1. What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2 ?

A.

2.What would be electron dot structure of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur.

A.

3.How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane ?

A. Three, these are n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane.

4. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see
around us ?

A.(i) Tetravalency
(ii) Catenation.

5.What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane ?

A. The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5 H10 .

The electron dot structure of cyclopentane is

6.Draw the structures for the following compounds :

(i) Ethanoic acid

(ii) Bromopentane

(iii) Butanone

(iv) Hexanal

A. (i) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

Bromo pentane(C5H11Br)

Butanone(CH3-CH2-CocH3)
Hexanol(C5H11CHO)

Structural isomers for bromopentane: There are three structural isomers for bromopentane depending
on the position of Br at carbon 1, 2, 3.

Positions 4 and 5 are same as 1, 2.

7.How would you name the following compounds ?

A. I) Bromoethane

(ii) Methanal

(iii) 1 – Hexyne

8.Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?

A. Conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because addition of oxygen to a
substance is called oxidation. Here, oxygen is added to ethanol by oxidising agent like alkaline potassium
permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate and it is converted into acid.
9.A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is
not used ?

A. A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty
flame due to incomplete combustion, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.

10.How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid ?

A.Differences between alcohol and carboxylic acid

Test Alcohol Carboxylic acid

(i) Litmus test No change in colour. Blue litmus solution

turns red

(ii) Sodium hydrogen

C2H5OH + NaHCO3 → No reaction

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Brisk effervescence due to evolution of

CO2.

(iii) Alkaline potassium permanganate On heating, pink colour disappears. Does not happen so.

10.What are oxidising agents ?

A. Oxidising agents are the substances which give oxygen to another substances or which remove
hydrogen from a substance.

For example, acidic K2Cr2O7 is an oxidising agent, that converts (oxidises) ethanol into ethanoic
acid.

11.Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?

magnesium salts (scum). On reacting with the calcium ions and magnesium ions present in the hard
A. No, because detergents can lather well even in hard water. They do not form insoluble calcium or

water.

12. People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the

washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes ?

clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a

A. It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap micelles which entrap oily or greasy
particles on the surface of dirty cloth have to be removed from its surface. When the cloth wetted in
soap solution is agitated or beaten, the micelles containing oily or greasy dirt get removed from the
surface of dirty cloth and go into water and the dirty cloth gets cleaned.

13.Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has

(a) 6 covalent bonds

(b) 7 covalent bonds

(c) 8 covalent bonds

(d) 9 covalent bonds

A (b) 7 covalent bonds

14.Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group

(a) carboxylic acid

(b) aldehyde

(c) ketone

(d) alcohol

A. (c) Ketone.

15.While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it
means that

(a) the food is not cooked completely.

(b) the fuel is not burning completely.

(c) the fuel is wet.

(d) the fuel is burning completely.

A.(b) The fuel is not burning completely.

16.xplain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.

A.Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons so that the combining atoms

complete their outermost shell.

In CH3Cl : C = 6, H = 1 and Cl = 17 And their electronic configuration is C – 2,4, H

– 1 and Cl -2,8,7
Three hydrogen atoms complete their shells by sharing three electrons (one electron each) of carbon
atom.

Chlorine completes its outer shell by sharing its one out of seven electrons with one electron of
carbon atom.

Thus carbon atom shares all its four electrons with three hydrogen atoms and one of chlorine atom
and completes its outermost shell and single covalent bonds are formed in CH3Cl

17.Draw the electron dot structures for

(a) ethanoic acid

(b) propanone

(c) H2S

(d) F2.

A.

18. What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.

A.Homologous series : A homologous series is a group of organic compounds
having

similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive

compounds differ by -CH2 group.

Characteristics of homologous series :

i) All members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula. For
example, the general formula of the homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n+2, in which ‘n’ denotes
number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in one molecule of alkane.

(ii) Any two adjacent homologues differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms in their
molecular formulae.

(iii) The difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent homologues is 14u.

(iv) All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.

(v) The members of a homologous series show a gradual change in their physical properties with
increase in molecular mass.

For example, general formula of the homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n+2, in

which ‘n’ denotes number of carbon atoms in one molecule of alkane. Following
are the first five members of the homologous series of alkanes (general formula
CnH2n+2)

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________.

Value of n Molecular formula Name of

the compound

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________

1 CH4
Methane

2 C2H6
Ethane

3 C3H8
propane

4 C4H10
Butane
5 C5H12
Pentane

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________

19.How can ethanol and ethanoic acid he differentiated on the basis of their
physical and chemical properties ?

A. Difference on the basis of physical properties

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PROPERTY Ethanol
Ethanoic acid

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________

State liquid
liquid

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________-___

Odour Sweet smell pungent

vinegar like smell

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________

Melting point 156K 290K

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________

Boiling point 351K 391K

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________

Difference on the basis of chemical properties

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________-----

TEST ETHANOL
ETHANOIC ACID
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______-------

Litmus test no changein colour blue

changes into red

_____________________________________________________________________________________
______

Sodium hydrogen carbonate no reaction CH3COOH+NaHCO3

test
CH3COONa+CO2+H2O

_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________

Alkaline potassium permanganate on heating pink colour fade no reaction

test out

_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________---------20.Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to
water ? Will a micell be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also ?

A. Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the
hydrocarbon chains of soap molecules are hydrophobic (water repelling) which are
insoluble in water, but the ionic ends of soap molecules are hydrophilic (water
attracting) and hence soluble in water.

Such micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in which
sodium salt of fatty acids do not dissolve.

21. Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ?

A.Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight and are
therefore, used as fuels for most applications.

22.Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.

A. Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium
on reacting with soap form insoluble precipitate called scum. The scum formation
lessens the cleansing property of soaps in hard water.

23. hat change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?

A. Red litmus will turn blue because soap is alkaline in nature. Blue litmus remains
blue in soap solution.
24.What is hydrogenation ? What is its industrial application ?

A.The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated

hydro-carbon is called hydrogenation. The process of hydrogenation takes place in
the presence of nickel (Ni) or palladium (Pd) metals as catalyst.

.Application : The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial

application. It is used to prepare vegetable ghee (or vanaspati ghee) from
vegetable oils.

25Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions :

C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4

Addition reactions take place only in unsaturated hydrocarbons. So addition

reaction take place only in C3H6 and C2H2.

26.Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and
cooking oil.

A.Butter is a saturated carbon compound while cooking oil is an unsaturated

carbon compound. An unsaturated compound decolourises bromine water, while a
saturated compound cannot decolourise it. So we can distinguish chemically
between a cooking oil and butter by the bromine water. Add bromine water to a
little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test-tubes.

Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an unsaturated

compound.

Butter does not decolourise bromine water showing that it is a saturated

compound.

27.xplain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.

OR

Explain the cleansing action of soaps.

A. When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, then the
hydrocarbon end of the soap molecules in micelle attach to the oil or grease
particles present on the surface of dirty cloth. In this way the soap micelle entraps
the oily or greasy particles by using its hydrocarbon ends. The ionic ends of the
soap molecules in the micelles, however, remain attached to water. When the dirty
cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily and greasy particles present on its
surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water due to which the
soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned. The cloth is cleaned
thoroughly by rinsing in clean water a number of times.