Class X, NCERT (CBSE) Chemistry (Science)

Chapter – 4, CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Q.1: Ethane, with the molecular formula –C2H6– has

(a) 6 covalent bonds (b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds (d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer: (b)
Q.2: Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid (b) aldehyde
(c) ketone (d) alcohol
Answer: (c)
Q.3: While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it
means that
(a) the food is not cooked completely
(b) the fuel is not burning completely
(c) the fuel is wet
(d) the fuel is burning completely
Answer: (b)
Q.4: Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH 3Cl.
Answer: The bond line structure of CH3Cl is given as

Carbon has four valence electrons. It shares 1 electron each with 3-hydrogen atoms
and I electron with chlorine. The bond between C and Cl atoms is covalent but due to
higher value of electro-negativity of Cl, the C–Cl bond is polar in nature.

Q.5: Draw the electron dot structures for:

(a) ethanoic acid (b) H2S (c) propanone (d) F2
Answer:
(a) Ethanoic Acid
 Ethanoic acid
(b) H2S

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

(c) Propanone

Propanone
(d) F2

Q.6: What is homologous series? Explain with examples.

Answer: A group of compound of carbon having same general formula and same
functional group is called ‘Homologous Series’. The members of homologous series are
called homologue. For example, alcohol.
Methanol – CH3OH
Ethanol – C2H5OH
Propanol – C3H7OH
 Butanol – C4H9OH
Characteristics of Homologous Series
(a) They have same general formula for all compounds.
(b) They have same functional group.
(c) They have same chemical but different physical properties.
(d) They have difference of –CH2 between two successive members.
(e) Difference between masses of two successive members is 14 amu.
Q.7: How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical
and chemical properties?
Answer: Ethanol and Ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their following
properties –
(i) Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature with a pleasant smell. Ethanoic acid has a
melting point of 17OC. Since it is below the room temperature so, it freezes during
winter. Moreover, ethanoic acid has a smell like vinegar.
(ii) Ethanol does not react with metal carbonates while, ethanoic acid reacts with metal
carbonates to form salt, water and carbon dioxide. For example,
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 --> 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
(iii) Ethanol does not react with NaOH while ethanoic acid reacts with NaOH to form
sodium ethanoate and water. For example,
CH3COOH + NaOH --> CH3COONa + H2O
(iv) Ethanol is oxidized to give ethanoic acid in presence of acidified KMnO 4 while, no
reaction takes place with ethanoic acid in presence of acidified KMnO 4.
Q.8: Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle
be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Answer: Soap molecule consists of two parts – hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Hydrophilic
part is the ionic end of the soap molecule which is soluble in water. Hydrophobic part is
the organic end and is insoluble in water. Since dirt contains organic mars so,
hydrophobic part entraps dirt and hydrophilic part remains suspended in water. Thus,
many more molecules of soap are attached to dirt having their one end suspended in
water form clusters. These clusters with entrapped dirt are known as micelle.
Since ethanol is not as polar as soap, so micelles will not be formed in other solvents
such as ethanol.
Q.9: Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer: Carbon and its compounds give large amount of heat on combustion due to
high percentage of carbon and hydrogen. Carbon compounds used as fuel have
optimum ignition temperature with high calorific values and are easy to handle. Their
combustion can e controlled. Therefore, carbon and its compounds are used as fuels.
Q.10: Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
 Answer: Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. Hard water
contains soluble salts of Ca and Mg. When soap is dissolved in hard water these
calcium and magnesium ions displace sodium and potassium ions from soap and thus,
insoluble salts of Ca+2 and Mg+2 are formed which are called scum.
Ca+2 + 2RCOONa --> (RCOO)2Ca + 2Na+
Mg 2+ + RCOONa --> (RCOO)2Mg + 2Na+
Q.11: What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Answer: Soap solution will turn red litmus paper blue while there will be no effect on
blue litmus paper indicating that soaps are basic in nature.
Q.12: What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Answer: The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon is called
Hydrogenation. This process takes place in the presence of nickel or palladium metal as
catalyst.
Industrial application of hydrogenation
(1) It is used to prepare Ghee from vegetable oil.
(2) Vegetable oil such as ground nut, cotton seed oils are unsaturated and contain double
bonds. On hydrogenation in presence of a catalyst, vegetable oil produces vanaspati
ghee.
Q.13: Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reaction?
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4.
Answer: Among the said hydrocarbons only C 3H6 and C2H2 undergo addition reaction
because they are unsaturated hydrocarbons having double and triple bond between two
carbon atoms respectively.

