RESEARCH

LONG EXAM 2
01 OCTOBER 2022

Question & Choices Answer & Rationale

RESEARCH ETHICS
1. In a study on the use of female condoms among commercial [RES 2.01. Ethics in Medical Research]
sex workers, the primary investigator corroborated with the
city health office to provide free health certificate to all those Non-maleficence - Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm;
who finish the study. In the above scenario, which ethical Do no harm
principle was violated? Justice - making sure that subjects are chosen based on just qualifications as
D subjects; Means NOT doing research only for the poor nor only for the rich
A. Beneficence who can afford them, but all populations.
B. Justice Respect for Persons (Autonomy) - All about informed consent and autonomy;
C. Non-Maleficence Right of a subject to withdraw or decline from being a subject.
D. Respect for Persons Beneficence - Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm

2. A research questionnaire was circulated among students, as Respondents of a study have the right to informed consent. They must be fully
part of their university registration packet. Although students informed before any research involvement begins.
were not told they ought to complete the questionnaire, the
hope was that they would believe they should; thus ensuring a
higher completion rate. In the above scenario, which ethical
principle was violated? B

A. Beneficence
B. Use of Informed Consent
C. Justice
D. Non-Maleficence
3. To test a human vaccine against malaria caused by P. vivax, a Beneficence AKA primum non nocere or do no harm. It maximizes possible
group of infectious disease specialists submitted a benefits and minimize possible harms. In this scenario the researchers violated
three-phase protocol to the Research Ethics Committee (REC) the principle of beneficence because part of their protocool was to
of the local university. Differing from other protocols, a deliberately infect research participants with malaria to evaluate the
“challenge” methodology was proposed; researchers planned effectiveness of the vaccine. Hence, causing harm to the study subjects.
to infect research participants with malaria to evaluate the
effectiveness of the vaccine. In the above scenario, what A
ethical principle was violated?

A. Beneficence
B. Respect for Persons
C. Justice
D. Use of Informed Consent
4. The work of researchers led by Catherine Verfaillie of the The principal investigator falsified the previous stem cell image as a new
University of Minnesota in Minneapolis was mired in result for their research.
controversy as it was found out that the same image of stem
cells, used in prior research, it was flipped through 180° and
slightly altered, and then used as evidence in their current
paper on stem cells. In this scenario, what ethical misconduct
D
was committed?

A. Plagiarism
B. Fabrication
C. Privacy
D. Falsification
5. Doctor-clinicians who were promised to be given PHP Fabrication: No true research is conducted with creation of false data
5,000.00 for each study subject that they could enroll in a
phase 4 drug trial included patients that were not actually
given the trial medication. In this scenario what ethical
misconduct was committed?
B
A. Confidentiality
B. Fabrication
C. Falsification
D. Plagiarism
6. Which of the following should not be part of the review All of these should be disclosed and provided for transparency except for
process of the ethics review committee? the budget funding as it does not have not any ethical considerations to
look upon.
A. Technical Validity of the Research Protocol B
B. Budget Potential Funding Agency for the Research Proposal
C. Payment Given to the Participants
D. Process of Study Subject Recruitment
7. This law/policy mandated that all researchers involving human D A. Voluntary consent is absolutely essential

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 participants should undergo an ethical review B. PNHRS Act
C. Rules and regulations on the registration including approval and
A. Nuremberg code conduct of clinical trials
B. RA 10532 D. Requirement for review of all health researches involving human
C. DOH Administrative Order 47A, Series 2001 participants
D. DOST Administrative Order 01, Series 2007 ○ All researches involving human participants should
undergo ethics review
8. The following may be designated as primary author Authorship includes anyone who:
● Was intimately involved in the conception and design of the
A. Statistician who analyzed the results of the research research
B. The financier of the research C ● Assumed responsibility for data collection and interpretation
C. Person who approved the final version of the research for ● Participated in drafting the publication
publication ● Approved the final version of the publication
D. Mentor or adviser of the research
9. Which of the following is/are (an) ethically accepted research ● Storing of data online is more prone to leakage of information
data storage system? ○ Example: Google forms
● Separate the gadget used for class from the research to prevent
A. External hard disk which is password protected and used misplacement of files
solely for the research A ● Misuse of storing or using the data can cause harm due to breaches
B. Password protected and file encrypted personal laptop being of confidentiality
used primarily by the primary investigator for her class
C. Google Drive with a password protected link
D. All are ethically accepted research data storage systems
10. Which of the following is/are (an) ethically accepted internet A. HR will select the inclusion and exclusion of the study- Wrong,
based research because HR is not part of the research group.
Manager will send the link- wrong, manager is not part of the
A. The investigators will ask the HR department of the business research group
process outsourcing company who will qualify to join the study,
based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The manager will B. Ethical issue: the topic is very sensitive and might bring bad
then send the link to the questionnaire to all these employees. memories to the children
The link will be directed to a google form. Graphs will be taken
from the summary of the google form C. Ethical issue: subjects are minors, topic is very sensitive to be done
online.
B. A qualitative phenomenological study to be conducted by a
D
pediatric resident trainee on the lived experience of children of
parents who died due to COVID-19. The resident will create a
Facebook discussion group that will target the children of
parents who died due to COVID-19

