International Journal of Development and Sustainability

ISSN: 2186-8662 – www.isdsnet.com/ijds

Volume 6 Number 4 (2017): Pages 192-201
ISDS Article ID: IJDS17050801

Microbial population and diversity in four

land use practices in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Olagunju John Olujobi*, Teslim Abiola Adeniran, Moyo Odunayo Ayotunde-
Ojo
Department of Forest Resources and Wildlife Management, Ekiti State University, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

Abstract
Increased specialized agricultural systems such as monocultures, mechanical cultivation and use of mineral
fertilizers in developing countries in the recent times, has led to loss of biodiversity and reduced ecosystem
resilience. This study examined the effect of land use practice on diversity and abundance of soil micro fauna. The
study was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. Soil samples were
collected from four (4) sites under different land use (natural forest, teak plantation, oil palm plantation and arable
crop land). Three plots of 10 m x 10 m were randomly laid in each of the land use type. Soil samples were collected
from three different points at two soil levels (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) within each plot. Microbiological analysis of the
soil samples revealed that land use significantly affect microbial population along the soil depth with natural forest
having the highest value of 2.38 x 108 cfu/g followed by arable land (1.79x 108 cfu/g) and oil palm (1.66x 108 cfu/g)
at 0-15 cm soil depth respectively. Soil under arable land has the greatest microbial diversity of 11 genera. It was
suggested that land users (foresters and agriculturists) should embrace land use practice that will encourage
biodiversity conservation for enhanced ecosystem stability.
Keywords: Microbial, Biodiversity, Population, Land Use, Ekiti State

Published by ISDS LLC, Japan | Copyright © 2017 by the Author(s) |This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

Cite this article as: Olujobi, O.J., Adeniran, T.A. and Ayotunde-Ojo, M.O. (2017), “Microbial population and diversity in four
land use practices in Ekiti State, Nigeria”, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. X-X.

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

International Journal of Development and Sustainability Vol.6 No.4 (2017): 192-201

1. Introduction
Soil represents one of the most important reservoirs of biodiversity. It reflects ecosystem metabolism since
all the bio-geochemical processes of different ecosystem component are combined within it. Soil micro-
organisms occur in large number and display an enormous diversity of form and function. The roles and
functions of soil fauna were recognized in soil formation and leaf litter decomposition in the tropical forest
region for mixed leaf litter (Anderson et al., 1983). Microbial biomass is the most active fraction of soil
organic matter, acting as a source or sink of available nutrients and plays important role in nutrient cycling
and conversation in tropical ecosystem (Diaz-Ravina et al., 1993). Microbial biomass activity is used to
characterize the microbiological status of a soil (Nanniperi et al., 1990). It also provides many regulatory
services such as decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), soil structure maintenance and nutrient cycling
among others which ensure ecosystem sustainability (Kibblewhite et al., 2008).
Soil environment consists of a variety of physical, biological and chemical factors that affect the
abundance and diversity of microbes found in the soil (Sylvia et al., 2005). On the other hand, microbial
processes directly affect their environments by contributing to the carbon and nitrogen cycles, which are
important for microbial and plant health (Ray and Brady, 2016). Soil harbors large part of the world’s
biodiversity, and it govern processes that are important components in the recycling of organic matter,
energy and nutrients. Soil ecosystem generally contains large variety of animals, such as nematodes, micro-
arthropods, mites, collembola, symphyla, chilopoda, pauropoda, enchytraeids and earthworm. Moreover, soil
is a key player in several supporting and regulating ecosystem services (Jeffery et al., 2010).
The interactions between soil fauna are numerous, complex and varied. The degree of interaction
between soil organisms in the soil ecosystem, usually differ among taxa and it is dependent on the part of the
life cycle of the organisms that is been spent in the soil (Zeller et al., 2001). The impact of soil condition on
the other hand is an important factor that regulates the size, activity, structure and diversity of microbial
community (Fierer and Jackson, 2006). Decomposition of organic matter by soil organisms is crucial for the
functioning of an ecosystem because the services provided by soil fauna plays important role in the
conservation of edaphic biodiversity, plant growth and primary productivity (Maharning et al., 2008).
Despite the importance of the activities of microbial communities in soils, information about how land use
affects their population has not been fully explored. Consequently, knowledge of the effect of land use on soil
microbial biomass population and diversity is essential which justifies the necessity for this study.

