A

Project Report On

“INTRODUCTION TO DRONE”
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering
Under Guidance of

Er. Punya Pratap Singh

Lecturer

Head of Department
Dr. DEEPAK NAGARIA
Professor
By

VISHAL MADDHESHIYA
(2200430200063)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
(An Autonomous Institute)
Jhansi, U.P. India -284128
Session 2024-25
 CERTIFICATE
Department of Electrical Engineering
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Jhansi (U.P.) India-284128

This is to be certify that Project on “INTRODUCTION TO DRONE” has been successfully

delivered by “VISHAL MADDHESHIYA (BTech 3rd Year)” under my guidance in fulfilment
of bachelor degree from Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi during
academic year 2024-25.
DATE:
Co-ordinator Head of Department
Er. Punya Pratap Singh Dr. DEEPAK NAGARIA
Lecturer Head of Electrical Engg. Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this undertaking could not have been possible without the participation and
assistance of so many people whose names may not all be enumerated. Their contributions are
sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.
I am sincerely grateful to my head of department Dr. Deepak Nagaria who provided us the
platform to work on my project. He supported us throughout our project journey and enlightened
me. I would also like to thank my mentor Er. AKANSHA KAUSHAL supported us at every stage
of this project. She supervised as well as provided all the necessary information regarding the
project and also supported in completing the project. Her constant guidance and willingness to
share her vast knowledge made us understand this project. I would like to show our gratitude
towards all the Electrical Engineering Faculty members who always willingly helped me.
I would like to express my gratitude to my parents and family for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which help me in the completion of this project.
 DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in B.Tech Project Report entitled
“INTRODUCTION TO DRONE”, as partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor Technology in Electrical Engineering, submitted to the Department of Electrical
Engineering of Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology Jhansi (UP), is an authentic
record of team work carried out under the supervision of Er. Punya Pratap Singh, in the Electrical
Engineering Department.
The matter presented in this project report in full or part, has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree elsewhere and is free from plagiarism.
TABLE OF CONTENT
 1.INTRODUCTON

Drones, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are aircraft that operate without a
human pilot on board. They are controlled remotely or autonomously using onboard computers,
GPS, and various sensors. Originally developed for military purposes, drones have evolved
significantly over the past few decades and are now utilized across numerous industries for their
versatility, efficiency, and ability to reach areas that are inaccessible or unsafe for humans.
In recent years, drones have become more affordable and accessible, leading to a surge in
applications beyond traditional military use. Today, drones are used in agriculture, surveillance,
disaster management, delivery services, and recreational photography, among many other
fields. These innovations have transformed industries by providing new perspectives, collecting
vast amounts of data, and performing complex tasks quickly and accurately.
With advancements in artificial intelligence, battery life, and sensor technology, drones are
becoming smarter, more autonomous, and more capable of complex tasks, from mapping large
areas to identifying issues in critical infrastructure. This rapid development makes understanding
drone technology crucial for those looking to engage in fields like engineering, environmental
science, logistics, and public safety.
In this course, we’ll explore the basics of drone types, their components, operational principles,
and the many ways they’re shaping the future.

Figure NO:1
 2.What are Drones

Drones, technically known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are aircraft that fly without a
human pilot on board. They can be remotely controlled or operate autonomously based on pre-
programmed flight paths or sophisticated onboard systems and sensors. The term "drone" is
commonly used to refer to any UAV, whether it’s used for hobby, commercial, or military
purposes.

Definition of UAVs

• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): A powered aircraft without a human pilot,

controlled either remotely by a pilot or autonomously by onboard systems.
• Drone Systems: Often include the drone itself, the ground-based controller, and the
communication system that links the two.

History of Drones

Military Origins: Drones were first developed for military applications during the early 20th
century, primarily for reconnaissance and intelligence gathering. The first recorded use of
unmanned aircraft was in World War I, but they became widely recognized in World War II
with advancements in radio control.

Modern Military Use: In the 1990s and early 2000s, drones became highly sophisticated with
models like the Predator and Reaper, used for surveillance and targeted missions.

