Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 27(1), 15-23, April 2021 Scientific Article

EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469

DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.27.1.15

The Growth of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) RENDLE) in Agroforestry and

Monoculture System on Post-Coal Mining Revegetation Land

Anna Juliarti1, 2, Nurheni Wijayanto2*, Irdika Mansur2, Trikoesoemaningtyas3

1
Departement of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Lancang Kuning University, Yos Sudarso Street
KM 8 Pekanbaru, Indonesia 28265, and Graduate Program of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB
University, Academic Ring Road, Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680
2
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Academic Ring Road,
Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680
3
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Meranti Road,
Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680

Received September 1, 2020/Accepted December 30, 2020

Abstract

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) as cover crop was suitable planted with agroforestry and monoculture system on
post-coal mining revegetation land. The study investigated the influence of planting system, varieties, and plant
spacing against the lemongrass growth on post-coal mining land under the agroforestry and monoculture system.
Two lemongrass varieties were planted under on both planting systems. The growth variables of lemongrass
measured were the tillers number per clump, leaf length, and canopy width. The results showed that the planting
system and lemongrass varieties were able to increase the growth of lemongrass. Plant spacing treatment was able to
increase the tillers number per clump. The agroforestry system was able to increase leaf length and canopy width of
lemongrass. However, monoculture system was able to increase the tillers number per clump. The G2 variety had
better growth on all measured variables either in agroforestry and monoculture system compared to Sitrona 2
Agribun variety. The plant spacing of 0.5 m × 0.5 m had greater tillers number per clump of lemongrass compared to
plant spacing of 1 m × 1 m.

Keywords: lemongrass, agroforestry, monoculture, post-coal mining

*Correspondence author, email: [email protected], tel. +62-251-8621677, fax +62-251-8621256

Introduction (Matsumoto et al., 2017). High level of Al in soil affects the

Coal mining is part of open-pit mining through forest availability of P (phosphorus) and N (nitrogen) nutrient
clearing, land surfaces opening, dredging, and stockpiling. (Lubis et al., 2015). Toxic Al is the most significant threat to
Mining activities affect environmental qualities, including plant survival in acidic soils (Rahman et al., 2018). Plant
soil physical, chemical, and biological damage (Soendjoto et function and land production will decrease, when the plant
al., 2014; Setyaningsih et al., 2018; Lestari et al., 2019). growth is disturbed, causing the local ecosystem structure
Physically, soil becomes very compact due to heavy damage (Allo, 2016). Soil compaction is one of the major
equipment activity during mining (Setiadi & Adinda, 2013) physical factors that can change soil structure, and
or even crumbly which tends to cause land slides, besides productivity (Mueller et al., 2010), besides an affecting plant
microclimate change (Zulkarnain et al., 2014). Chemically, growth, and depth of plant root penetration (Shukor et al.,
soil is suffered from acidity, decrease organic matter and 2015). Solid soil reduces pore space between soil particles,
macronutrient content, as well as increased micronutrient limiting water and gas exchange (Nawaz et al., 2013).
content (Setyaningsih et al., 2020). Biologically, soil Revegetation is one way to reclaim degraded post-
damage decreases the biodiversity of both micro and macro- mining land. Revegetation is aimed to increase the fertility
organism. of degraded mined land (Mensah, 2015; Buta et al., 2019),
High soil acidity or low pH condition allows high through increased soil organic matter content, available
amounts of micro-element release, such as Al, Fe, and Mn. nutrients, CEC, biological activity, and soil physical
These elements will inhibit the plant growth and uptake of condition (Mensah, 2015). A revegetation model suitable to
water and nutrients, when available in excessive amount utilize land among the main crop is agroforestry.
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 27(1), 15-23, April 2021 Scientific Article
EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.27.1.15