2. Materials and method

2.1. Study site

This study was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti, in South West
Nigeria. Ado Ekiti is located between Latitude 70 6’ and 70 7’ North and Longitude 50 24’ and 50 29’ East of
Greenwich meridian. The vegetation of the study area is tropical rain forest at an elevation of 250 m above
sea level. The annual rainfall ranged from 1, 200 mm to 1, 500 mm. Temperature ranges between minimum
of 24 0C and maximum of 35 0C with little variation throughout the year. The annual relative humidity ranged

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between 65% and 90% during the raining season. The soil is an alfisol (Oxic- Tropudalf - USDA soil
taxonomy). The soil is well drained with moderate fertility.

2.2. Procedure of the experiment

2.2.1. Collection of soil samples

Soil samples were collected from four (4) sites under different land use practices (Natural Forest, Teak
Plantation, Oil Palm Plantation and Arable Land), at the University’s Teaching and Research Farm. Three
plots of 10m x 10m were randomly laid in each of the land use type. Soil samples were collected at three
different points along the diagonal laid within each plot at two different soil levels (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm).
Soils from the same depth within a plot were bulked and collected into sample bottle for microbial analysis.
The samples were covered with moistened sand to provide an environment similar to that of the field so as to
prevent the soil from drying out there by preserving the microbial biomass. A portion of the soil samples
from the plots for each land use were bulked for laboratory analysis to determine the physical and chemical
properties of the soils.

2.2.2. Laboratory analysis

Physical and chemical properties of soil samples were determined using standard methods (AOAC, 2000).
Microbiological analysis was carried out by diluting one gram (1 g) of each soil sample in test tube at 10 -
6dilution. The samples were plated using Nutrient agar (NA) to determine the bacterial load. The colonies

that developed on the plates were counted. The total bacterial loads for the samples were calculated by
multiplying the colony counted with the dilution factor and expressed as colony forming unit per gram
(cfu/g). Discrete colonies were streaked on agar plate to obtain pure culture which was stored on agar slants.
Microbial isolates were characterized for identification using the following tests; gram stain, catalase,
coagulase, spore stain and motility test.

2.3. Statistical analysis

One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) procedure was used to compare the chemical and physical properties
of soil under different land use practices using SPSS Version 17. Separation of the significant means of the
soil properties was performed using Duncan significance test. Data obtained from the microbial test were
also subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). A follow up test was conducted using Duncan Multiple Range
Test (DMRT) to identify separate significant means.

3. Results

3.1. Chemical properties of the sampled soils

Result in Table 1 shows that soil under teak plantation had the least pH value and it is significantly different
from the pH value of soils under other land use practices. Percentage organic carbon was highest in soil

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under teak plantation and it is significantly different (p<0.05) from the values obtained in other land use
practices. Percentage total nitrogen and potassium content among the various land use practices are not
significantly different(p<0.05).Phosphorus content of the various land use practices differed significantly
(p<0.05) from one another, with oil palm plantation having the highest value while teak plantation had the
least value.

