Heppner 4e Ch03 TB

CHAPTER 3: Ethics in Counseling Research: Being and Doing Right
True/False Questions
1. All the fundamental ethical principles that form the core of counseling profession have
undergone transformations with continual changes based on new developments in society
and advancements in collective ethical knowledge.
Answer: False
2. The fundamental ethical principle of justice states that all people, irrespective of their
differences, should be treated equally.
Answer: False
3. Even if a researcher employs other individuals, such as research assistants, the primary
researcher is ultimately responsible for the execution of a research study.
Answer: True
4. A researcher's idea developed from a blend of pre-existing ideas can be considered genuine.
Answer: False
5. Researchers are exempted from the need to document consent of the participants when they
are observing public behavior.
Answer: True
6. In context of the use of deception in psychological studies, greater consideration should be

given to the acts of omission than to the acts of commission.
Answer: False
7. The effectiveness of debriefing may vary with each study or experimenter.
Answer: True
8. In context of the issue of confidentiality, if someone other than the experimenter will have
access to data, this should be explained to the participants along with plans for maintaining
confidentiality.
Answer: True
9. Researchers are not obliged to provide treatment to the participants placed in the delayed-
treatment group.
Answer: False
10. During the resolution of an ethical dilemma in counseling research, a counselor should
document the entire decision-making process.
Answer: True
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Nonmaleficence, one of the five fundamental ethical principles, states that researchers:
a. should not inflict intentional harm to participants and avoid the risk of harming
others.
b. should assign participants from waiting list to delayed-treatment groups.
c. should treat unequals unequally only in proportion to their relevant differences.
d. should present the facts of how a study is going to be executed.
Answer: a
2. Counselors have a responsibility to conduct research that contributes to welfare for their
clients. This statement corresponds to the ethical principle of _____.
a. nonmaleficence
b. fidelity
c. beneficence
d. justice
Answer: c
3. A counselor conducts a study in her private practice. She offers free counseling services to 25
of her clients who agree to participate in the study. However, after 8 weeks of multiple free
counseling sessions for each of the participants in the study, she realized that she could no
longer financially afford it. Hence she asks all her clients, regardless of study participation, to
resume payment for services offered. Which of the following ethical principles did the
counselor transgress in this scenario?
a. Confidentiality
b. Fidelity
c. Autonomy
d. Beneficence
Answer: b
4. When reporting results, it is a researcher’s responsibility to:

a. present just the facts and leave the interpretation to the stakeholders to reduce bias.
b. privately acknowledge contributions of all people involved in a study.
c. report findings and present them in a way that is clear and understandable to readers.
d. filter out research results that do not support a particular theory.
Answer: c
5. Which of the following statements is true of duplicate publications?

a. Similar questions getting addressed with the same data are acceptable due to the
absence of intention of duplication.
b. Multiple articles reporting the same findings based on the same data set may give an
impression of availability of more information on a particular topic than is warranted.
c. Duplicate publications are always synonymous with piecemeal publications.
d. Multiple reports on the same data set would be unacceptable, irrespective of the
amount of time elapsed.
Answer: b
6. Which of the following is recommended while assigning publication credits for the
contributions to a research project?
a. The order of authorship should be decided according to the decreasing order of the
scholarly contributions of the researchers.
b. People who organized or conducted statistical analysis should be credited in the
footnotes.
c. Faculty advisor who provides encouragement and technical assistance in designing
the study should be named first author.
d. The first author should be authorized to decide the order of authorship to minimize
potential differences of opinions among the contributors.
Answer: a
7. Which of the following is true of the guidelines by American Psychological Association

(APA) Ethics Committee (1983) for dissertations?
a. First authorship is acceptable if a supervisor is substantially involved in the
development of the design and measurement procedures.
b. Second authorship may be considered obligatory if a supervisor designates the
primary variables, makes major interpretative contributions, or provides the database.
c. First authorship is a courtesy if a supervisor provides encouragement, physical
facilities, financial support, critiques, or editorial contributions.
d. Second authorship is unacceptable if a supervisor merely designates the general area
of concern.
Answer: b
8. Which of the following courses of action is recommended in order to assess and weigh the
risk/benefit ratio of a study?
a. Selecting only those participants who have certain characteristics that make them
more resistant to the risks involved in the study
b. Being self-assured and impervious to the views of colleagues that may introduce
biases
c. Always giving more weightage to societal benefits than individual costs while
designing a research experiment
d. Taking the worldview and the cultural background of the researcher into
consideration while assessing risks involved in the study
Answer: a
9. Identify an element that needs to be stated in a written consent form to document the
informed agreement of a participant for a study.
a. A description of the researcher's scholarly achievements
b. The set of ethical guidelines called Code of Ethics, developed by the American
Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Psychological Association (APA)
c. A statement indicating voluntary participation and option of discontinuation without
penalty
d. The financial benefits to the family of the participant
Answer: c
10. Kitchener and Anderson (2011) suggested nine principles for responding to ethical dilemmas
faced by a researcher. One of the principles states that:
a. a researcher should slow down to reflect on a situation and come up with a calculated
response when faced with an ethical dilemma.
b. a researcher should avoid referring to previous articles to prevent biases from
creeping into his or her research design.
c. a researcher should consider routinely assessing the psychological adjustment and
reaction of the participants involved in a study in various ways.
d. a researcher should be true to the spirit of creation of new knowledge and not let
assumptions of other colleagues cloud his or her judgment.
Answer: a

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CHAPTER 3: Ethics in Counseling Research: Being and Doing Right

6. In context of the use of deception in psychological studies, greater consideration should be

7. The effectiveness of debriefing may vary with each study or experimenter.

Multiple Choice Questions

4. When reporting results, it is a researcher’s responsibility to:

5. Which of the following statements is true of duplicate publications?

7. Which of the following is true of the guidelines by American Psychological Association

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