HUMAN

REPRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION
▶ In the reproductive process, a male
sperm and a female egg provide the
information required to produce another
human being.
▶ Conception occurs when these cells join
as the egg is fertilized.
▶ Pregnancy begins once the fertilized egg
implants in the uterus.
 outline of the human life cycle to show the role of meiosis,
mitosis and fertilisation

▶ The human body

constantly
develops and
changes
throughout
the human life
cycle, and food
provides the fuel
for those changes.
 Structure of the male reproductive system

Bladder
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts
Cowper's gland Prostate gland

Vas deferens Penis

Epididymis Urethra

Testis Fore skin

Scrotum

Clear view
 Functions of the parts
Seminal vesicles: produces a nutrient
rich fluid that that provides
energy for the sperm cells Prostate gland: Produces an
alkaline fluid that neutralises
the acids produced in the
Cowper's gland: Produces mucus that vagina, which would kill
helps with the movement of sperm sperm cells
cells

Vas deferens: Transports sperm

from the epididymis to the urethra Urethra: Transports semen
and urine out of the body
Epididymis: stores Sperm cells and
allow the mature.
Urethra:Transports semen
and urine out of the body
Testis: Produces sperm cells and the
hormone testosterone

Scrotum: Skin sac that protects the testes

Question: Why do testes hung and holds the testes ‘outside’ the body, at
outside the body? a temperature that is 2°C below 37°C.
This is the best temperature for the
production of sperm.
 FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
▶ 1. Development of male secondary sexual
characteristics, such as beard, pubic hair, deep
voice and a muscular body.
▶ 2. Stimulates the maturation of sperm cells.

Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland and Cowper's

gland are called accessory glands

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 Structure of seminiferous tubes
➢ Cells of Leydig
- Production of
Testosterone
➢ Sertoli cells :-
- Provides nutrients to
developing sperms
(spermatozoa)

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Structure of the female reproductive system

Ovary

Fallopian tube
Endometrium
Uterus

Cervix

Vagina
Vulva

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 Functions of the parts
Ovary :Produces egg cells, Fallopian tube:
secretes progesterone and Connects the ovaries
oestrogen to the uterus,
transports egg cells
Endometrium: Inner
from the ovary; it is
lining of uterus; place
the site of
where the embryo
implants and the fertilisation
placenta forms
Uterus: Carries the embryo
and foetus during pregnancy
Cervix: Lower, narrow part of
uterus. It stretches to allow the
baby through during childbirth Vagina: Receives the penis and
semen during sexual intercourse.
it is the passage through which the
Vulva:external opening, baby is born (birth canal)
allows penetration to occur
STRUCTURE OF THE OVARY
Female sex organs.
Found in lower part of
abdominal cavity.
Made up of a covering called
germinal
epithelium with a large
number of follicles in it.
Germinal epithelium produces
follicles.
This produces ova during
Oogenesis
Follicles secrete oestrogen and
progesterone
 Puberty In males
▶ Puberty is the period in humans in which
they experience physical changes in
their bodies in order to be capable of
sexual reproduction.
It’s a period which indicates sexual
maturity
▶ In boys, Stimulated by testosterone

▶ the first puberty change is the

enlargement of the scrotum and testes.
As the testes and scrotum continue to
grow, the penis grows. (sex organs)
▶ Growth of pubic hair, facial hair and body
hair
▶ Development of muscles and deepening of
voice
 Puberty In females
▶ Main changes that occur under
oestrogen
▶ Growth of female sex organs
▶ Start of the menstrual cycle
▶ production of ova
▶ Growth of pubic hair
▶ Growth and development of
breasts and widening of hips

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 Formation of gametes
(gametogenesis)
❑ Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes
❑ During the process of gametogenesis, a germ
cell undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells
that directly develop into gametes. Hence, in
animals, meiosis is an integral part
of gametogenesis.
❑ Its divided in two
➢ Male gametes formed by spermatogenesis
➢ Female gametes formed by oogenesis

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 Spermatogenesis:
∙ Spermatogenesis: this is the formation
of sperms
∙ PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESIS.