Table 1. Chemical properties of the soils under different land use practices

Soil Variables Values

TP PP AL NF
pH (H2O) 4.77±0.83b 6.18±0.83 a 6.07±0.83a 6.72±0.83a
Organic Carbon (%) 2.10±0.65a 1.48±0.65b 0.60±0.65c 1.82±0.65b
Total Nitrogen (%) 0.17±0.04a 0.13±0.04a 0.07±0.04a 0.15±0.04a
Available Phosphorus (%) 5.81±0.54d 17.29±0.54a 6.63±0.54c 7.09±0.54b
Potassium (cmol) 0.26±0.70a 0.35±0.70a 0.29±0.70 a 0.42±0.70 a
Calcium (cmol) 4.86±0.75b 6.31±0.75 a 5.58±0.75a 4.66±0.75b
Magnesium (cmol) 1.12±0.39 a 1.80±0.39 a 1.12±0.39 a 1.80±0.39 a
Sodium (cmol) 0.62±0.10 a 0.69±0.10 a 0.55±0.10 a 0.80±0.10 a
Manganese (mg/kg) 21.20±0.16b 51.00±0.16 a 26.70±0.16 a 52.65±0.16 a
Iron (mg/kg) 16.7 ±0.80 a 7.05±0.80b 7.60±0.80 b 6.50±0.80 b
Copper (mg/kg) 0.65±0.04 a 0.75±0.04 a 0.70±0.04 a 0.70±0.04 a
Zinc (mg/kg) 2.35±0.13b 3.30±0.13ab 1.70±0.13c 4.65±0.13 a
Mean with the same superscript along the rows are not significantly different (p>0.05).
TP = Teak Plantation, PP= Oil Palm Plantation, AL = Arable Land, NF = Natural Forest

3.2. Physical properties of the sampled soils

Result in Table 2 shows that textural class of soils under teak plantation, arable land and natural forest are
loamy sand, while soil under Oil palm plantation is sandy in texture.

Table 2. Particle size distribution and textural class of sampled soils

Land Use Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Textural class
Teak 84.60 10.8 4.60 Loamy sand
Oil Palm 87.60 5.8 6.60 Sand
Arable land 84.60 9.8 5.60 Loamy sand
Natural Forest 86.60 7.8 5.60 Loamy sand

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3.3. Microbial population of soil samples

Table 3 shows that microbial population at 0-15 cm depth of the soil across the different land use practices
are significant different(p<0.05) with soil under natural forest having the highest value of 2.38 x 10 8cfu/g
followed by arable land soil (1.79x 108cfu/g) and soil under oil palm (1.66x 108cfu/g) respectively. Soil under
teak plantation had the least microbial population of 1.48 x 10 8cfu/g. At 15-30 cm depth of the soils, the
microbial population followed the same pattern as the value obtained for 0-15 cm depth of the soils across
the different land use practices.

Table 3. Microbial population (x108cfu/g) under different land use practice.

Soil Level Land Use Types

Teak Oil-Palm Arable Land Natural Forest

0-15 cm 1.48±0.28d 1.66±0.28c 1.79±0.28b 2.38±0.28a

15-30 cm 1.45±0.18d 1.61±0.18c 1.82±0.18b 2.34±0.18a
Means with the same superscript along the column are not significantly different, while means with different superscript
along the row are significantly different.

3.4. Microbial diversity in teak plantation soil

Table 4 shows that five (5) different genera of microbes (Providence, Arthrobacter, Staphylococcus,
Pseudomonas and Bacillus) were isolated from teak plantation soil. The result shows that at 0-15 cm soil
depth, four (4) different genera of microbes (Providence, Arthrobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus) were present
while at 15-30 cm soil depth two (2) different genera (Pseudomonas and Bacillus) were present.

Table 4. Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Microbial Isolates

Teak GR Spor CT CG UR MN CR ID Microbes present
plantation e
Depth GPB + - - - - - - Bacillus spp
(0-15 cm)
GPC - + - - + - - Staphylococcus spp

GPB - - - - - + - Arthrobacterspp

GNB - + - - - + + Providence spp

Depth GNC - - - - - - - Psedomonasspp

(15-30 cm)
GPB + - - - - - - Bacillus cereus

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Key:
GR = Gram Reaction, CT = Catalase test, CG = Coagulase test, UR = Urease test,
MN = Mannitol test, CR = Citrate test, ID = Indole test, GPB = Gram Positive Bacilli
GPC = Gram Positive Cocci, GNB = Gram Negative Bacilli, GNC = Gram Negative Cocci

3.5. Microbial diversity in oil palm plantation soil

Table 5 shows five (5) different genera of microbes (Aerobacter, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella
andBacillus) were isolated and identified in oil palm plantation soil.At 0-15 cmsoil depth, four (4) different
genera of microbes (Aerobacter, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella) were present while at 15-30 cm
soil depth, only two (2) different genera (Pseudomonas and Bacillus) were present.

