Investigatory Project For Chemistry Class 12

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Effect of Concentration on the Rate of Reaction Between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium
Thiosulphate
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work on Effect of Concentration on the Rate of Reaction
Between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate based on the curriculum of CBSE has
been completed by Mohit Kumar Pandey of Class-XII Section A of ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL,
CHANDIMANDIR.
The project work has been completed under my guidance during the academic year 2024-25.
Teacher’s Name:MS PRERNA
(Sign here)
Examiner
Sign:____________
Date:
Place: APS Chandimandir Principal
Sign:_____________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation towards all those who have helped me
in making this project. Without their active guidance, help, cooperation, and encouragement, I
would not have been able to present the project on time.
I am extremely thankful and pay my sincere gratitude to my teacher, MS PRERNA, for her
valuable guidance and support in the completion of this project.
I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence my gratitude towards my parents, other
faculty members of the school, and friends for their valuable suggestions in completing the
project.
Date:
Place: APS Chandimandir
AIM OF THE PROJECT
To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and
sodium thiosulphate (Na₂S₂O₃).
INTRODUCTION
The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by factors like temperature, concentration of

reactants, surface area, and catalysts. This project focuses on studying how varying the
concentration of sodium thiosulphate affects the rate of reaction with hydrochloric acid.
The reaction produces sulfur, which makes the solution cloudy. By measuring the time it takes
for a black cross under the conical flask to disappear, we can analyze the rate of reaction at
different concentrations.
THEORY
The reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid can be represented by the
following chemical equation:
Na₂S₂O₃ (aq)+2HCl (aq)→2NaCl (aq)+SO₂ (g)+H₂O (l)+S (s)
Sulfur, which precipitates during the reaction, makes the solution opaque. This reaction follows
the principles of chemical kinetics, where the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the
concentration of reactants.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Conical flask
2. Beakers
3. Measuring cylinders
4. Stopwatch
5. White paper with a black cross
6. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
7. Sodium thiosulphate solution (Na₂S₂O₃)
8. Distilled water
PROCEDURE
1. Preparation of Solutions:
Prepare sodium thiosulphate solutions of concentrations 0.10 M, 0.20 M, and 0.30 M by
dilution if needed.
2. Setup:
Place the white paper with the black cross under a conical flask.
3. Reaction:
○ Measure 50 mL of sodium thiosulphate solution and pour it into the conical flask.
○ Add 10 mL of hydrochloric acid to the flask.
○ Start the stopwatch immediately upon adding HCl and swirl the mixture gently.
4. Observation:
Record the time taken for the cross to disappear due to cloudiness.
5. Repeat:
Perform the experiment for all three concentrations of sodium thiosulphate while keeping
the HCl volume constant.
OBSERVATIONS
Trial Concentration of Volume of Volume of Time Taken for Rate of
No. Na₂S₂O₃ (M) Na₂S₂O₃ (mL) HCl (mL) Cross to Reaction (1/t)
Disappear (s) (s⁻¹)
1 0.10 50 10 70 0.014
2 0.20 50 10 40 0.025
3 0.30 50 10 25 0.040
CALCULATIONS
The rate of reaction is calculated as:
Rate of Reaction= 1 .
Time taken for the cross to disappear (in seconds)
For each trial:
● Trial 1 (0.10 M):

Time taken for the cross to disappear = 70 seconds
Rate of reaction = 1/70 =0.014s-1
● Trial 2 (0.20 M):
Rate of reaction = 1/40=0.025 s−1
● Trial 3 (0.30 M):
Rate of reaction = 1/25=0.040 s−1
RESULTS
The results show that the reaction rate increases with an increase in the concentration of
sodium thiosulphate.
CONCLUSION
This experiment demonstrates that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the
concentration of sodium thiosulphate. A higher concentration leads to more frequent collisions
between reactant molecules, thereby speeding up the reaction.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure accurate measurement of solutions using proper equipment.

2. Start the stopwatch immediately after adding HCl to the flask.
3. Perform the experiment at a constant room temperature.
4. Clean all equipment thoroughly after the experiment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XII

2. Comprehensive Chemistry Practical Manual
3. www.chemguide.co.uk
4. Experimental Chemistry Notes

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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Teacher’s Name:MS PRERNA

The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by factors like temperature, concentration of

Na₂S₂O₃ (aq)+2HCl (aq)→2NaCl (aq)+SO₂ (g)+H₂O (l)+S (s)

The rate of reaction is calculated as:

For each trial:

● Trial 1 (0.10 M):

1. Ensure accurate measurement of solutions using proper equipment.

1. NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XII

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