respondents were This suggested that these actions were publicized
well aware that the window grills measure of crime locally by the relevant office with the aid of the entire civil
prevention at the home level by barangay in the municipality society. In response to the global targets (16.1) and (16.6) of
of San Jose, Camarines Sur, received the highest weighted the Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to
mean response of the respondents (4.53). while being "substantially reduce worldwide the incidence of all types of
somewhat aware of requesting neighbors to watch over the violence and the death rates that are directly associated to
house (WM-3.75), the door (WM-3.56, the watch dog (WM- them," Strengthen national institutions that are relevant,
3.76), the neighborhood watch (WM-3.51), the effective especially through international cooperation, to increase
lighting system (WM-3.55), the fence ((WM-62), the CCTV capability at all levels, particularly in developing nations, to
(WM-3.93), and the caretaker (WM-3.98). Results indicate stop violence and fight terrorism and crime.

Table 5 Response of the Respondents on the Role of Civil Society in Crime Prevention Measures
INDICATORS POLICE CIVIL BRGY. COMMUNITY Total
SOCIETY OFFICIALS
The Stations has WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
Assist the PNP in conducting awareness 4.59 EA 3.56 MA 4.41 MA 2.53 A 3.77 MA
seminar/ information campaign/ dialogue/
lecture on RA9262, RA 9165, RA 9344, RA
7610, RA 10591 and/or other related laws.
Assist the PNP to maximized the utilization 4.51 EA 3.49 A 4.56 EA 1.58 SA 3.53 MA
of quad media in crime prevention campaign
Assist the PNP in the distribution of IEC 4.59 EA 3.46 MA 3.44 A 3.55 MA 3.76 MA
materials on RA9262, RA 9165, RA 9344,
RA 7610, RA 10591 and/or other related
laws and other crime prevention measures
Assist the PNP conducting regular house visit 4.59 EA 3.32 A 4.04 MA 2.45 SA 3.6 MA
and gift giving activity
Report suspected members of Partisan Armed 4.52 EA 3.45 A 3.48 MA 2.59 A 3.51 MA
Groups (PAGs) used by unscrupulous
politicians during election period.
served warrants against members of Partisan 4.62 EA 3.45 A 3.49 A 2.56 A 3.53 MA
Armed Groups (PAGs)/Private Armies and
Criminal Gangs (CGs) with pending cases in

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1885

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
court (Service of Warrant of Arrest).
Assist the PNP identified prominent 4.59 EA 3.32 A 4.04 MA 2.45 SA 3.6 MA
personalities involved in the proliferation of
loose firearms
Report to the PNP, NBI and other law 4.62 EA 3.45 A 3.49 A 2.56 A 3.53 MA
enforcement agency any illegal activities
within the community
Average Weighted Mean 4.55 EA 3.67 MA 3.65 MA 2.87 A 3.60 MA

 Legend: 4.51-5.00 – Extremely Aware (EA), 3.51-4.50 – Moderately Aware (MA), 2.51-3.50 – Aware(A), 1.51-2.50 –
Slightly Aware (SA),1.00-1.50 – Not Aware (NA).

This section contains the respondents' responses to personalities involved in the proliferation of loose firearms
questions about the role of civil society in crime prevention (WM-3.6), Report to the PNP, NBI and other law
in the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur., which is enforcement agency any illegal activities within the
seen in Table 5 below. community (WM-3.53).

The responses of the respondents were shown in Table According to the study's findings, the Philippine
5 on the function of civil society in Camarines Sur's National Police, in particular, is cognizant of the role that
Municipality of San Jose's crime prevention methods. Data civil society plays in preventing crime as part of the
showed that (3.60) was regarded as moderate awareness for government's multisectoral governance structure, which is
the overall average weighted mean. It's interesting to note intended to help accomplish SDG No. 16. providing access
that the respondents had a basic understanding of the PNP's to justice for all, encouraging peaceful and inclusive
request for civil society support in organizing awareness communities for sustainable development, and fostering the
events, informational campaigns, dialogues, and lectures on development of efficient, accountable, and inclusive
RA 9262, RA 9165, RA 9344, RA 7610, RA 10591, and/or institutions at all levels. It also looked at the difficulties and
other related laws (WM-3.77) Assist the PNP to maximized recommendations made by local leaders, according to Nicor-
the utilization of quad media in crime prevention campaign Mangilimutan, Mejica, and Caelian (2020). Results showed
(WM-3.55), Assist the PNP in the distribution of IEC widespread implementation, but when barangays were
materials on RA9262, RA 9165, RA 9344, RA 7610, RA divided into factors, there were substantial variances. The
10591 and/or other related laws and other crime prevention research served as the foundation for an improved POPS
measures (WM-3.76), Assist the PNP conducting regular program. Patalinghug M. (2017). The participation of the
house visit and gift giving activity (WM-3.6), Report stakeholders is essential for the Police Integrated Patrol
suspected members of Partisan Armed Groups (PAGs) used System, Barangay Peacekeeping Operation, Anti-
by unscrupulous politicians during election period.(WM- Criminality Operation, Integrated Area Community Public
3.51), served warrants against members of Partisan Armed Safety Services, Bantay Turista, and School Safety Project,
Groups (PAGs)/Private Armies and Criminal Gangs (CGs) all of which are crime prevention initiatives carried out by
with pending cases in court (Service of Warrant of the Philippine National Police (PNP).
Arrest).(WM-3.53), Assist the PNP identified prominent