Table 5. Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Microbial Isolates

Oil Palm GR Spore CT CG UR MN CR ID Microbes Present

Depth GNC - + - - - - - Pseudomonas geniculate

(0-15 cm) GNB - - - + - + + Klebsiella oxytoca
GPC - + + - + - - Staphylococcus aureus
GNB - - - + - - - Aerobacter spp
GNC - + - - - - - Pseudomonas spp
Depth GPB + - - - + + - Bacillus megaterium
(15-30
cm)
Key:
GR = Gram Reaction, CT = Catalase test, CG = Coagulase test, UR = Urease test,
MN = Mannitol test, CR = Citrate test, ID = Indole test, GPB = Gram Positive Bacilli
GPC = Gram Positive Cocci, GNB = Gram Negative Bacilli, GNC = Gram Negative Cocci

3.6. Microbial diversity in arable soil

Table 6 shows that Eleven (11) different genera of microbes (Aerobacter, Arthrobacter, Nitrosomas, Serratia,
Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Providence spp, Bacillus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus) were
isolated and identified in arable land soil. At 0-15 cm soil depth, eight (8) different genera of microbes
(Aerobacter, Arthrobacter, Nitrosomas, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Providence and Bacillus) were
present while at 15–30 cm soil depth five (5) different genera (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium,
Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus) were present.

3.7. Microbial diversity in natural forest soil

Table 7 shows that seven (7) different genera of microbes (Aerobacter, Serratia, Providence, Pseudomonas,
Staphylococcus, Bacillusand Xanthomonas) were isolated in natural forest soil. At soil depth of 0-15 cm, five
(5) different genera of microbes (Bacillus, Aerobacter, Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus) were

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present while at 15-30 cm soil depth, six (6) different genera (Bacillus, Providence, Xanthomonas,
Pseudomonas, Aerobacter and Serratia) were present.

Table 6. Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Microbial Isolates

Arable Land GR Spore CT CG UR MN CR ID Microbes present
Depth GNB - - - + - - - Aerobacter spp
(0-15 cm) GNB - - - + - + + Serratia spp
GPB - - - - - + - Arthrobacter spp
GNC - - - - + - - Nitrosomas spp
GNC - + - - - - - Pseudomonas spp
GNB - - - + - + + Klebsiella oxytoca
GNC - + - - - + + Providence spp
GPB + - - - - - - Bacillus cereus
Depth GNC - + - - - - - Pseudomonas spp
(15-30 cm) GPB + + - - - + - Bacillus subtilis
GPB - - - - - + - Clostridium spp
GPB - - - - - + - Lactobacillus spp
GPC - + - - + - - Staphylococcus spp
Key:
GR = Gram Reaction, CT = Catalase test, CG = Coagulase test, UR = Urease test,
MN = Mannitol test, CR = Citrate test, ID = Indole test, GPB = Gram Positive Bacilli
GPC = Gram Positive Cocci, GNB = Gram Negative Bacilli, GNC = Gram Negative Cocci

Table 7. Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Microbial Isolates

Natural Forest GR Spore CT CG UR MN CR ID Microbes present
Depth GPB + - - - - - - Bacillus cereus
(0-15 cm) GPB - - - - + - - Bacillus megaterium
GNB - - - + - - - Aerobacter spp
GNB - + - - - - + Xanthomonas spp
GNP - - - - - - - Pseudomonas aeruginoso
GPC - + + - + - - Staphylococcus spp
GPB + + - - - + - Bacillus subtilis
Depth GPB + + - - - + - Bacillus subtilis
(15-30 cm) GPC - + - - - + + Providence spp
GNB - + - - - - + Xanthomonas spp
GPB - - - - + - - Bacillus megaterium
GNC - + - - - - - Pseudomonas spp
GNB - - - + - - - Aerobacter spp
GNB - - - + - - - Serratia spp

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Key:
GR = Gram Reaction, CT = Catalase test, CG = Coagulase test, UR = Urease test,
MN = Mannitol test, CR = Citrate test, ID = Indole test, GPB = Gram Positive Bacilli
GPC = Gram Positive Cocci, GNB = Gram Negative Bacilli, GNC = Gram Negative Cocci