C. An online study by medical students to determine the mental

health status (i.e. anxiety, depression, suicidal tendency) of
adolescents during the pandemic through an online
questionnaire using google forms

D. All are not ethically acceptable internet-based research

BIAS AND CONFOUNDERS
Random error
- Due to chance
- Minimized by increasing sample size or decreasing variation in
measurements
11. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding
- Affects the internal validity
errors in research?
A. All statements are correct
Systematic error
B. Among the type of errors, only systematic errors result in
- Aka. Bias
erroneous estimate of association between exposure and
B - Affects the validity of the study
outcome
- Error introduced by factors that systematically affect the
C. Random errors are likely to be committed during the planning
measurement of variables across a sample population
or conduct of the study while systematic errors are likely to be
- Result in erroneous estimates of association between exposure and
committed in the research analysis
outcome
D. Random and systematic errors may also be called bias
- Has magnitude and direction
- Any derivation in the collection, analysis, interpretation and
publication of data leading to erroneous conclusions
- Examples: Selection bias, Information bias, Publication bias
12. Strategies to effectively control INFORMATION BIAS includes [RES-2.02-Bias and Confounders]
the following, EXCEPT: Measures to reduce or eliminate bias:
A. random allocation of treatment - Blinding
A
B. blinding of observers - Standardization
C. regular calibration of instruments - Training of observers/outcome assessors
D. training of interviewers - Training of interviewers

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 - Data collection tools
- Calibrated instruments
[RES-2.02-Bias and Confounders]

Observer Bias
13. In 2020, the Infection Prevention and Control Committee of - Type of bias wherein the observer’s opinions, expectations, and
the UERM Memorial Hospital conducted a series of prejudice influence the results of the research
observation on the medical staff and their hand-washing Pygmalion Bias
practices. When the staff learned they were being - Researcher’s expectations of a study subject can affect how the
observed, hand-washing recommendations were adhered to subject responds
more stringently. What is the BIAS most likely depicted in C Hawthorne Effect
the scenario? - Tendency of people to modify their behavior because they know
A. observer bias they are being studied
B. Pygmalion bias - Participants tend to perform better
C. Hawthorne effect Healthy Workers Effect
D.healthy workers effect - Specific to occupational cohort studies wherein the investigator may
seek to compare disease rates among individuals from a particular
occupational group with individuals in an external standard
population
Randomization: experimental design studies
- Assignment of study participants to tx group by random methods
- Ideal method for confounder controlling if done properly

