pyro
pyro
pyro
Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)
1‐General features
B-Not commonly dominant in lakes but can be important, e.g. under ice
in winter and at various times of year in large, oligotrophic lakes. Most
are motile. Typically slow growing, some are mixotrophic (bacterivores).
E-The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface.
F-Most of them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other
transversely in a furrow between the wall plates.
1
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
2
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
2‐Dinoflagellates Classification
Figure 1: Thallus organization in Pyrrophyta: (a) Peridinium (b) Ceratium (c) Dinococcus as an
epiphyte on Melosira (diatom) (d) Gonyaulax (e) Stylodinium as an epiphyte on
Oedogonium (f) Dinothrix
3
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
.
2‐Dinoflagellates Morphology
superficially with diatoms as the two groups differ in both structure and
chemical composition. The cell covering in dinoflagellates (also known
as amphiesma or armour) is a useful means of subdivision this group. In
many species each alveolus contains a flat thecal plate composed of
cellulose (armored or thecate), whereas in other species alveoli are devoid
such content (naked or unarmored). The distinction of naked and armored
dinoflagellates is not absolute due to presence of some transitional types
of cell covering. Basic structure of all dinoflagellate’s amphiesma remain
same, consisting of several layers of membrane: an outermost continuous
membrane, flattened vesicles and an innermost continuous membrane
sometimes interpreted to be the plasmalemma The dinoflagellates armour
is divided into an upper (apical) and a lower (antapical) half, and consist
of polygonal plates, which fit tightly against each other The wall of
armored dinoflagellates is arranged in thecal plates followed by pellicle
and plasmalemma. The number and arrangement of plates in the theca are
one of the most useful criteria in the systematics of armored
dinoflagellates. Although relatively rare, scales occur outside the plasma
membrane in some dinoflagellates.
4
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
5
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
6
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
Asexual reproduction can happen much more quickly, and therefore is the
predominant way of reproduction during optimal environmental
conditions, but sexual reproduction is essential for species adaptation and
survival because it allows for genetic recombination (i.e. genetic
variability). During the sexual phase, two haploid cells called gametes
fuse to form a diploid mobile zygote (planozygote) that will undergo
meiosis to restore the vegetative stage.
The most common pathway reported until very recently was the transition
of the planozygote to a quiescent, environmentally resistant stage known
as resting cyst (a dormant not motile hypnozygote with a thick wall).
Other types of quiescent stages are cysts with a thin wall and less
capacity to withstand adverse environmental conditions than the resting
cysts. These cysts - found in the bibliography with different names such
as temporal, pellicle or ecdysal cysts - can be sexual or asexual, this last
case being the fastest way to produce a cyst.
7
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
8
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
is shellfish. This can introduce both nonfatal and fatal illnesses. One such
poison is saxitoxin, a powerful paralytic. Human inputs
of phosphate further encourage these red tides, so there is a strong interest
in learning more about dinoflagellates, from both medical and economic
perspectives.
4‐Dinoflagellates Bioluminescence
9
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
10
Dr.Ayad M.J. Lecture ‐7‐ Algae
2016
References
11