4. Discussion

The observed improvement in texture of soils under teak plantation, natural forest and arable land from sand
to loamy sand texture, might be due to addition of humus into the soil from decomposed leaf litter through
the activities of soil fauna. This observation is in agreement with the reports by Audu et al. (2009). Observed
sandy nature of the soil under oil palm could be attributed to the bear floor of the plantation as the palm
trees does not shed leaf. The poor litter quality of palm leaves, coupled with the fact that when the leaf is cut,
it is usually arranged on a spot could have further been responsible for low percentage of silt in soil under oil
palm. This assertion is in agreement with the submission of Ogunwole (2005) and Olujobi (2016) who in
separate studies reported that improvement in soil physical property depends on the quality of residue cover.
The significantly (p < 0.5) least value of pH obtained in soil under teak plantation compared to other land use
despite the high organic matter content (Table 2), may largely be due to secretion of acid from the fruit of the
plant that littered the floor of the plantation.
The significantly (p < 0.5) least microbial count obtained in soil under teak plantation (Table 4) compared
to other land use might be due to low pH value of the soil, while the highest microbial population in natural
forest soil could also be as a result of more or less neutral nature of the soil. This observation further
confirms the submission of Fierer et al. (2006) who’s study revealed that most micro-organism thrives in pH
value close to neutral, Also, observed highest microbial population in soil of natural forest may be attributed
to high percentage of organic matter, while low microbial diversity in soil under oil palm plantation may be
as a result of the sandy texture of the soil with low humus content.
Observed greater microbial diversity in soil of arable land could probably be attributed to frequent tilling
of the soil which has brought about finer textured sand especially at the surface level thereby making the soil
to be well aerated. This condition gives room for more microbial colonization. This assertion corroborates
the submission made by Ray and Brady (2016) who reported that Oxygen (O2) is an important element for
the productivity of both microbes and plant roots. Also greater microbial diversity observed in arable land
may be due to the fact that the soil is well exposed to solar radiation, resulting in higher temperature and
consequently higher microbial activity. This observation further confirms the assertion of Sylvia et al. (2005),
who reported that microbial activity increases with increasing temperature.
The presence of Clotrisimma spp. and Lactobacillus spp. which are anaerobic bacteria at 15-30 cm soil
depth of arable land (Table 7) may be due to the higher degree of soil compaction brought about by the use of
tractors and other farm implements. This compaction results in reduction of soil pore spaces thereby limiting
oxygen circulation, this phenomenon may in turn favour the growth and colonization of anaerobic bacteria at
this soil level. Also the presence of Nitrosomonas spp.in soil under arable land suggests the use of fertilizer on
the land during cropping season. Nitrosomonas is a nitrifying bacterium that oxidizes ammonia to nitrite in

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Nitrogen containing fertilizer. Nitrosomonas play an important role in providing Nitrogen to plant and it can
pose a problem as it can make the nitrate in the soil more susceptible to leaching and therefore less available
to plant.

5. Conclusion and recommendation

Result from this study has revealed that land use practice significantly affect chemical properties of soil of the
study sites. The study also showed that textural class of soils under teak plantation, arable land and natural
forest improved from sand to loamy sand as the texture of the soil in the study area is generally sand in
nature. Also the study further revealed that land use significantly affected microbial population along the soil
depth with natural forest having the highest microbial colony count followed by the soils under arable land
and oil palm respectively at 0-15 cm soil depth. Result from this study has also revealed that land use
practice significantly influence diversity of soil microbes along the soil depth in the study sites. In view of the
above results, it was recommended that land users at all level; most especially Foresters and Agriculturist
should embrace land use practice that will be capable of increasing the organic matter content of the soils
thereby improving the soil for microbial colonization. In addition, farmers should be educated on the services
and environmental functions of soil microbes, so that they could desist from the use of chemicals that could
lead to soil poisoning. Conclusively, relationship between land use practice and soil fauna is an important
factor to be considered in the process of biodiversity conservation, soil reclamation and ecosystem stability.

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