14. In a study on the association of cardiovascular disease and Allocation (bias):

obesity, 128 participants were grouped according to age - occur in systematic difference between participant study groups
35-39, 40-44, 45-49 and 50-54 years of age. After which, the
association of cardiovascular disease were determined by Stratification
age groups. Which of the following ways to CONTROL - allows the association between exposure and outcome to be
C
EFFECTS OF CONFOUNDERS is described in the scenario? examined within different strata of the confounding variable.
A. Allocation - In the study given, you can control confounders by stratifying across
B. Randomization ages since age and gender are strongly associated with CVD. Age
C. Stratification and gender are strong confounders for CVD.
D.Matching
Matching: case control studies
- Involves control selection → potential confounders are similar to the
cases
- 2 types: GROUP matching and INDIVIDUAL matching
Random and systematic errors can be committed during planning, conduction,
15. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding and analysis → wrong interpretation of results
ERRORS IN RESEARCH?
A. Random errors are likely to be committed during the planning
or conduct of the study while systematic errors are likely to be Biases comprises the validity of the study, although random errors can also
committed in the research analysis. affect the internal validity
C Systematic errors are also called biases
B. All statements are correct.
C. Among the type of errors, only systematic errors result in - Random errors =/= bias
erroneous estimate of association between exposure and - Can go in either direction
outcome - Systematic error = introduced by factors that can affect
D.Random and systematic errors may also be called bias. measurement of variables across a sample population (usually
towards one direction)
16. BIAS is any deviation in collection of data in research that:
A. may be controlled in the design phase Bias can be controlled in the design phase
B. may be introduced by factors that randomly affect It can be introduced by factors that systematically affect measurement of
A
measurement of variables variables.
C. may be eliminated by increasing the sample size It cannot be eliminated by increasing the sample size.
D. All choices are correct.
Uneven distribution of an additional risk factor (confounder/third/mediator
17. Which of the following variables is the LEAST likely to be a
variable) between groups such that the observed association between
potential CONFOUNDER in a study on the association
exposure and outcome is distorted because the exposure is also correlated
between sedentary lifestyle and cardiovascular disease?
with this additional risk factor
A. socioeconomic status A
B. age
In a study on the association between sedentary lifestyle and CVD,
C. obesity
socioeconomic status is the least likely option that may distort the true value
D.gender
or degree of association of the two variables
18. The following statements characterizes CONFOUNDERS, A. It should not be part of causal pathway
EXCEPT: B, C, D. are characteristics of a Confounder
A. They may be part of the causal pathway between the
exposure and the disease. A
B. They are not the independent nor the dependent variable
under study.
C. They are associated with both dependent and independent

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variables.
D.They may be regarded also as a risk factor for a disease
outcome.
Administration Bias - effects caused by varying or unexpectedly adverse
test administration conditions (social, physical or technical)
19. This type of INFORMATION BIAS may be committed if the
Reportng Bias - occurs when individuals selectively suppress or reveal
person who provided the treatment is the same person who
information for certain reasons
will assess outcome:
Prevarication Bias - occurs when a subject over- or under- estimates
A. administration bias D
outcomes because of knowledge of the kind of treatment that had received
B. reporting bias
Observer Bias - from the investigator’s prior knowledge of the hypothesis
C. prevarication bias
under investigation or knowledge of an individual’s exposure or disease
D. observer bias
status

Internal Validity
● refers to the soundness of the methods utilized in the selection of
the study subjects, and the lack of error in measurement of
exposure/outcome and the association between variables under
investigation
● (For choice A) This is a MUST for a study to have External Validity
20. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding ● A study cannot be externally valid if it is not internally valid
INTERNAL and EXTERNAL VALIDITY? ● (For choice B) Not all internal validity will have a good
A. The finding of the study cannot be generalized to the general generalizability
population if the internal validity is questionable.
B. A study may have internal validity but does not always follow C External Validity
that it will have a good external validity ● refers to the degree to which inferences and findings from a sample
C. All statements are correct. can be extended to the target population
D. A random and systematic error may affect both internal and ● Also known as “generalizability”
external validity. ● Highlights the ability of the study to generalize beyond a set of
observations to some universal statement

(For choice D) systemic errors or biases result in erroneous estimates of

association between exposure and an outcome. Thus, bias can compromise
the validity of the study

