Practical Research 1

Quarter 1 – WEEK 3

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 What I know

Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the

following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
2. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
a. Integrity
b. Legality
c. Social Responsibility
d. Responsible Publication
3. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another
should be done.
a. Objectivity
b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the
study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.
a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
7. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected
by the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
8. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in
the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the
following actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the
following actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

1
This set of questions presented in the pre-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal,
M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.
 The
Lesson
Characteristics,
2 Processes, and Ethics of Resear

Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to

answer questions. A good research follows processes that must have certain
characteristic. It must be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical
and critical. To avoid unethical practices researchers had obligations to adhere
professional standards in conducting research .Thus to consider a research writing
ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic.
.

What’s in?

In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its importance
in your daily life. Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or investigate, you
tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or
knowledge. The importance of research helps improved life as well as finding a solution
to problems through reliable and validated information.

What’s New?

I. Characteristics of Research1

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends

with a problem.

_
1
For more information on this Characteristics of Research, see Calmorin,E.& Calmorin,A.(2015).Research
Methods and Thesis Writing. Retrieved from http:/www. https://www.rexestore.com/e-books/
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias

using systematic method and procedures.

7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated

to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training

Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related
Literature).

Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research)
and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative
research) (Data Gathering Activities).

Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and
statistical tools (for quantitative research).

Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations.

Step 7. Define new problem.

1
For more information on this Seven Steps of the Research Process, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical
Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt

III. Ethics in Research

Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates
and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research,
such as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work,
such as mutual respect and fairness.

 Ethical considerations in conducting research

1. Objectivity and integrity

2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection
of subjects from personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor

 What are these ethics in research1?

1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the

participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing
them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time
they are available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.

2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do
not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.

3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer

review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research.

4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine

your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.

1
For more information on this Ethics of Research, see Abdullah, S.N. (2018).Practical Research 1: Qualitative
Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu./ppt
6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.

7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade

secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never
plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants

submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient
records.

9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not
to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do
not outsmart others.

12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the

basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific
competence and integrity.

14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and
expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.

15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.

16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects,

minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
anonymity.

IV. Rights of Research Participants

1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of
human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They
constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity,
inherent to all human beings.

2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a
commercial value.

3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material

without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights
accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of
time, are breached by a third party

Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research

process. Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be
informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their
consent to participate.

5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or
not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given nor known.

6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It
is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.

V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include

honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and
funding agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to
receive grants.

Plagiarism
Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and
results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of
original works, a violation of intellectual property rights.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. Why is research practical and realistic?
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2. The first step of research process is to develop your topic or research problem.
What is the importance of considering those factors in selecting a research problem?
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3. Explain briefly. Research starts with a problem and ends with a new problem.
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4. What is the purpose of research ethics in doing research work?
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5. A research can be replicated but not the findings. Why?
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 What is it?

Discussion of Activity 1

You just learned the characteristics, processes and ethics of research.

1. As a researcher, you can play the role of a member of a research team, can you
identify the processes involved in conducting research and its characteristics?
Enumerate those processes.

2. What are the various research ethics and rights of a research participant
 What’s more?

Read and Analyse

Direction: Read the following articles below and answer the questions that follow
.Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Ethics in Qualitative Research

Certain ethical challenges in qualitative research necessitate sustained

attention of two interconnected worlds: the world of the researcher and the
world of the participant. A critical view of some of the ethical challenges in
the participants’ andresearchers’ world reveals that how we examine both
these worlds’ effects how we design our research. In addition, it reflects the
need for researchers to develop an ethical research vocabulary at the
inception of their research life through multiple modes. The modes may
include dialogue in the spoken and written and visual to affect their aims to
adhere to the principles of respect, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice
in a way that is mutually beneficial to the participant and the researcher.1
Further, the deliberations in this paper reveal that a critical conscious
research ethics are embedded in the unfolding research ethics process
involving the participants and the researchers, and both the participant and
researcher add equal weight to the transparency of the ethical process and
add value to building methodological and ethical rigor to the research.1
The global public health response to COVID-19 could be significantly
enhanced by safe, effective vaccines and treatments, reliable measures of
correlates of immune protection, and improved scientific knowledge of the
disease and its transmission. It is widely agreed that vaccines would be
particularly important, and over 100 candidate vaccines are currently being
developed . Well designed human challenge studies provide one of the
most efficient and scientifically powerful means for testing vaccines,
especially because animal models are not adequately generalizable to
humans.

1
Aluwihare-S. (2012). Ethics in Qualitative Research: A View of the Participants’ and Researchers’
World from a Critical Standpoint. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(2), 1.

Challenge studies could thus be associated with substantial public health

benefit in so far as they (a) accelerate vaccine development, (b)
 increase the likelihood that the most effective (candidate) vaccines will
ultimately become available), (c) validate tests of immunity, and (d) improve
knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. 2

Questions:
1.Based on the article, how will you define ethics in research?
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2.Are SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.study on humans rather than animal
models unethical?
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3.If you were a part of the research teams conducting such phenomenon, what will
you do to correct the unethical feature of the experiment?
_
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_

What I have learned

Complete the sentence stem below. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Research process is a step by step procedure that guides the researcher
in conceptualizing and conducting the research. These seven steps are
_
_

2
World Health Organization (2020). Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of COVID-19 .human
challenge studies. WHO/2019-nCoV/Ethics criteria/2020.1

2. According to Sanchez (2002) research is a continuous undertaking of

making known the unknown. This definition of research leads to common
 characteristics of research. Can you elaborate further on this?

3. What are some of the ethical codes of research?

_ _

4. What are some tips to avoid plagiarism when one is conducting research?

What I can do

Answer the following question and write your answers on a space provided.
1. How do you characterize good research writing?

2. What is the importance of following the ethical standards in conducting

a research?
 _

__

Additional Activities

Look for a sample of local or foreign research in your own field of

specialization (internet).Evaluate the research if it follows the ethical practices in
conducting research.

Assessment

Direction: Identify what characteristic of a researcher is being referred to in the

following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. An experience researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.

a. Responsible Publication
b. Non-discrimination
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility
2. The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected
by the research and its results.
a. Care
b. Human subjects protection
c. Respect for colleagues
d. Social Responsibility.
3. Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in
the study.
a. Voluntary participation
b. Informed consent
c. Risk of harm
d. Social responsibility
4. When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another
should be done.
a. Objectivity
 b. Legality
c. Care
d. Responsible Publication
5. The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when
conducting the study.
a. Confidentiality
b. Competence
c. Legality
d. Openness
6. All the data to be reported should include all facts and accuracy.
a. Honesty
b. Objectivity
c. Competence
d. Care
7. Whatever agreed upon by the participants must be actualized.
e. Integrity
f. Legality
g. Social Responsibility
h. Responsible Publication
8. The researchers should accept all comments and considerations.
a. Openness
b. Respect for intellectual property
c. Non-discrimination
d. Responsible mentoring
9. Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of
the following actions?
a. Talking to him or her privately
b. Surprising him or her with a questionnaire
c. Writing him or her a letter
d. Using a padrino system
10. Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of
the following actions?
a. Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire
b. Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the study section
c. Introducing himself or herself in an interview
d. Taking his or her picture

1
This set of questions presented in the post-test are extracted from the work of Cristobal, A.P. &
Cristobal, M.D. (2016).Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City.

REFERENCES

Abdullah, S.N. (2018) .Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research [PowerPoint slides].Retrieved

from http://www.academia.edu./ppt