Q2 Module 5 Optical Instruments

Optical Instruments
Q2- MODULE 5
MELC
Identify ways in which the
properties of mirrors and
lenses determine their
use in optical instruments (e.g.
cameras and binoculars)
(S10FE-IIh-52)
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
 It is a wonderful
instrument, relying on
refraction and lenses
to form images.
 But it has limitations.
What are these
limitations?
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
 It cannot see clearly
very far objects such
as heavenly bodies.
 It cannot see clearly

very small things such
as microorganisms.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
MAGNIFYING GLASS
MAGNIFYING GLASS
The magnifying lens is the simplest optical instrument
that is composed of a single convex lens.
The main function of a magnifying glass is to provide
an image of an object that is bigger than that seen by
the naked eye.
The image formed in the lens appears behind the
lens.
The image is upright, virtual, and enlarged.
MAGNIFYING GLASS
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
A compound microscope consists of
a combination of lenses for
magnifying an object several
hundred times.
It uses two converging lenses with
short focal lengths.
The first lens which is near the object
is the objective lens, while the one
nearer the eye is the eyepiece.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
 EYEPIECE  OBJECTIVE LENS

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
The objective lens forms
the first real and
enlarged inverted
image.
The eyepiece, on the
other hand, forms a
further enlarged, erect,
but virtual final image.
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
The objective lens forms
the first real and
enlarged inverted image.
The eyepiece, on the
other hand, forms a
further enlarged, but
remains inverted virtual
final image.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
CAMERA
CAMERA
A camera is an optical instrument that forms and
records an image of an object.
The image may be recorded on film, or it may be
detected by an electronic sensor that stores the
image digitally.
Regardless of how the image is recorded, all
cameras form images in the same basic way
CAMERA
CAMERA
Light passes through the lens at the front of the camera and
enters the camera through an opening called the aperture.
As light passes through the lens, it forms a reduced real
image. The image focuses on film (or a sensor) at the back of
the camera. The lens may be moved back and forth to bring
the image into focus.
The shutter controls the amount of light that actually strikes
the film (or sensor). It stays open longer in dim light to let
more light in.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
BINOCULARS
BINOCULARS
Binoculars consist of a pair of
telescopes mounted
together, each having an
objective lens and an
eyepiece.
The image formed by the
objective lens of binoculars is
upside-down, and the left
and right sides are reversed.
BINOCULARS
Binoculars use a system of prisms to switch the image left to right

and right to left.
Then the eyepieces create enlarged, virtual, upright images.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
TELESCOPE
TELESCOPES
A telescope allows us to
see distant objects such
as the moon and stars.
It contains two converging
lenses, namely, the
objective and the
eyepiece.
TELESCOPES
The objective lens is a very large lens that collects a
large amount of light from a faraway object.
It has a very long focal length because the object
distance is much greater than the image distance.
The objective lens forms the object’s first real,
inverted, and reduced object.
TELESCOPES
The second lens is the eyepiece lens.
It has a short focal length. It acts like a magnifying
lens for the image cast by the objective lens.
The eyepiece lens is closer to the eye.
It forms a final virtual, inverted, enlarged image
TELESCOPES
Figure 1. (a) Galileo made telescopes with a convex objective and

a concave eyepiece. These produce an upright image and are
used in spyglasses.
TELESCOPES
 (b) Most simple telescopes have

two convex lenses. The objective
forms a case 1 image that is the
object for the eyepiece. The
eyepiece forms a case 2 final
image that is magnified.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
ENDOSCOPE
ENDOSCOPES
 An endoscope is a long flexible tube that is inserted in the
body so that a doctor can observe internal passages such
as a person’s esophagus or intestine.
It has a converging lens and bunches of optical fibers that
convey the image to the end of the tube, where the image
can be observed through a computer monitor or screen.
An endoscope uses the concept of TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION.
ENDOSCOPES
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
PERISCOPE
PERISCOPES
A periscope is an optical device consisting of a
tube attached to a set of mirrors or prisms, through
which an observer (typically in a submerged
submarine or behind a high obstacle) can see
things that are otherwise out of sight.
A periscope is a useful example of the law of
reflection at work.
PERISCOPES
In a periscope, light from an
object strikes the top mirror
(mirror A) at 45° and bounces
off at the same angle.
This sends light directly down
the tube and onto the lower
mirror (mirror B). This mirror, also
at a 45° angle, reflects light
directly to your eye.
PERISCOPES
In a periscope, light from an
object strikes the top mirror
(mirror A) at 45° and bounces
off at the same angle.
This sends light directly down
the tube and onto the lower
mirror (mirror B). This mirror, also
at a 45° angle, reflects light
directly to your eye.

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Optical Instruments

 It cannot see clearly

 EYEPIECE  OBJECTIVE LENS

Binoculars use a system of prisms to switch the image left to right

Figure 1. (a) Galileo made telescopes with a convex objective and

 (b) Most simple telescopes have

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