DATA COLLECTION
Advantages of Close-Ended Questions Data Collection
21. Which of the following statements is an advantage of using
Ex. Ability to code and analyze answers
“CLOSED-ENDED QUESTIONS” in DATA COLLECTION?
Ex. Suitable for analysis
A. exploratory for developing questions
Ex. Useful for determining intensity of feeling, degree of involvement,
B. no response limitations D
frequency of participation
C. stimulates free thought as it solicits suggestions
D. useful for determining intensity of feeling and frequency of
Disadvantages
participation
Ex. Missed out important dimensions because of response limitations
Double-barreled questions:
Ex. How many cups of tea or coffee do you have on a normal day?
22. In one data collection tool, one question stated “How many Are you asking if it's tea? Or just coffee? Or tea and coffee?
glasses of soda or iced tea do you consume in one meal?” Loaded questions
This ERRONEOUS TYPE OF QUESTIONING may be referred Ex Why do you hate religious people?
to as: Ex. Why do you hate the Marcoses?
A
A. double-barreled ▪ Discriminating tone of question
B. leading Leading questions
C. loaded → How great is our hardworking customer service team?
D. vernacular ▪ May lead to presumptions
Vernacular Def: language spoken by the ordinary people in a particular
country
Construct validity - Whether the results of the tool are in accord with the
23. This type of VALIDITY FOR THE QUESTIONNAIRE refers to present theories concerning the area of research
how well a measurement conforms to THEORETICAL Criterion-related validity - The extent to which the tool results agree with
CONCEPTS concerning the area of research an independent external criterion (e.g. physical measures, clinical interview,
A. Construct validity A or another questionnaire)
B. Criterion-related validity Content validity - The adequacy with which important content has been
C. Content validity covered and transformed into questions
D. Face validity Face validity - whether a tool looks as though it measures what it is
supposed to measure
24. A group of sophomore medical students conducted a Mean - Average, is used to describe and summarize ratio and interval data
prevalence survey on malnutrition among children aged 3 to
5 years old. The WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND HEAD A Percentage - used to organize nominal data
CIRCUMFERENCE data may be best summarized as:
A. Mean Proportion - often used to determine if there is a difference in the prevalence

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B. Percentage of disorders
C. Proportion
D. Frequency Frequency - used to describe nominal and qualitative data; measures of
frequency include count, ratio, proportion and rate
25. Which of the following statements about PRE-TESTING THE Pre-testing involves a smaller sample size of respondents.
QUESTIONNAIRE is CORRECT? Pre-testing questionnaires are not reviewed by the respondents.
A. It is the administration of the questionnaire to about 20 to 50 The Respondents for pre-testing need not reflect the study respondents.
respondents, followed by interviews or discussions to determine
their understanding.
B. The results of pre-testing are incorporated into the rewriting of
the questionnaires, which will be reviewed by the respondents. A
C. The respondents who answered the pre-testing questionnaire
are comparable to the sample of would-be respondents and are
included in the study.
D.It involves asking of suggestions of the interviewers and
determination of the respondents’ understanding towards it after
administration of the questionnaire.
Cronbach’s alpha – measurement of internal consistency; looks at how
closely related the set of items are as a group
26. Which CRONBACH'S ALPHA SCORE is considered
“ACCEPTABLE” in most social science research situations?
A. 0.70
A
B. 0.50
C. 0.30
D. 0.10

27. Which of the following is an ADVANTAGE of an INTERVIEW

TYPE of DATA COLLECTION?
A. Yields better number of respondents
B. Responses may be influenced by the attitude of the A
interviewer
C. Can reach a greater number of people
D. Labor-intensive

28. TRAINING OF RESEARCH ASSISTANTS FOR DATA

GATHERING is done to avoid which of the following
RELIABILITY ERROR?
A. Inter-observer A
B. Intra-observer
C. Repeat reliability
D. Inter-test

Nominal
- number or names
29. A group of medical students conducted a cross-sectional
Ordinal
study that looked into the sexual orientation, gender identity,
- can be ordered or ranked
and expression (SOGIE) of patients and their preference for
Interval
their primary care physician. Determination of SOGIE
- exact or equal distance between 2 categories can be determined
represents which SCALE OF MEASUREMENT? A
- Zero point is arbitrary
A. Nominal
- Ex: Temperature, Calendar time, IQ
B. Ordinal
Ratio
C. Interval
- Zero point is fixed (RatiO=ZERO)
D. Ratio
- Ex: Weight, height, BP, no. of prenatal visits, no. of seizure
occurrences
30. In one data collection tool, one question stated “How many Double-barreled questions is a kind of question that includes more than
A
glasses of soda or iced tea do you consume in one meal?” one topic and is asking about two different issues, while only allowing a

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 This ERRONEOUS TYPE OF QUESTIONING may be referred single answer
to as:
A. Double-barreled
B. Leading
C. Loaded
D. Vernacular
DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
A. Data editing
31. Which of the following activities suggests DATA EDITING?
- Uniformity: Standardize all answers involving units of measurement.
A. Rounding off all data entries for weight to the nearest 0.1 of a
kg for consistency
B. Data coding
B. Assigning the number 0 for those whose body mass index
- Scale coding: Represent grouping of responses which vary in
(BMI) category is normal and 4 for those whose BMI category is
A degree or intensity along a continuum.
obese
C. Converting weight in lbs to kgs and height in feet to cm to m2
C. Data computing
and dividing weight in kg to height in m2 to get the body mass
- Converting the units of measurement given by the respondents to
index (BMI)
the unit of measurement specified for the variable of interest.
D. All options are correct