Agroforestry is an integrated land concept of using a (discovered in 2015) variety are superior varieties cultivated
combination of agriculture and forestry with various biomass by the Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research,
productions, besides environmentally and socially Ministry of Agriculture Affairs, Indonesia (Rosman, 2012;
conservative (Suryani & Dariah, 2012; Kaur et al., 2017; MoA, 2016). These two varieties have never been studied in
Cardinael et al., 2017; Tarigan et al., 2019). post-coal mining land with agroforestry and monoculture
The success of agroforestry system depends on the systems.
selection of shade-tolerant species (Caron et al., 2019). Generally, several studies reported that lemongrass could
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) RENDLE) is chosen be planted on laboratory scale, and infertile mineral soils in
as an intercropping plant among the main plants because it monoculture system (Rosman, 2012; Anwar et al., 2017;
has the following characteristics: (1) fast-grow (Sukamto et Sulaswatty et al., 2019), but has never been planted on post-
al., 2011); (2) deep abundant roots is on hold the soil mining areas in Agroforestry system. The study investigated
(Sukamto et al., 2011; Sulaswatty et al., 2019); (3) un-favored and compared the growth of lemongrass varieties planted on
by livestock (Pandey & Singh, 2012; Bisoi et al., 2017); (4) post-coal mining revegetation land in agroforestry and
able to live in the pH soil range of 57, sandy loam or clay monoculture system. This study also gives a suggestion,
(Sukamto et al., 2011); (5) widely adaptable; (6) able to resist which varieties should be suitable utilized for revegetation
erosion; (7) quickly forms canopy; (8) producing essential on post-mining area.
oil, and social benefits (Pandey et al., 2014; Verma et al.,
2014; Maiti & Prasad, 2016; Juliarti et al., 2020), and (9) are
non-toxic to staple plants. Those criterion are suitable to be Methods
utilized as a post-mining revegetation plant which usually has Location and period The study activities were carried out in
acid soils, lack of top-soil, and abundant soil density. the nursery area for lemongrass seedling preparation and
In this study, revegetation carried out with agroforestry planting on the post-coal mining revegetation land (1.1 ha) of
system on post-mining land is expected to optimize land use PT Bukit Asam (Inc.), Muara Enim, South Sumatera,
functions as environmental, and ecosystem quality Indonesia (Figure 1). This post-coal mining revegetation
improvement to increase land and crop productivity. land is in other use area (OUA) status, and will be planted
Ecologically, revegetation can minimize degradation which based on agroforestry system (cajuput and lemongrass). The
causes soil erosion and changes in physical and chemical monoculture area was planted with lemongrass monoculture
properties. Economically, degraded land can be converted and is located beside to the agroforestry area. The study was
into productive land by growing food crops among the main conducted for 12 months from April 2017 to March 2018.
crops.
Selection of lemongrass varieties as intercrops in Seedling and media preparation Lemongrass clump was
agroforestry system on post-coal mining areas is important to obtained from The Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic
achieve production, social and ecological objectives. The Plant Research, Cimanggu, Bogor, Indonesia. There were
lemongrass G2 (discovered in 1992) and Sitrona 2 Agribun two varieties of lemongrass tiller, i.e. G2 and Sitrona 2

Figure 1 Study location (S03°42'03.6" and E103°47'01.2").

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Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 27(1), 15-23, April 2021 Scientific Article
EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469
DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.27.1.15

Agribun variety. Before planting in polybag, lemongrass Plant growth parameters Growth parameters measured
seeds were selected and separated from the clumps. Each were tillers number per clump, leaf length, and canopy
polybag contains one lemongrass. Lemongrass leaves were width. Measurement of the tillers number per clump was
cut to an average height of 25 cm from stem base. The carried out by counting the tillers number per clump of
average canopy width was 5 cm. Lemongrass tiller was sample plants (Figure 3a). The lemongrass length leaf was
planted in a polybag (10 cm × 15 cm) with red yellow measured from the longest leaves (Figure 3b). The
podsolic soil as media. Seedlings were maintained for two lemongrass canopy width is the average of the longest and
months at the nursery. shorted lemongrass canopy (Figure 3c). Plant growth
observations were carried out at 0, 6, 9, and 12 months after
Land and planting preparation Land preparation was planting in the field.
carried on 2 areas, namely revegetation area with 1.5 years
old cajuput and lemongrass on agroforestry system and Experimental design and data analysis The study design
lemongrass on monoculture area. Plant spacing between the was a split-plot randomized block design for 8 treatments
cajuput was 4 m × 2 m, while between cajuput and consisting of planting system which are agroforestry (P1)
lemongrass was 1 m. Among cajuput trees, lemongrass and monoculture (P2); lemongrass varieties which are G2
seedling was planted with size 2 m × 2 m. Lemongrass was variety (V1) and Sitrona 2 Agribun variety (V2), and also
planted with spacing of 0.5 m × 0.5 m and 1 m × 1 m plant spacing which are 0.5 m × 0.5 m (J1) with 25
(Figure 2). The study area (agroforestry and monoculture lemongrass plants and 1 m × 1 m (J2) with 9 lemongrass
system) had 24 planted sample units from 2 lemongrass plants (Figure 4). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. All
varieties, namely G2 and Sitrona 2 Agribun variety. The data were statistically analyzed use SAS 9.1 software
lemongrass planting hole used was 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm. program and Microsoft Excel to determine significant

(a) (b)

Note: = cajuput, √ = lemongrass, √-√ = plant spacing 0.5 m × 0.5 m (a); 1 m × 1 m (b).