Expansion to Civilian Use: By the early 2000s, as technology advanced and costs decreased,
drones became available for commercial and recreational use. Today, drones are used in a wide
range of civilian applications, from aerial photography to agriculture and logistics.

Types of Drones

Consumer Drones:

Purpose: Typically used by hobbyists for photography, videography, and recreational

flying.

Features: Generally lightweight and easy to operate with basic cameras and short-
range controls.
 Examples: DJI Mavic series, Parrot Anafi.

Commercial Drones:

Purpose: Utilized in industries like agriculture, construction, real estate, and

environmental monitoring.

Features: Equipped with advanced sensors and cameras for data collection, capable of
more extended flights and specialized tasks.

Examples: DJI Phantom series, Aurel Robotics Evo.

Military Drones:

Purpose: Designed for defence and strategic applications, including surveillance,

reconnaissance, and combat missions.

Features: Highly durable with long-range capabilities, often equipped with

sophisticated weaponry and stealth technology.

Examples: General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, Northrop Grumman Global Hawk. Types
of Drones

Drones can be classified based on their structure, design, and the way they achieve
flight. Each type has unique characteristics, advantages, and limitations, making them
suitable for specific tasks.

1. Fixed-wing Drones

• Description: Fixed-wing drones have a rigid, wing-like structure similar to an airplane.

They require forward motion to generate lift and cannot hover in place.

• Characteristics:

o Longer flight times compared to rotary-wing drones.

o Faster and more efficient over large areas.

 o Take off and landing require either a runway or a launch/recovery system.

• Pros:

o Extended Flight Duration: Can stay airborne for longer periods due to
aerodynamic efficiency.

o Ideal for Large-area Coverage: Suitable for applications like surveying, mapping,
and agricultural monitoring.

• Cons:

o Cannot Hover: Limited in tasks that require stationary hovering, such as detailed
inspections.

o Takeoff/Landing Challenges: Requires more space and specialized

takeoff/landing equipment.

• Examples: Parrot Disco, Sense Fly eBee.

2. Rotary-wing Drones

• Description: Rotary-wing drones, also known as rotorcraft, generate lift through rotating
blades. The most common type is the quadrotor or quadcopter with four rotors, but they
can also have six (hexacopter) or eight (octocopter) rotors.

• Characteristics:

o Capable of vertical take off and landing (VTOL), allowing for operation in
confined spaces.

o Can hover in place, making them ideal for detailed inspections and filming.

o Typically have shorter flight times than fixed-wing drones due to higher energy
consumption.
 • Pros:

o Versatile and Maneuverable: Can hover, move in any direction, and easily
navigate small or complex spaces.

o Ideal for Close-up Tasks: Great for applications requiring stationary flight or
precise movements, like aerial photography and inspections.

• Cons:

o Limited Range and Flight Time: Due to battery consumption, they are generally
limited to shorter flights.

o Lower Speed and Coverage Area: Not as suitable for large-area surveys.

• Examples: DJI Phantom, DJI Mavic, Yuneec Typhoon H.

3. Hybrid Drones

• Description: Hybrid drones combine the capabilities of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing
drones. They can take off and land vertically like a rotary-wing drone and transition to
fixed-wing mode for more efficient forward flight.

• Characteristics:

o Capable of VTOL and efficient long-distance flight.

o Combines the advantages of both types but typically more complex and costly.

• Pros:

o Flexible Flight Options: Can perform both long-range tasks and stationary
hovering when needed.

o Efficient Over Large Areas: Suitable for missions that require a mix of close-up
and extensive coverage, like search and rescue or mapping in rough terrain.
• Cons:

o Higher Cost and Complexity: Often more expensive and complex to operate than
single-type drones.

o Increased Maintenance: The added mechanical components and flight systems

can require more frequent maintenance.

• Examples: WingtraOne, Quantum Systems Trinity F90+.

Figure:2
 3.Key Components of a Drone

Understanding the core components of a drone is essential to grasp how these machines function.
Each part plays a critical role in enabling flight, stability, and performance.