32. This refers to a type of CODING about KNOWLEDGE on five Listing codes - are used when several combinations of multiple responses
possible symptoms of COVID-19 with responses coded as 1 are anticipated. A column is allocated for each possible answer with 0 for
for “YES” and 2 for “NO” “NO” and 1 for “YES”
A. Listing codes A Field codes - data are recorded as they are given by the respondent
B. Field codes Scale codes - data are recorded as degree or intensity along a continuum
C. Scale codes Bracket codes - data are recorded as range of values
D. Bracket codes
Frequency polygon – can show differences in the distribution of a
quantitative continuous variable (i.e., anti-HAV IgG titers) between two or
33. Which GRAPH can best depict the difference in the average
more groups (i.e., urban vs. rural) in a single graph
anti-HAV IgG titers between those living in the rural versus
urban areas?
Component bar graph - preferable over the pie graph where compositions
A. Frequency polygon
A of two or more groups are to be compared
B. Component bar graph
C. Scatter plot
Scatter plot - to show relationships between two quantitative variables
D. Histogram
Histogram - graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a
continuous variable
Median
34. Which of the following can be used to summarize or describe Middlemost
data on one’s preparedness to work during an emergency Used to describe and summarize quantitative ordinal and skewed numerical
response ranging from 1=completely unprepared, data
2=somewhat unprepared, 3=neither, 4=somewhat prepared Mode
and 5=very prepared? A Most frequently occurring value in a set of observations
A. Median Mean
B. Mode Average
C. Mean Used to describe and summarize ratio and interval plan
D. Range Range
Difference between the highest and lowest values
35. A researcher wants to determine if there is a significant PREVALENCE is a PROPORTION, and the TWO GROUPS being compared
difference in the prevalence of needlestick and are community health workers and hospital-based workers.
sharps-related injuries between community health workers
and hospital workers. What type of RESEARCH OBJECTIVE is
being considered in the choice of the STATISTICAL TEST. A
A. Comparison between group proportions
B. Comparison with some pre-specified value
C. Comparison between group means
D. Relationship or association
36. If a CHI SQUARE TEST will be used to determine if there is a PROPORTIONS describe data in the NOMINAL SCALE. The objective is
significant difference in the PROPORTION of medical comparison between proportions, not relationship or association. The three
students eager to return FTF engagement among the year levels are independent of each other.
different year levels, which of the following were considered
in the choice of the STATISTICAL TEST? A
A. Nominal scale measurement
B. Relationship between variables as the research objective
C. Relatedness of the three year levels
D. All options are correct
37. Which GRAPH can best depict the difference in the average HISTOGRAM: Graphical representation that displays data by way of bars to
anti-HAV IgG titers between those living in the rural versus show the frequency of numerical data
urban areas? COMPONENT BAR GRAPH: Data have items whose magnitudes have 2
A. histogram or more components. Items are represented by rectangular bars of equal

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B. component bar graph width with the height proportional to the magnitude
C. scatter plot SCATTER PLOT: Plots along two axes at right angles to each other the
D. frequency polygon relationship between variable quantities. It gives a rough estimate of the
type and degree of correlation between the variables
FREQUENCY POLYGON: For understanding the shapes of distributions.
Serve the same purpose as histograms, but are especially helpful for
comparing sets of data
38. Which of the following should be considered in the Number of samples, level of measurement of the variable and relatedness
CHOICE OF A STATISTICAL TEST? of sample are all inclusions or things to consider with regards to choosing a
A. number of samples statistical test.
D
B. level of measurement of the variable
C. relatedness of the sample
D. All options are correct