Table 6 Limitation of Role of Civil Society in Crime Prevention in the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur
INDICATORS POLICE CIVIL BRGY. COMMUNITY Total
SOCIETY OFFICIALS
WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
Report Illegal logging Activities 4.51 EA 4.52 MA 4.41 MA 2.53 A 3.99 MA
Report Illegal possession of firearms 4.53 EA 4.49 A 4.56 EA 1.58 SA 3.79 MA
Report illegal gambling Activities 4.55 EA 4.46 MA 3.44 A 3.55 MA 4.0 EA
Report Illegal fishing activities 4.54 EA 4.53 EA 4.51 EA 4.57 EA 4.53 EA
Other related function based on the 4.59 EA 4.45 A 3.48 MA 2.59 A 3.77 MA
appointment
Average Weighted Mean 4.54 EA 4.51 EA 4.O8 EA 2.96 A 4.01 EA

 Legend: 4.51-5.00 – Extremely Aware (EA), 3.51-4.50 – Moderately Aware (MA), 2.51-3.50 – Aware(A), 1.51-2.50 –
Slightly Aware (SA),1.00-1.50 – Not Aware (NA)

This section contains the respondents' responses to In the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur, Table
questions about the limitation of role of civil society in 6 detailed the role of civil society's limitations in preventing
crime prevention in the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines crime. Data showed that (4.01), the weighted average for the
Sur. Which is seen in Table 6 below. entire sample, was considered to be a moderate level of
awareness. Because of this, the respondents were well aware
that the responsibility of civil society in preventing crime in

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1886

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
the Municipality of San Jose, Camarines Sur is limited to ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
reporting illegal gambling operations and illegal fishing
activities using the weighted mean (4.53). (WM-4.0). The study, "Role of Civil Society on Crime Prevention
despite being somewhat aware that civil society's duty was in Developing Country: Philippines " was funded by
restricted to reporting unlawful acts including, but not (CHED-SIKAP). The author also thanks Dr. Christian T.
limited to, Report Illegal Logging Activities (WM-3.99), Pascual, a professor at the University of the Cordilleras, for
Report Illegal Possession of Firearms (WM-3.79), and other his ongoing support and encouragement in conducting the
similar functions based on the appointment (Wm3.77). study. We are grateful to Partido State University President
Dr. Raul G. Bradecina for inspiring us to conduct this
The study's findings suggested that the Philippine research.
National Police, civil society organizations, barangay
officials like the barangay captain, sanguniang bayan REFERENCES
member, and barangay tanod, as well as the local
population, are aware of the civil society's limitations in [1]. Amadae, S.M.. "rational choice theory".
terms of its ability to prevent crime in the San Jose Encyclopedia Britannica, Invalid Date,
municipality of Camarines Sur. Consequently, we require a https://www.britannica.com/topic/rational-choice-
solid relationship between the police department and the theory. Accessed 9 November 2022.
community in order to strengthen our crime prevention [2]. Creswell, J. (2012). Educational Research: Planning,
strategies. conducting, and evaluating quantitative and
qualitative research (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River.
V. CONCLUSIONS [3]. Faulkner, David, and Ros Burnett, 'Crime prevention,
civil society and communities', Where Next For
Recognizing the crucial role that local governments, Criminal Justice?(Bristol, 2011; online edn, Policy
particularly those in rural regions, may play in preventing Press Scholarship Online, 24 May 2012),
crime, local government units will be encouraged to https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847428929.0
undertake local crime prevention programs as well as to 03.0005, accessed 31 Oct. 2022.
review and improve their local public safety plan for [4]. Finlay, L. (2012). Unfolding the phenomenological
preventing crime. It is crucial that local government research process: Iterative stages of ‘seeing afresh’.
structures build the capacities needed to lead crime Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 53(2), 172–201.
prevention programs and gain the skills required to interact doi: 10.1177/0022167812453877
with issues of crime prevention. This tactic is grounded in [5]. Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed
our society's realities. The community's backing is necessary methods research: A research paradigm
for it to fully flourish if they want to stop being victims and whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7),
stop living in fear. based on the idea that instead of just 14–26.
normalizing something that has never been normal, we need https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014
to create a new civilization. [6]. Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2003). Data
collection strategies in mixed methods
RECOMMENDATIONS research. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.),
Handbook of mixed methods in social and
Local government units should base their strategies behavioral research (pp. 297–319). CA: Sage.
and mechanisms on local goals for preventing crime, and it [7]. United Nations Standards and Norms in Crime
is preferable if they mesh with existing systems for the Prevention At your finger tips for future without fear
criminal justice system, community values and education, https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/UN_stan
environmental design, etc. Therefore, it was advised that the dards_and_norms_in_crime_prevention_at_your_fing
Philippine National Police be encouraged to strengthen its ertips.pdf. Date Retrieved September 26,2022
crime prevention strategy in the Municipality of San Jose [8]. Orjuela, C. (2003). Building Peace in Sri Lanka: a
Camarines Sur through an integrated patrol system, regular Role for Civil Society? Journal of Peace Research,
PNP Checkpoint, Beat Patrol, Mobile Patrol, Comparative 40(2), 195–212.
Statistics (COMSTAT) activities with local stakeholders, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343303040002004.
aggressive serving of arrest warrants, and implementation of [9]. Raffaele Marchetti, Nathalie Tocci, Conflict Society:
search warrants. Establishing a Police Emergency Response Understanding the Role of Civil Society in Conflict*
System, enhancing the standard investigative system and Book Conflict, Edition 1st Edition, First Published
procedures, utilizing the available investigative information 2011, Imprint Routledge India, Pages 30,eBook ISBN
systems (E-blotter, E-warrant, E-rogue gallery), and 9780367818050.
adapting the case management system are all examples of an [10]. Tusalem, R. F. (2007). A Boon or a Bane? The Role
improved crime control strategy. of Civil Society in Third- and Fourth-Wave
Democracies. Journal of Career Assessment, 28(3),
205–218.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072703011002006.