Figure 2 Cajuput and lemongrass agroforestry design.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3 Measurement of the tillers number per clump (a), leaf length (b), and canopy width (c) of lemongrass.

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DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.27.1.15

P1 P2

V1 V2 V2 V1

J1 J2 J2 J1 J2 J1 J1 J2

1 2 3 2 2 1 1 3

2 1 2 3 3 2 3 1

3 3 1 1 1 3 2 2

Figure 4 Layout of lemongrass research design.

different among treatments. significantly different (p < 0.05) on lemongrass leaf length
(108.15 cm) and canopy width (91.49 cm) compared to
Results and Discussion monoculture with 102.07 cm leaf length and 81.86 cm
Soil properties and lemongrass suitability criteria The canopy width, respectively (Table 2). The leaf length and
post-coal mining revegetation land was characterized as the land coverage are important morphological characters that
sandy loam soil (followed the criteria for lemongrass, namely are directly related to crop yields. Lemongrass that grew in
sandy loam soil) with 1.1GCC-1 bulk density (followed the agroforestry system was more fertile than monoculture
criteria for lemongrass with 1.1–1.6GCC-1), 2.35GCC-1 particle system. The same result was reported by Chandrawanshi
density, 59.19 total pore space and 3.17 hour-1 permeability. (2016). Light intensity level affects the canopy width. The
The land also had the chemical properties, such as pH 6.02 lower the light intensity, the greater the canopy width formed
(followed the criteria for lemongrass with 5.57), total N (Suci & Heddy, 2018). The success of agroforestry system
0.17%, potential-P 47.1 mg 100 g-1 and CEC 55.05 (followed depends on the selection of shade tolerant species and
the criteria for lemongrass with > 17) (Table 1). The physical efficient plants that can properly absorb solar radiation due to
and chemical properties of the revegetation land were still having a greater capacity for acclimatization and adaptation
within range of lemongrass suitability criteria. The post-coal (Caron et al., 2019). Historically, agroforestry system has
mining land in East Kutai, East Kalimantan has several soil been widely implemented to achieve sustainable agricultural
characteristics that are almost the same as soil pH and decrease the negative effects of agriculture (e.g. water
(4.10–6.46), total N (0.08–0.21), and potential P (35.2–77.2 pollution, biodiversity loss, desertification, erosion, and soil
mg 100 g-1) (Mashud & Manaroinsong, 2014). degradation) without compromising crop productivity
(Torralba et al., 2016; Artru et al., 2017).
Lemongrass growth Lemongrass growth was measured 4 The average tillers number per clump, leaf length and
times, i.e., 0, 6, 9, and 12 months, by measuring the tillers canopy width of lemongrass G2 variety (40.32, 129.54 cm,
number per clump, leaf length, and canopy width. The and 101.45 cm, respectively) were higher than the Sitrona 2
treatment of planting system, lemongrass varieties, and plant Agribun variety (17.59, 80.67 cm, and 71.91 cm,
spacing showed different response on lemongrass growth. respectively) (Table 3). The tillers number per clump, leaf
The planting systems and lemongrass variety treatment were length, and canopy width in this study were higher than the
significantly different (p < 0.05) on all variables (Table 2 and study results of the MoA (2016) and Syukur & Trisilawati
Table 3). The plant spacing treatment was significantly (2019). This showed that the G2 variety is more suitable for
different (p < 0.05) on tillers number per clump (Table 4). The planting on post-mining revegetation areas both in
combination treatments of planting system, lemongrass agroforestry and monoculture system than Sitrona 2 Agribun
variety, and plant spacing were insignificantly different variety (Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7). The average of
(p > 0.05) on all variables. tillers number per clump should be 63.7 tillers, leaf length
Plant growth was influenced by genetic and should be 76.1 cm, and canopy width should be 108.7 cm
environmental factors. Gene differences in an individual will with the G2 variety in monoculture system should be planted
affect the ability to adapt and change during development on a fertile land in West Sumatera with various altitudes
(Susanto & Baskorowati, 2018). The growth of lemongrass is (Suryani & Nurmansyah, 2013). In another study, the
affected by the land suitability, climate, altitude, light average of tillers number per clump (32.28 tillers), leaf
intensity, and soil fertility (Sujianto et al., 2018). The average length (74.35 cm) with the G2 variety in monoculture system
of lemongrass growth in planting systems, lemongrass should be planted on a fertile land in North Sumatera
variety, and plant spacing treatment are presented on Table 2, (Nurdianti et al., 2019). Generally, several studies have
Table 3, and Table 4. The agroforestry planting system was reported that monoculture system produced higher growth