Q.14: Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and
cooking oil.
Answer: If a carbon compound decolorizes bromine water it will be an unsaturated
compound. Thus, we can distinguish between a cooking oil and butter by adding Br 2
(aq) to each of them –
(a) cooking oil decolorizes bromine water, as it is unsaturated compound.
(b) butter does not decolorize bromine water, as it is saturated compound.
Moreover, butter does not undergo catalytic hydrogenation which shows it is saturated
fat while, oil being unsaturated hydrocarbon can be hydrogenated in presence of a
catalyst (Ni / Pd).
Q.15: Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Answer: A soap molecule is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acid. It
consists of two parts, i.e., a long hydrocarbon tail and a negatively charged head. The
hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water and repelled by water while the
polar end is soluble in water and hydrophilic in nature. When soap is applied on a wet
dirty surface, the polar end of the soap molecule dissolves in water while the non-polar
tail attaches it to dirt molecule, as dirt is non-polar in nature.

This result into the formation of spherical clusters called Micelle. In the micelle the
hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster while the ionic ends are on the surface
of cluster. Due to ion-ion repulsion the micelle stay in the solution as a colloid and do
not come together to precipitate. Thus, an emulsion is found which helps to dissolve dirt
in water and it is finally washed with running water.

Answers of NCERT Science In-text Questions

Q.1: What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula
CO2 ?
Answer: The electron dot structure of Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is given below:

Q.2: What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made
up of eight atoms of sulphur ?
Answer: The 8 atoms of sulphur molecule (S 8) are joined together in the form of a ring
as shown below:

Q.3: How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane ?
Answer: There are three structural isomers of pentane as given below:

Q.4: What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon
compound we see around us ?
Answer: The two properties of carbon are – (a) Catenation and (b) Tetra Covalency or
Tetravalency of carbon atom.
Catenation is the unique property of carbon due to which carbon atoms can link among
themselves to form a straight, branched or close chain. Due to tetravalency, the carbon
atoms can form single, double or triple covalent bond. This is why carbon leads to form
a huge number of carbon compounds.
Q.5: What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane ?
Answer: The formula of cyclopeptane is C5H10.
Q.6: Draw the structure for following compounds: (a) Ethanoic acid (b) Bromopentane
(c) Butanone (d) Hexanal.
Answer:

Q.7: How would name the following compounds ?

Answer: (i) Bromo-ethane (ii) Methanal (iii) Hex 1-yne.

Q.8: Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?
Answer:

Here, in this reaction there is a decrease in the number of hydrogen along with increase
in number of oxygen atoms in compound. Therefore, it is an oxidation reaction.
Q.9: A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of
ethyne and air is not taken ?
Answer: Air contains nitrogen and other inactive gaseous contents which resist the
adequate supply of oxygen for burning of ethyne. Ethyne is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon. If we use a mixture of ethyne and air then incomplete combustion of
ethyne takes place with a sooty flame and also high temperature required for welding is
not achieved. But if it is burnt with oxygen it produces clan flame with very high
temperature due to complete combustion.
Therefore, air is taken for burning of ethyne for welding.
Q.10: How can you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
?
Answer: We can distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid by
using laboratory reagent Na2CO3 solution as follows:
(i) When Na2CO3 is added to the test tube containing CH 3COOH, CO2 gas evolves which
turn the lime water milky.
(ii) When Na2CO3 is added to the test tube containing CH 3COOH, no gas is evolved.

Q.11: Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?

Answer: No, it is impossible because detergent is effective in both hard water and soft
water.
Q.12: People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap,
they beat the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the
mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean
clothes ?
Answer: A soap molecule has two parts:
(i) Hydrophobic part i.e. the hydrocarbon tail which is insoluble in water and repelled by
water.
(ii) Hydrophilic part i.e. negatively charged end which is soluble in water.
With the help of these parts, soap can attach grease and dirt particles and form
spherical clusters known as “micelle”. Due to ion-ion repulsion these micelles remain
suspended as a colloid in the water. In order to remove these micelles containing the
dirt, it is necessary to scrub or agitate the clothes.
Q.13: Why is detergent a better cleansing agent than soap ?
Answer: Detergent a better cleansing agent than soap because detergent acts better
even in hard water.
Q.14: Which causes water pollution, detergent or soap ? ?
Answer: Detergent causes water pollution as detergents are non-biodegradable.
Q.15: Why does not soap form lather with hard water ?
Answer: Soap reacts with hard water to form scum and acts to remove the hardness of
water. So, lather is not formed by soap with hard water.

cbse chemistry class 10 Carbon and its Compounds

Q.1 Why is carbon tetravalent ?