39. CODING is the beginning point most forms of QUALITATIVE

DATA ANALYSIS.
A
A. True
B. False

40. Confounders can be controlled during the ANALYSIS PHASE Confounders can be controlled during the analysis phase using STRATIFIED
of the research process. ANALYSIS or REGRESSION ANALYSIS
A
A. True
B. False
DATA PRESENTATION
TABULAR - organizes data into rows and columns; clearly convey large
41. Which of the methods of DATA PRESENTATION incorporates
amounts of information that would be cumbersome to write in paragraph
data in SENTENCES and PARAGRAPHS?
PICTOGRAPH - graph that uses pictures/symbols as information; makes
A. Tabular
C data visually interesting
B. Diagram
TEXTUAL - simplest form; presented in the form of words, phrases,
C. Textual
sentences of paragraphs
D. Graphical
GRAPHICAL - graphs and histograms
TABULAR - organizes data into rows and columns; clearly convey large
42. Which method of DATA PRESENTATION organizes data in
amounts of information that would be cumbersome to write in paragraph
ROWS and COLUMNS
TEXTUAL - simplest form; presented in the form of words, phrases,
A. tabular
A sentences of paragraphs
B. textual
GRAPHICAL - graphs and histograms
C. graphical
PICTOGRAPH - graph that uses pictures/symbols as information; makes
D.diagram
data visually interesting
Rules in Making a Table
● A number is assigned to the table (e.g., Table 1)
43. Which is/are TRUE regarding creation of a TABLE in DATA ● Title should be given to the table which is concise and
PRESENTATION self-explanatory
A. All options are correct ● Contents of the tables should be defined clearly
B. Group intervals in columns and rows for tables must be A ● Subtitles should be written for rows and columns
mutually exclusive ● Group intervals in columns and rows should be neither be too
C. Footnotes explain the symbols in the table narrow nor too wide and should be mutually exclusive
D. Subtitles should be written for rows and columns ● Unit of measurement should be mentioned clearly
● Any symbol should be explained in the footnote
● There should be logical arrangement of data in the table
Omitting the baseline
● Truncation of a graph
○ A way by which data are presented to mislead in which
writers skew how a data is perceived by making the
44. This methods of MAKING THE BASELINE A NUMBER OTHER baseline a different number.
THAN “0” is called Cherry Picking the data
A. Omitting the baseline ● Writers may only include certain data points on their graphs to
A
B. Cherry picking the data reinforce their narrative which creates a false impression of the data
C. Manipulating the Y axis
D. using the wrong graph Manipulating the Y axis
● Expanding or compressing the scale on a graph which makes the
data seem more or less significant that they actually are
Using the wrong graph
● Using the wrong type of graph can skew the data

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45. T/F PIE CHARTS are used to compare difference between Column charts and Histograms are examples of diagrams applicable to
FALSE
TWO OR MORE VARIABLES research data with two or more variables
46. T/F PIE CHARTS are best used if the SLICES ARE MORE Pie charts are NOT applicable to research data with two or more variables.
FALSE
THAN 5 Bar chart is a preferable alternative if there’s more than 3 slices
A. Histogram → Bars touch each other, hence no spaces between bars

B. Bar Graph → Bars do not touch each other, hence there are spaces
between bars (refer to image above)
C. Deviation bar graph → Useful for presenting net quantities with both
positive and negative values
● Positive deviations
○ Presented by bars above the baseline.
● Negative deviations
○ Presented by bars below the baseline
47. What is the graph where BARS TOUCH EACH OTHER, hence,
there are NO SPACES BETWEEN BARS
A. Histogram
A
B. Bar graph
C. Deviation bar diagram
D. Component bar graph

D. Component bar graph → Items are represented by rectangular bars

of equal width with the height proportional to the magnitude
● The bars are divided so that the subdivisions in height
represent the components

48. The elements in this kind of graph are GROUPED TOGETHER Refer to previous number for ratio of C and D
AS RANGES Refer to row of Elements for Comparison of option A and B
A. Histogram
A
B. Bar graph
C. Deviation bar diagram
D. Component bar graph

