JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAya

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC:- OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

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Name: Bhoomika Rathva
Class: 12th
Roll no.: 1205
Guided by: sh. Santosh Bahuguna

CERTIFICATE

This is to hereby to certify that, the original and genuine

investigation work has been carried out to investigate about the
subject matter and the related data collection and investigation has
been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by BHOOMIKA
RATHVA of CLASS XII Science, Jawahar Navodaya
Vidyalaya,vadodara regarding her project titled OPTICAL
INSTRUMENT.

DATE:
PLACE:

Teacher signature: Principal Signature:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere

thanks to My Principal S.K.DAMOR and My Physics
Teacher Sh. SANTOSH BAHUGUNA to providing a helping
hand in this project. Their Valuable guidance, support and
supervision all through this project titled OPTICAL
INSTRUMENT are responsible for attaining its present
form.

BHOOMIKA
RATHVA
XII SCIENCE

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SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 5.

2. MICROSCOPE 6.

3. TELESCOPE 12.

4. MAGNIFIER 16.

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 INTRODUCTION

Optical instruments are the devices which process light wave to

.Useofanopticalinstruments,such as a magnifying lens or any complicated
device like microscope or telescope usually makes things bigger and helps
us to see in a more
detailedmanner.Theuseofconverginglensesmakesthingsappearlarger and
on the other hand, diverging lenses always gets you smallerimages.

While using a converging lens, it’s important to remember that, if an

objectisatalargerdistancethentheimageisdiminishedandwillbevery
nearertothefocalpoint.Whiletheobjectkeepsonmovinginthedirection of the
lens, the image moves beyond the focal point and enlarges. When
objectisplacedat2F,whichistwotimesthefocaldistancefromthelens, the
image and object becomes of the same size. When the object moves from
2F towards the focal point (F), it’s image keeps moving out of the lens
and enlarges till it goes to infinity when the object reaches the focal point,
F. As the object moves closer to the lens, the image moves in the direction
of the lens from negative infinity and gets smaller when the object gets
closer tolens.

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 The Microscope:

A microscope has two converging lens. This is because it is easier to get

higher magnification with two lenses rather than just one. Use of one
lenscan magnify 5 times more and using a second will magnify 7 times,
and you will get an overall magnification of 35 which is not
possibleinonelens.It’saneasyprocedurethantogetmagnificationbya
factorof35withasinglelens.Araydiagramofmicroscopearrangement is
given below. Here you can see the image is the object for the second
lensandtheimageformedbythesecondlensistheimagethatyouwould see
when you looked through themicroscope.

As we all know Microscope is an optical instrument used to view small

object. Let us first talk about the simple microscope.

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Asimplemicroscopeisanopticalinstrument,weuseforthemagnification of
small objects to get a clear image or vision. It is a convex lens having a
shortfocallength.Thismicroscopeisatasmalldistancefromtheobjectfor the
magnification and hence this forms a virtual image. The simple
microscopeenablesustoviewverysmalllettersandfigures.Watchmakers
alsomakeuseofthese.Nowletusseewhatcompoundmicroscopeis.

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With a compound microscope, we get very large values of magnification.
We use this microscope to see microscopic objects like microorganisms.It
comprises of two convex lenses and magnification occurs in both of these
lenses. the components of a compound microscope are eyepiece, objective
lens, fine and rough adjustment screw. A microscope has two converging
lens. This is because it is easier to get higher magnification with two
lensesratherthanjustone.Useofonelenscanmagnify5timesmoreand using a
second will magnify 7 times, and you will get an overall magnification of
35 which is not possible in one lens. It’s an easy
procedurethantogetmagnificationbyafactorof35withasinglelens.A
raydiagramofmicroscopearrangementisgivenbelow.Hereyoucansee the
image is the object for the second lens and the image formed by the
secondlensistheimagethatyouwouldseewhenyoulookedthroughthe
microscope.

The standard optical microscope consists of two lenses (each can be a

compound lens). By placing the object to be observed very close to the
focal point of the first or objective lens, a larger real (but inverted)image
willbeproduced.Thisrealimageisthenobservedwithasecondlens,the
eyepiece,whichactsasamagnifiertomaketheimageevenlarger.Ifyou
weareyeglassesorreadingglasses,removingthemwillallowyoutoview the
microscopeproperly.

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The net magnification of the entire system is the product of the
magnifications of the objective and eyepiece. For these we just use the
magnifications given for a simple lens and a magnifier:

Because the image is much larger than the object, it usually requires that
the object be brightly lit, or it will be too dark to see well.

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Anotherpracticallimitonanopticalmicroscopecomes fromthefactthat the
wavelength of visible light is so “large”. The fineness of detail that can be
observed, measured in radians, is given by Rayleigh’scriterion:

where d is the diameter of the opening through which the light passes
(such as the objective), and l is the wavelength of light used. This
limitationcomesfromthewavepropertiesoflight.Lightpassingthrough a
narrow opening undergoes diffraction, which spreads the beam out.
Diffraction is basically just the interference pattern of a light wave with
other portions within the same opening instead of a differentopening.