1. Frame: Structure of the Drone

• Description: The frame forms the physical structure of the drone, supporting all its
components.

• Material: Typically made from lightweight yet durable materials like carbon fiber,
aluminium, or plastic.

• Function:

o Provides stability during flight.

o Protects the internal components from damage.

• Types: Quadcopters (4 arms), hexacopters (6 arms), octocopters (8 arms).

2. Motors and Propellers

• Motors:

o Provide the rotational power needed to spin the propellers.

o Brushless motors are commonly used for their efficiency and durability.

• Propellers:
 o Generate thrust by slicing through the air.

o The size and pitch of propellers affect lift, speed, and maneuverability.

• Function:

o Work in tandem to control the drone's movement: lift, hover, forward/backward,

and side-to-side motion.

3. Battery: Power Source

• Description: Provides the energy required to power the motors, sensors, and other onboard
electronics.

• Types:

o Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries are the most commonly used due to their high
energy density and lightweight.

• Longevity:

o Battery life depends on capacity (measured in mAh) and usage.

o Typical flight times range from 15–45 minutes.

• Key Considerations:

o Recharge cycles, weight, and energy efficiency.

4. Flight Controller: The Brain of the Drone

• Description: The central unit that processes data from sensors and user commands to
control the drone's movement.
 • Functions:

o Maintains stability by adjusting motor speeds.

o Processes input from the remote controller or autopilot system.

o Manages navigation using data from sensors like GPS and gyroscopes.

• Key Features:

o Advanced controllers include options for obstacle avoidance and autonomous flight.

5. Sensors

• GPS (Global Positioning System):

o Enables precise positioning, navigation, and return-to-home functionality.

• IMUs (Inertial Measurement Units):

o Measure acceleration and angular velocity to maintain stability and orientation.

• Cameras:

o Used for aerial photography, videography, and vision-based navigation.

o Range from simple HD cameras to high-resolution thermal or infrared cameras.

• Additional Sensors:

o Barometers for altitude measurement.

o Ultrasonic sensors for proximity detection.

o LIDAR for obstacle detection and mapping.

 4. Drone Technology Basics

Drones rely on a complex array of technologies to achieve controlled flight, navigation, real-time
communication, and energy management. Below is an overview of the essential elements that
make drone operation possible.

Sensors and Navigation

• GPS (Global Positioning System):

o Provides accurate location data, which allows drones to navigate predefined

routes, hover in place, and perform Return-to-Home (RTH) functions.

o Essential for autonomous flight, geofencing, and precise positioning in various

applications.

• Accelerometers:

o Measure acceleration, enabling the drone to detect changes in speed and

movement direction.

o Help maintain stability by adjusting motor speeds when the drone shifts
unexpectedly, such as during wind gusts or quick turns.

• Gyroscopes:

o Measure the drone’s orientation across three axes (yaw, pitch, and roll) to keep it
level and prevent tilting.

o Work with accelerometers to stabilize flight and smoothen movements, enhancing

control accuracy.

• Additional Sensors:

• Barometers provide altitude data by measuring atmospheric pressure.

 5.How Drones Fly – Principles of Flight

1. Basic Aerodynamics

• Lift: Lift is the upward force that keeps the drone in the air. Drone rotors (propellers) spin
at high speeds to create a pressure difference between the top and bottom surfaces of the
blades. This pressure difference produces lift, counteracting the downward force of gravity.

• Thrust: Thrust is the forward force generated by the rotors’ rotation, pushing air
downwards to propel the drone upward and forward. By adjusting rotor speed, drones can
change their altitude and direction.

• Drag: Drag is the resistance force drones face while moving through the air. The drone’s
shape, propeller efficiency, and speed all affect drag. Minimizing drag helps a drone
conserve energy and increase flight time.

• Weight: Weight is the downward force due to gravity acting on the drone’s mass. To
maintain altitude, the lift force must equal the weight force; to ascend, the lift must exceed
the weight.

2. Stabilization

• Drones are equipped with gyroscopes and accelerometers, sensors that help maintain
balance. When a drone starts to tilt, the gyroscope detects the change, and the flight
controller adjusts the rotor speeds to bring the drone back to a stable position. This
stabilization allows drones to hover and remain level in the air, even in slightly windy
conditions.