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 A. Discrete- Integers/ Whole numbers; Countable in a finite amount of time;
49. What kind of variable is MONEY? e.g. money age
A. Discrete A
B. Continuous B. Continuous- Fractions/Decimals; Would literally take forever to count; e.g.
time
Line Graph → used to display the comparison between two variables (X-axis:
time; Y-axis: Quantity)
→ Displays a change in direction
→ Show trends of an event
→ For time series data or patterns over time
50. What graph is used to display the comparison between two
Scatterplot
variables which are plotted on the x-axis and y-axis, where
→ Plots along two axes at right angles to each other the relationship
the x-axis represents TIME, while the y-axis represents
between variable quantities
QUANTITY
A → Gives a rough estimate of the type and degree of correlation
A. Line graphs
between the variables
B. Deviation bar diagram
C. Scatterplot Deviation Bar Diagram → useful for presenting net quantities which have
D. Bar graph both positive & negative values
→ Positive deviations: bars above the baseline
→ Negative deviations: bars below the baseline
Bar Graph → consists of a series of rectangular bars of equal width
→ Vertical Bar Graph: used for ordinal data
→ Horizontal Bar Graph: used for nominal data
LE1 QUESTIONS
51. For the following research problem or topic, please choose A: unethical to experiment on humans for the use of vape to test if it will
which FINER criteria is not satisfied. Please put yourself in the result in arrhythmia
shoes of second year medical students as you assess the
problem or topic.
Will the use of Vape lead to arrhythmia using an experimental
A
study
A. Ethical
B. Relevant
C. Novel
D. Feasible
52. For the following research problem or topic, please choose A: This is not relevant to the field of medicine or as a medical student. This
which FINER criteria is not satisfied. Please put yourself in is relevent if the course was elementary education.
the shoes of second year medical students as you assess
the problem or topic.
Among parents and teachers of preschool children aged
4-6 years in Quezon City, what are their experiences with
A
the online school setup using a phenomenological study
A. Relevant
B. Novel
C. Feasible
D. Interesting
E. Ethical
53. With the following research problem “Among public health
care workers what are their motivations to continue working
during the pandemic using a phenomenological study A
approach”. Which of the following is a possible refinement of
the research problem?

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A. Are there any social pressures bearing on the healthcare Association refinement is not possible with phenomenological study. This
workers can only be done with a cross sectional study.
B. What is the level of motivation of the healthcare workers?
C. Is there an association between motivation and social stigma? The level of motivation is another quantitative result that does not
D. Is there an association between the status of the hospital correspond to the phenomenological study design.
(DOH retained or local government) and the level of motivation of
the healthcare workers?
Simple hypothesis- one predictor and one outcome variable
54. Which hypothesis contains more than one predictor variable
Complex hypothesis- more than one predictor variable or more than one
or more than one outcome variable?
outcome variable
A. Simple
B Specific hypothesis- no ambiguity about the subjects and variables. It uses
B. Complex
concise operational definitions that summarize the nature and source of the
C. Mixed
subjects and how variables will be measured.
D. Compound
● There is no such thing as a “mixed” or “compound” hypothesis.
55. What describes the relationship between two or more A. Prediction of a relationship which can be tested.
variables allowing for the relationship to be tested empirically
and summarizes the elements of the research study? B. Indicates the goal or what is to be achieved in the study
A. Hypothesis A
C. Shows how much variables are related to each other.
B. Objective
C. Strength of Association D. Where the collected data is analyzed and measured
D. Data analysis
Demographic characteristics may be considered independent variables, but
the best answer in this case is background variables.
56. What kind of variables are demographic characteristics of the These are evident variables that can inadvertently/unintentionally affect
study subjects? both independent and dependent variables
A. Independent A background variable is a certain factor in a respondent's background or
C
B. Confounding circumstance which may affect other variables. When one says
C. Background “background variable” they are almost almost always referring to a subject’s
D. Dependent demographic characteristics.
The dependent variable is what the researcher is trying to measure or
explain, and is the object of the research; also known as the outcome
Foreground question
→ Research question/ focused clinical question
→ Population of interest
▪ Refers to the general characteristics of the group subjects in
question
→ Exposure in question
▪ May be a drug, treatment modality, diagnostic test, risk
factor, or anything that is being tested for its influence on a
certain outcome
57. [T/F] A research question is an example of background → Comparison
False
question. ▪ Refers to the alternative intervention (i.e., may be drug of
choice/gold standard) or exposure
→ Outcome expected
▪ Primary endpoint being tested/investigated
→ Methodology
▪ Study design of the research implemented