➢ Under the influence of testosterone

➢ diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules
of the testes
➢ undergo meiosis
➢ to form haploid sperm cells

Germinal epithelium undergoes meiosis

Producing 4 haploid spermatids

Mature to form a spermatozoon

Each spermatozoon is made of a head, middle

portion and a tail.
 STRUCTURE OF A SPERM
▶ The sperm cell is made up of:
▶ 1.Head which contains ACROSOME that contains the
enzymes to digest the membrane of ovum during
fertilization
▶ The NUCLEUS which contain the genetic material for in
heritance
▶ 2.Middle piece with MITOCHONDRIA to provide energy
for sperm movement
▶ 3. Tail which provide propulsion force for sperm
movement
 OOGENESIS:
▶ Oogenesis: is the formation of ovum

▶ PROCESS OF OOGENESIS
▶ Under the influence of FSH
▶ diploid cells in the ovary undergo mitosis
▶ to form numerous follicles
▶ One cell inside a follicle enlarges and
undergoes meiosis
▶ Of the four cells that are produced, only one
▶ survives to form a mature, haploid ovum

One cell inside a follicle

Meiosis

4 haploid cells formed

3 cells break up; one cell matures

Mature ovum
 STRUCTURE OF AN OVUM
▶ Functions of the Jelly-like layer

different parts of an Cytoplasm

ovum
Nucleus
▶ layer of jelly- the provide
protection
▶ Haploid nucleus- Jelly-like layer

contains genetic Cytoplasm

material for inheritance
Nucleus
▶ cytoplasm- its where
cells activities takes
place and also contains
other parts of the cells
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE:
▶ The menstrual cycle is divided into two
▶ the uterine and ovarian cycles

ovarian cycles

uterine cycles
 THE EVENTS IN THE OVARIAN CYCLE

▶ These are events that

occur inside the ovary
only.
▶ Development of the
Graafian follicle under
the influence of FSH
▶ Ovulation and changing
of empty graafian
follicle to
▶ corpus luteum under
the influence of LH
 THE EVENTS IN THE UTERINE CYCLE
▶ Oestrogen stimulates the endometrium to become
thicker and develop more blood vessels (vascular)
and glands (glandular).
▶ Under the influence of progesterone, the
endometrium to become even thicker and to
develop more blood vessels and glands, ready to
receive the embryo
▶ if the level of progesterone drops , Lining breaks
down and is released (menstruation)
 Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
Hormones from brain
F=FSH (hypophysis) L=LH MENSTRUAL CYCLE =FLOP
Stimulates the development
of Graafian follicle to • Trigger ovulation 3
1
Ovarian cycle =ovaries

produce ovum • Stimulates the conversion of

empty
Graafian follicle to Corpus luteum

0 7 14 21 28
Hormones from ovary (G.F & CL) Maintains pregnancy
O=OESROGE P=PROGESTRONE by making
N Prepares the uterus for
4
endometrium more
2 implantation ; by making it thick, more vascular &
thick, vascular & glandular more glandular
Uterine cycle =uterus

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 SUMMARY
Day 1–7 • Day 14
➢ Ovaries: New follicles develop • Ovaries: Graafian follicle
and secrete oestrogen bursts to release an egg cell.
➢ Uterus: Lining breaks down and The process is called
is released (menstruation) ovulation
➢ Day 8–13 • Day 15–22
➢ Ovaries: Mature Graafian follicle • Ovaries: The Graafian follicle
develops and then moves to becomes a corpus luteum
edge of the ovary that secretes progesterone
➢ It secretes oestrogen. • Uterus: Progesterone
stimulates the endometrium
➢ Uterus: Oestrogen stimulates to become even more thicker
the endometrium to become and to develop more blood
thicker and develop more blood vessels and glands,
vessels and glands
• ready to receive the embryo
if an egg cell is fertilised.
• Day 23–28
• Ovaries:
• If fertilization does not take place:
• The corpus luteum shrinks
• stopping secreting progesterone (levels of
progesterone drop)
• Endometrium shrink
• Accompanied by bleeding
• If fertilisation takes place:
• The corpus luteum remains active in the ovary
• and continues to secrete progesterone
• No more follicles develop in the ovaries
• No menstruation takes place
 Negative feedback mechanism
▶ Oestrogen inhibits FSH.
▶ The follicle becomes the corpus luteum
▶ and this produces oestrogen and progesterone
▶ which inhibit FSH and LH production by the
pituitary.
▶ This is an example of negative feedback .
▶ Progesterone maintains the uterus lining (the
thickness of the uterus wall).
 COPULATION AND FERTILIZATION
▶ COPULATION:Is sexual activity typically involving
the insertion and thrusting of the penis into the
vagina for sexual pleasure/reproduction
purposes.