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1887

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[11]. Dr. Aisha Ghaus- Pasha (2004) Role Of Civil Society [21]. Austria, M. C. A., & Diaz, I. M. (2019). Crime
O Organizations In Participatory And Accountable Incidents and Prevention
Governance 6th Global Forum on Reinventing Practices Among Selected Malls in Nueva Ecija.
Government Towards Participatory and Transparent International Journal of Modern Trends in Social
Governance 24 – 27 May 2005, Seoul, Republic of Sciences, 2(7), 01-12.
Korea [22]. Farrington, D.P., L.E. Ohlin and J.Q. Wilson (1986)
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=1 Understanding and Controlling Crime Toward a New
0.1.1.128.6443&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Research Strategy. New York: Springer-Verlag. In
[12]. Galabin, N. D., Pallega, R. B., & Recapente, M. A. 1982 the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur.
(2021). Philippine National Police Initiatives in the [23]. Hope, T. (1995) 'Community Crime Prevention', in
Promotion of Peace and Order in Iligan City: Basis M. Tonry and D. P. Farrington (eds) Building a Safer
for Policy Recommendation. International Journal of Society, pp. 21-89. Chicago, IL: University of
Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/449229.
Research, 2(9), 773-785. [24]. Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F., Jr. (1992).
https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.09.08. Communities that care: Action for drug abuse
[13]. Patalinghug, Mark, Implemented Crime Prevention prevention. Jossey-Bass. C
Strategies of PNP in Salug Valley, Zamboanga Del
Sur, Philippines (August 3, 2017). Asia Pacific
Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 5, No. 3,
August 2017, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3012996 .
[14]. Farrington, D. P. (1997). Evaluating a Community
Crime Prevention Program. Evaluation, 3(2), 157–
173. https://doi.org/10.1177/135638909700300203.
[15]. Trevor Bennett, The Effectiveness Of A Police-
Initiated Fear-Reducing Strategy, The British Journal
of Criminology, Volume 31, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 1–
14,
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048075.
[16]. Bright, J. (1993) Youth Crime Prevention: A
framework for Local action, Swindon: Crime
Concern.
[17]. Haigh, Y. (2006) Promoting Safer Communities
through Physical Design, Social Inclusion and Crime
Prevention through Environmental Design: A
Developmental Study. Centre for Social and
Community Research, Murdoch University, Perth,
Western Australia.
[18]. Nicor-Mangilimutan, R. G., Mejica, M. N. A., &
Caelian, M. V. (2020). Implementation of the
Community Peace and Order and Public Safety
Program in Negros Occidental, Philippines.
Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(3), 76-84.
https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i3.273.
[19]. Caliguid, R. L., Nalla, C. G., Paquera, R. S., Perez, R.
N. & Callora, L. U.. (2019). The Effectiveness of
Barangay Peacekeeping Action in Nasipit Agusan del
Norte, Philippines. SMCC Higher Education
Research Journal (Criminal Justice), 2(1). Retrieved
from
http://www.ejournals.ph/form/cite.php?id=15514.
[20]. Lim, Seng Boon, Chee Kong Yong, Jalaluddin Abdul
Malek, Mohd Fuad Mat Jali, Abd Hair Awang, and
Zurinah Tahir. 2020. "Effectiveness of Fear and
Crime Prevention Strategy for Sustainability of Safe
City" Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10593.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410593.

IJISRT23JAN1020 www.ijisrt.com 1888

View publication stats