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Table 1 Soil properties on revegetation land and lemongrass suitability criteria

Variable Revegetation land Preferences for lemongrass

Texture clay Sandy loam

Sand (%) 15.79 -
Dust (%) 27.53 -
Clay (%) 56.68 -
pH 5.5-7*
H2O 6.02 -
CaCl2 5.41 -
C-org (%) 12.41 2-3*
Total N (%) 0.17 0.21-0.5**
C/N ratio 72.97 -
Available P 2O5 (ppm) 95.14 16-25*
P2O5 Potential (mg 100 g-1) 47.10 -
K2O Potential (mg 100 g-1) 75.20 >1*
Ca (mol kg-1) 8.20 -
Mg (mol kg-1) 8.10 -
K (mol kg-1) 0.51 -
Na (mol kg-1) 0.38 -
CEC 55.05 >17*
Bulk Density (GCC-1) 1.10 1.1-1.6**
Particle density (GCC-1) 2.35 -
Total pore space (%) 59.19 -
Permeability (hour-1) 3.17 -
Source: Rosman (2012) *, Hardjowigeno (2003) **

Table 2 The average of tillers number per clump, leaf length, and canopy width of lemongrass on two planting systems
Treatment Variables
Planting system Tillers number Leaf length (cm) Canopy width (cm)
per clump
Agroforestry (P1) 28.47b 108.15a 91.49a
b
Monoculture (P2) 29.45a 102.07 81.86b
Note: Values followed by similar letter in a column are insignificantly different based on Duncan analysis at 5% of α.

Table 3 The average of tillers number per clump, leaf length and canopy width treated on lemongrass variety

Treatment Variables
Lemongrass variety Tillers number Leaf length (cm) Canopy width (cm)
per clump
G2 Variety (V1) 40.32a 129.54a 101.45a
Sitrona 2 Agribun Variety (V2) 17.59b 80.67b 71.91b
Note: Values followed by similar letter in a column are insignificantly different based on Duncan analysis at 5% of α.

Table 4 The average of tillers number per clump of the lemongrass plant is treated on plant spacing

Plant spacing Tillers number per clump

0.5 m ´ 0.5 m (J1) 33.79a
1 m ´ 1 m (J2) 24.12b
Note: Values followed by similar letter in a column are insignificantly different based on Duncan analysis at 5% of α.

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DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.27.1.15

40.0
34.2 34.5
35.0 31.0 31.3

Tillers number per clump

30.0 26.6 26.9
23.4 23.7
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
V1J1 V1J2 V2J1 V2J2 V1J1 V1J2 V2J1 V2J2
P1 P2
Treatment

Figure 5 Tillers number per clump of lemongrass from the combination of treatments.

160.0
136.8 139.3
140.0

120.0
108.3
Leaf length (cm)

100.0 95.5 93.9

89.4
80.2 80.9
80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
V1J1 V1J2 V2J1 V2J2 V1J1 V1J2 V2J1 V2J2
P1 P2
Treatment

Figure 6 Leaf length of lemongrass from the combination of treatments.

140.0
125.2
118.1

120.0 106.9

91.7
Canopy width (cm)

90.0 87.7
100.0 84.0
79.9

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0
0.0
V1J1 V1J2 V2J1 V2J2 V1J1 V1J2 V2J1 V2J2
P1 P2
Treatment

Figure 7 Canopy width of lemongrass from the combination of treatments.

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than agroforestry system (Ningrum et al., 2018; Azizah et al., in both agroforestry and monoculture planting system than
2019). However, in this study, the agroforestry system Sitrona 2 Agribun variety.
produced higher leaf length and canopy width than the
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