Better resolution can be obtained using UV light, but that only helps a
little.

Electrons have much smaller wavelengths than visible light, and so can
beusedtoseesmallerdetails.Thisisthebasisoftheelectronmicroscope,
whichusesmagneticfieldstofocustheelectrons.However,thisisgetting off
the subject of light &color.

Angular Magnification

Because the actual image distance and size are often unknown (in
astronomy usually unknown), we will deal with angular magnification
instead.

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The angular magnification is simple the ratio of the focal lengths of the
objective & eyepiece:

So with a telescope of some fixed objective, higher magnification is just

a matter of using small focal length eyepieces., The magnification is
usually described as magnifying “power”, often just designated with an
“X”. Thus a telescope with a magnification of 100 would be described as
“100 power” or “100 X”.

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 Telescopes:
Asweusetelescopetoviewaobjectthatisatverydistantplace,therefore, a
telescope needs at least two lenses. The first lens forms a diminished
image which is nearer to its focal point. This device is designed in a way
sothatrealandinvertedimageformedbythefirstlensisjustnearertothe second
lens than its focal length. With the help of a magnifying glass,we
getsaenlargedimagewhichisvirtual.Thefinalimagetheninvertedwith
respect to the object. This doesn’t really matter with the astronomical
telescope.While observing an object which is on earth, we usually prefer
a straight image which is obtained using a third lens. The telescope is of
two types. One is the reflecting type and another one is the refracting type.
Reflecting telescopes are the ones which do not use lenses at all. They use
mirrors to focus the light together. The type of mirror used is a concave
mirror.

Mirrors also bend the light together, except that they do it by reflecting the
light instead of bending it. Refracting telescopes work by using two lenses
to focus the light and make it look like the object is closer to you than it
reallyis.Boththelensesareinashapeof‘convex’.Convexlensesworkby
bending lightinwards.

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Refracting Telescopes

Telescopes come in many different designs. Those that use a lens as the
objective to gather and focus the light are refracting telescopes, while
those that do this with mirrors are reflecting telescopes.

The first telescopes were refractors that used a convex lens to form an
inverted image of a distant object, and used a concave lens to invert this
image to an upright orientation as well as provide some additional
magnification. Because this was the sort of device Galileo used to make
the first important telescopic discoveries in astronomy, it is usually
referred to as a Galilean telescope.

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 Galilean Telescope

However, Kepler found that greater magnification could be obtained

using an eyepiece that was a convex lens, at the expense of keeping the
inverted orientation of the image formed by the objective.

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 Keplerian Telescope

Refracting telescopes used in astronomy are of the Keplerian type, while

the upright image of the Galilean design is usually preferred for
terrestrial observing.

The critical optical parameters for an astronomical telescope are its

light-gathering power, angular resolution, magnification, andimage
brightness.

Light-Gathering Power

The greater the diameter of the objective, the greater the surface thatwill
intercept the light from an object. If one is dealing with faint sources,
this is usually the single most important criterion. For this reason,
astronomers “label” telescope sizes by the diameter of their objectives
(lens or mirror) and try to make it as large as possible. If the diameter of
the telescope is D meters, then the surface area intercepting the lightis

The largest optical telescopes today have diameters of 8-10 m. By

contrast, the inner diameter of the iris in the human eye, after dark
adaptation, is about 1/2 cm.

Resolution
Although the diameter D is generally much larger than the wavelength
of light, it is not infinitely bigger, and Rayleigh’s criterion still applies.
Larger diameter objectives and smaller light wavelengths improve the
situation. (As a practical matter, atmospheric turbulence will dominate
over diffraction in degrading the image for telescopes larger than about
10 cm. Compensating for this phenomenon using adaptive optics or
placing the telescope above the atmosphere improve the situation).

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 Magnifiers

Perhaps the simplest optical instrument is the lens magnifier. Without

optical aid, we cannot “see” things close up. The eye will simply not
focus closer than about 0.25 m (unless you are nearsighted!). But an
object places just inside the focal point of a converging lens will produce
a large virtual image that can be viewed more easily. Let’s look at our
Convex Lens again.

Her we can see that the ratio of the heights of the subject and image, the
magnification Mis
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Usually we are able to get good magnification and place the image near
0.25 m if the object is close to the focal point on the object side of the
lens. Using i~ 0.25 m and s ~ f, we get

as long as f is measured in meters. (For f in cm, the constant in the

numerator is 0.25 x 100 = 25).

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 BIBILIOGRAPHY

➢ NCERT
➢ INTERNET
➢ LIBRARY
➢ MR.AJAY RAJPUT(PGT PHYSICS)

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