Background question
→ Anything you can find in a textbook
→ Basic information
58. [T/F] The following statement “Increasing animal fats in the
diet will lead to increased triglycerides and LDL which are
True
both contributory to atherosclerosis is an example of a
background question.”
Foreground Question
59. The following statement “Whether or not a ketogenic diet will ● Research question / Focused clinical question
lead to long term weight loss for the elderly population and is ● The statement is an example of a research question since it is
safe with no significant adverse events” is an example of a controversial and ripe for study. It is also not an established fact
A. Foreground question A
B. Background question Background Question
C. Primary question ● Basic Information
D. Secondary question ● Established fact
● Anything you can find in a textbook
60. At the onset of this observational research, the study ● Cohort - starts with the organization of the two groups based on the
population was first organized into two groups: those with exposure factor and followed in time for the development of the outcome
A
exposure factor and those without the exposure factor. The ● Cross-sectional - has one study population with the data collection at one
objective of the study is to determine the proportion of those point in time

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 who will develop the outcome or disease of interest in these ● Case-control - starts with the organization of the two groups based on the
two groups and then compute for the measure of association. disease or outcome
What is this type of epidemiologic study design? ● Quasi-experimental - an experimental research design without random
A. Cohort allocation of treatment or intervention
B. Cross-sectional
C. Case-control
D. Quasi-experimental
61. This type of analytic-observational study which looks forward Cohort study measure of association
in time for the development of the outcome uses what
measure of association that will tell the ratio of the outcome
in the two groups being analyzed?
A
A. Relative risk
B. Odds ratio
C. Coefficient of correlation
D. Hazards ratio
62. In a clinical trial, the following measures that estimate the Data analysis or measurements that can be used in clinical trials: Relative
effect of the intervention: Risk (RR), Risk Difference a.k.a Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR), Relative Risk
A. All the choices are correct Reduction (RRR).
A
B. Risk difference
C. Relative risk
D. Relative risk reduction
Exclusion criteria indicate individuals who meet the inclusion
criteria and are suitable for the study if it were not for
63. The Department of Health determined the association of characteristics that might interfere with the success of follow-up
e-cigarette use and moderate to severe COVID-19 infection efforts, the quality of the data, or the acceptability of randomized
among healthy young Filipinos aged 20-35 years residing in treatment.
the National Capital Region. Which of the following is an
acceptable EXCLUSION CRITERION for thi epidemiologic
investigation?
A
A. Filipino adults on vacation in Metro Manila for four weeks (i.e.,
returning overseas Filipino workers)
B. Filipino adults older than 35 years old
C. Filipino adults living in Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon
(CALABARZON)
D. Filipino adults with no known comorbidities
In this scenario, returning OFWs are excluded because they are more likely
to be lost to follow up.
64. A multi-center real world evidence study was conducted to In stratified random sampling, the population is first divided into
determine the cardiorenal safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in non-overlapping groups called strata, then a simple random sample is then
the management of hyperglycemia in the primary cae setting. selected from each stratum
Investigators identified adult diabetics consulting at selected
Family and Community Medicine out-patient clinics in the
National Capital Region. The investigators identified diabetic Multi-stage sampling results in the concentration of sampling which often
patients with heart failure with reduce ejection fraction yields lower cost per unit of inquiry.
(HFrEF) and with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
(HFpEF) and recruited study subjects with a 1:1 ratio. They
A
also included patients with chronic kidney disease (Stages 1
and 2 vs. Stages 3 and 4) but excluded those with end-stage Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling.
renal disease (ESRD) or Stage 5 CKD on hemodialysis and
those who have undergone kidney transplantation. What type
of PROBABILITY SAMPLING was employed?
A. Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic sampling is a variation of the simple random sampling wherein
B. Multi-Stage Sampling
there is a sampling interval. There is a known interval “k”.
C. Quota Sampling
D. Systematic Sampling

65. Which of the following statements on the NON-RESPONSE

RATE is TRUE?
If the non-response is only related to the exposure and not to the disease,
A. The proportion of subjects selected for the study who consent
this affects the distribution of the exposure in the study but not the
to be enrolled influences the validity of inferring that the enrolled
observed effect, e.g. the relative risk, and thus it does not affect the
sample represents the population.
A internal validity of the study.
B. The level of non-response can potentially compromise the
internal validity of the study It does distort the estimate of the prevalence as nonresponse bias may
C. A significant non-response rate does not distort the estimate occur.
of the prevalence of a chronic non-communicable disease
D. An acceptable non-response rate may be set at 50% or below Total nonresponse should not exceed 30 percent for any analyzed
for most cross-sectional studies. variable.

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