Ans 1:Carbon atom has 4 electrons in the outermost shell.It needs 4 more electrons to complete
its octet. Therefore , carbon is tetravalent .

Q.2 The formula of a hydrocarbon is Cn H2n. Name the family to which it belongs and also
predict its nature.

Ans 2: The hydrocarbon belongs to alkenes It is unsaturated in nature .

Q.3 What is the valency of carbon in CH3-CH3, CH2=CH2 and HC=CH ?

Ans 3: The valency of carbon in all its compounds whether saturated or unsaturated is 4.

Q.4 Out of butter and ground nut oil , which is unsaturated in Nature?

Ans 4: Groundnut oil is unsaturated in nature .

Q.5 Why is high temperature not favourable for alcoholic fermentation?

Ans 5: The high temperature destroys the enzymes which are needed to carry fermentation .

Q.6 Name a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing three double bonds?

Ans 6: Benzene

Q.7 What is the difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologues?
Ans 7 : 14 mass units.

Q.8 Which has triple bond ; C2H4 ,C3H6 and C3H4 ?

Ans 8:C3H4 has triple bond in the formula .

Q.9 Which substance is added to denature ethyl alcohol?

Ans 9: A small amount of methyl alcohol , pyridine or copper sulphate is added to denature ethyl
alcohol .

Q.10 Which ions are responsible for making water hard ?

Ans 10: Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are responsible for making water hard.

Q.11 Name the catalyst commonly used in hydrogenation of oil to form fats?

Ans 11:Nickel.

Q.12 Write the name and molecular formula of alcohol derived from butane ?

Ans 12: C4H9OH Butanol

Q.13 Which gas is evolved when sodium carbonate or bicarbonate is added to ethanoic acid ?

Ans 13 : CO2 (carbon dioxide).

Q.14 What is SCUM ?

Ans 14: Scum is precipitate of Calcium and Magnesium salt of organic fatty acids.

Q.15 What are hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts in soaps?

Ans 15: The alkyl group(R) consisting of long chain of carbon atom is hydrophobic part while
COONa group is hydrophilic in nature.

Chapter 4, Chemistry CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) (Part - I)
Q.1: Which of the following is not a saturated hydrocarbon ?
(a) cyclohexane (b) benzene (c) butane (d) isobutane
Q.2: The bond between two identical nonmetallic atom has a pair of electron ?
(a) unequally shared between two atoms
(b) transferred completely from one atom to another
(c) With identical spins
(d) Equally shared between them
Q.3: Covalent compounds are generally –
(a) Soluble in water (b) insoluble in water
(c) Ionize in water (d) hydrolyse in water
Q.4: Propane with molecular formula C3H8 has –
(a) 7 covalent bonds (b) 8 covalent bonds
(c) 9 covalent bonds (d) 10 covalent bonds
Q.5: A hydrocarbon reacts with ammonical cuprous chloride solution to form a red
precipitate, the hydrocarbon is –
(a) Ethane (b) ethane (c) butane (d) 1-propyne
Q.6: Which of the following substance is added to denature Ethanol?
(a) Methanol (b) pyridine (c) copper sulphate (d) all of these
Q.7: Which of the following is not an allotropic form of carbon ?
(a) fluorine (b) fullerene (c) diamond (d) graphite
Q.8: Which of the following represents the correct deceasing order of hydrogen atoms ?
(a) alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (b) alkanes, alkynes, alkenes
(c) alkenes, alkynes, alkanes (d) alkynes, alkanes, alkenes
Q.9: Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of long chain of :
(a) aldehydes (b) ketones (c) carboxylic acid (d) sulphonic acid
Q.10: Which of the following represents the structure of N 2 molecule ?

Q.11: In double covalent bond there is a sharing of

(a) 2 electrons (b) 4 electrons (c) 6 electrons (d) 3 electrons
Q.12: Cation is formed when
(a) atom gains electrons (b) atom losses electrons
(c) proton is lost by the atom (d) atom shared by electrons
Q.13: The total number of electrons that take part in forming a bond in N 2 is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 10
Q.14: Which of the following has the weakest carbon-carbon strength ?
(a) C2H2 (b) C2H4 (c) C2H6 (d) all have the same bond strength
Q.15: Which of the following salt when dissolved in water produce hard water ?
(a) calcium sulphate (b) magnesium bicarbonate (c) calcium chloride (d) any of the
above.

Answers: 1-b. 2-d. 3-b. 4-d. 5-d. 6-d. 7-a. 8-a. 9-d. 10-a. 11-b. 12-b. 13-c. 14-a. 15-d.