▶ FERTILIZATION is when the haploid nucleus of

sperm fuses with haploid nucleus of ovum to
form a diploid zygote
 PROCESS OF FERTILISATION
▶ After ovulation, a haploid sperm cell produces the
enzymes from the acrosome which digests the cell
membrane of the ovum and then sperm cell then
penetrates the haploid ovum.
▶ The nuclei of the ovum and sperm fuse to form a
diploid zygote.
 DEVELOPMENT OF A ZYGOTE UNTIL
IMPLANTATION

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 How do we write in exams (most important)
morula
mitosis
mitosis
blastula

• After fertilization, the zygote undergoes

mitosis
• to form a ball of cells called morula
• it divides by mitosis repeatedly to form a
hollow ball of cells called blastula chorion
• It forms the outer layer called chorion
• which form finger-like projects called chorionic villi
chorionic villi for implantation
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 3D-ILLUSTRATION

By: M.SAIDI
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 1.4.The diagram below represents
Questio a sequence of events that may
n to try take place inside the human
female reproductive system.

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 OVULATION TO EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT

3-D Qns
 DEFINITION OF IMPLANTATION
▶ IMPLANTATION: The attachment of
the fertilized egg to the uterine lining.
▶ The embryo, moving as a blastocyst
through a uterus, makes contact with
the uterine wall and remains
attached to it until birth.
 The role of oestrogen and progesterone in
maintaining pregnancy
▶ Oestrogen and progesterone are the
chief pregnancy hormones.
▶ A woman will produce more oestrogen during
one pregnancy than throughout her entire life
when not pregnant.
▶ The increase in estrogen during pregnancy

enables the uterus and placenta to improve

vascularization (the formation of blood vessels)
▶ Progesterone, will maintain what oestrogen has
built (maintaining the pregnancy).
 FUNCTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING PARTS:
▶ CHORION: to protect and nurture the embryo.
▶ The chorionic fluid protects the embryo from shock.
▶ CHORIONIC VILLI: allow the exchange of nutrients,
oxygen and waste products with the mother.
▶ AMNION/ AMNIOTIC FLUID:
▶ Has thin, transparent fluid in which the embryo is
suspended.
▶ providing a cushion against mechanical injury.
▶ Prevents dehydration of the baby.
▶ Keeps the temperature almost constant.
▶ Allow the developing baby to move in the womb.
▶ Placenta: provides oxygen and nutrients to your
growing baby and removes waste products from your
baby's blood.
 Umbilical cord (including umbilical artery and
umbilical vein)
➢ Umbilical cord It contains a vein, which carries
oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus,
➢ and arteries that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-
depleted blood away.
 OTHER FUNCTIONS OF PLACENTA
▶ 1. Nutrition: Nutrients diffuse from the maternal blood
to the foetus
▶ 2. protection; The placenta acts as a barrier or filter for
certain harmful pathogens and chemicals eg HIV and
alcohol.
▶ 3. Gaseous exchange, Oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged between maternal and foetal blood
▶ 4. excretion, Nitrogenous wastes are carried away from
the foetus by maternal blood
▶ 5. endocrine function; After two months the placenta
takes over the secretion of progesterone and oestrogen
to maintain the endometrial lining.
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