3. Manoeuvring and Controls

• Pitch: Tilting the drone forward or backward. Increasing the speed of the rear rotors while
slowing the front rotors tilts the drone forward, allowing it to move in that direction.

• Roll: Tilting the drone left or right. By adjusting the speed of the rotors on one side of the
drone, it can lean in the desired direction, causing it to move laterally.

• Yaw: Rotating the drone clockwise or counterclockwise. This is done by increasing the
speed of rotors rotating in one direction while decreasing the speed of those rotating in the
opposite direction.
 5.APPLICATION OF DRONE

1. Aerial Photography and Videography

• Drones are extensively used in filmmaking, photography, and content creation to capture
stunning aerial views. They provide a cost-effective alternative to helicopters or cranes,
and are often used in film, TV, and media production for both cinematic shots and live
events.

2. Agriculture

• Crop Monitoring: Drones help monitor crop health, soil conditions, and plant growth
through aerial imaging and sensors. This helps farmers make informed decisions about
irrigation, pest control, and fertilizer application.

• Precision Agriculture: Drones are used for applying pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides
in a precise manner, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.

3. Surveying and Mapping

• Drones equipped with cameras, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), and GPS systems
are used for land surveying, topographic mapping, and creating 3D models of landscapes.
This is helpful in construction, mining, and environmental studies.

4. Search and Rescue

• Drones equipped with thermal imaging cameras can locate missing persons in remote or
hard-to-reach areas. They are particularly useful in disaster zones, helping rescuers find
survivors without putting themselves at risk.

5. Delivery Services

• Drones are being explored for delivering small packages quickly and efficiently.
Companies like Amazon and Google have been testing drone delivery systems to reduce
delivery times for goods, especially in urban areas.
6. Infrastructure Inspection

• Drones are used to inspect buildings, bridges, power lines, wind turbines, and other
infrastructure. They can access hard-to-reach places without the need for scaffolding or
cranes, making inspections safer and more cost-effective.

7. Environmental Monitoring

• Drones are employed to monitor wildlife, forests, oceans, and other ecosystems. They can
collect data on air quality, pollution levels, and habitat conditions, aiding environmental
conservation efforts.

8. Military and Defence

• Drones are used for reconnaissance, surveillance, and even combat missions. They provide
real-time intelligence, reconnaissance over hostile territory, and have been used for
targeted strikes in military operations.

9. Disaster Relief

• Drones are deployed during natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes to
deliver aid, conduct damage assessments, and locate victims. They are capable of accessing
disaster-stricken areas more quickly than traditional methods.

10. Traffic and Infrastructure Monitoring

• Drones can monitor traffic flow, road conditions, and construction projects, providing real-
time data for traffic management, urban planning, and safety measures.

11. Telecommunication

• Drones are used to deploy or inspect telecommunication towers, providing a quicker and
safer way to ensure proper functioning of network infrastructure.
12. Education and Research

• Drones are increasingly being used in educational institutions and research for hands-on
learning in fields like engineering, robotics, and environmental science. They allow
students and researchers to experiment with real-world data collection and problem-solving.

13. Law Enforcement

• Law enforcement agencies use drones for surveillance, crowd monitoring, and tracking
suspects. They can be used in law enforcement operations to gather intelligence or assist
in crime scene investigations.
 7.Case Studies in Drone Applications

1. Agriculture: Drones for Crop Health Monitoring

Drones have revolutionized agriculture by enabling precision farming practices. Equipped with
multispectral cameras and sensors, drones can:

• Assess crop health by detecting issues like nutrient deficiencies or disease stress.

• Perform NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) analysis to measure plant vigor.

• Aid in efficient resource allocation, such as targeted pesticide application, reducing

wastage.

Example:

• In India, companies like Skylark Drones provide drone services for crop monitoring,
resulting in increased yields by identifying problem areas early.

• Farmers in the U.S. use DJI Agras drones to monitor and spray large fields effectively,
saving time and improving accuracy.

2. Emergency Services: Drones in Disaster Relief

Drones are integral to modern disaster response due to their ability to quickly survey affected areas
and deliver critical supplies.

• Search and Rescue Missions: Thermal imaging cameras on drones can locate survivors in
rubble or dense forests.

• Damage Assessment: Aerial surveys provide detailed visuals of affected areas, aiding in
efficient resource distribution.

• Supply Delivery: Drones can transport first aid kits, food, and medicines to remote or
inaccessible locations.
Example:

• After the 2015 Nepal earthquake, drones were deployed to assess damage and locate
survivors in mountainous areas.

• During Hurricane Harvey in the U.S., drones provided real-time footage to aid rescue
operations and relief efforts.

3. Delivery Services: Drones for Package Delivery

Drones are reshaping logistics by offering faster, efficient, and environmentally friendly delivery
options.

• Benefits:

o Reducing delivery times, especially in urban and remote areas.

o Cutting down on carbon emissions compared to traditional vehicle-based delivery.

o Enhancing last-mile delivery for e-commerce platforms.

• Technology:

o GPS-enabled navigation, collision avoidance systems, and payload mechanisms

make drone deliveries feasible.

Example:

• Amazon Prime Air is working on developing drones capable of delivering packages within
30 minutes.

• UPS Flight Forward uses drones for medical supply transport in hospital campuses,
providing life-saving deliveries in record time.
 8.Drone Safety and Regulations

1. Legal Regulations

Governments worldwide enforce strict rules to ensure the safe and responsible use of drones.

• Registration:

o Most countries require drones above a certain weight (e.g., 250 grams in the U.S.
and India) to be registered with the aviation authority.

o Drones are assigned a unique identification number upon registration.

• Licensing:

o Operators of commercial drones typically need to obtain a Remote Pilot License

(RPL) or equivalent certification by completing training and passing exams.

o Hobbyist users might not require licensing but must follow basic rules.

• Airspace Restrictions:

o No-fly zones include airports, military bases, and sensitive areas like government
buildings.

o Flight altitude is usually capped (e.g., 400 feet in the U.S.) to avoid interference
with manned aircraft.

o Geo-fencing technology is often used to prevent drones from entering restricted

airspace.

Safety Guidelines

1. Flying Near People

o Maintain a safe distance from crowds and individuals to minimize risks of injury.

o Avoid flying over densely populated areas unless explicitly permitted.

 2. Restricted Areas

o Respect no-fly zones, including near schools, hospitals, and wildlife reserves.

o Obtain special permissions if required for flying in sensitive or restricted zones.

3. Weather Considerations

o Avoid flying in adverse weather conditions like strong winds, rain, or fog.

o Ensure clear visibility and monitor wind speeds to maintain control of the drone.

Privacy and Ethical Concerns

1. Surveillance Issues

o Avoid using drones to record or monitor individuals without consent.

o Ensure compliance with local privacy laws to prevent unauthorized surveillance.

2. Data Security

o Protect data captured by the drone to prevent breaches or misuse.

o Use secure methods for data storage and transmission to maintain confidentiality.
 9.CONCLUSION

In conclusion, drone technology has revolutionized numerous industries, offering innovative

solutions that enhance efficiency, safety, and precision. From agriculture to filmmaking,
infrastructure inspection to disaster relief, drones have proven to be invaluable tools capable of
performing tasks that were once unimaginable or too costly. As technology advances, drones are
becoming smarter, more efficient, and more accessible, unlocking even greater potential for future
applications. With the continued development of AI, automation, and battery technologies, the
possibilities for drones are endless. As we look ahead, drones will undoubtedly play an
increasingly pivotal role in shaping the way we interact with our environment, solve complex
problems, and improve our quality of life.
 10.REFERENCES

[1] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781394168002
[2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141933122002356
[3] https://www.nxp.com/design/design-center/development-boards-and-designs/kv-series-quad-
motor-control:KINETIS-DRONE-REFERENCE-DESIGN
[4] https://www.shiksha.com/