Name: Angelica T.

Soliven, Deirdre Marquez, Casandra Pasadilla, Pauline Sarmiento,

Czarina Magallanes, Ann Coleen Hernandez Date Performed: September 25, 2024
Section & Group Number: MT2D- Group 1 Date Submitted: September 20, 2024

Experiment No. 2
Chemical Kinetics:
Effect of Concentration and Temperature on Rate of Reaction

On the basis of experiments you've performed, you probably have already noticed that
reactions occur at varying speeds. There is an entire spectrum of reaction speeds, ranging
from very slow to extremely fast. For example, the rusting of iron is reasonably slow,
whereas the decomposition of TNT is extremely fast. The branch of chemistry that is
concerned with the rates of reactions is called chemical kinetics.

Experiments show that rates of reactions in solution depend upon:

1. The nature of the reactants
2. The concentration of the reactants
3. The temperature
4. Catalysis.

Before a reaction can occur, the reactants must come into direct contact via collisions of
the reacting particles. However, even then, the reacting particles (ions or molecules) must
collide with sufficient energy to result in a reaction; if they do not, their collisions are
ineffective and analogous to collisions of billiard balls. With these considerations in
mind, we can quantitatively explain how the various factors influence the rates of
reactions.

Concentration:
Changing the concentration of a solute in solution alters the number of particles per unit
volume. The more particles present in a given volume, the greater the probability of them
colliding. Hence, increasing the concentration of a solute in solution increases the number
of collisions per unit time and therefore, increases the rate of reaction.

Temperature:
Since temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance, an increase
in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the reactant particles. The results in an
increase in the velocity of the particles and therefore, increases the number of collisions
between them in a given period of time. Thus, the rate of reaction increases. Also, an
increase in kinetic energy results in a greater proportion of the collisions having the
required energy for reaction.

Catalyst:
Catalysts, in some cases, are believed to increase reaction rates by bringing particles close
just a position in the correct geometrical arrangement for reaction to occur. In other
instances, catalysts offer an alternative route to the reaction, one that requires less
energetic collisions between reactant particles. If less energy is required for a successful
collision, a larger percentage of the collisions will have the required energy, and the
reaction will occur faster. Actually, the catalyst may take an active part in the reaction,
but at the end of the reaction, the catalyst can be recovered chemically unchanged.

Order of Reaction De\ined

Consider the hypothetical reaction:
A + B → C + D [1]
The rate of reaction is measured by observing the rate of disappearance of the reactants A
or B, or the rate of appearance of the products C or D. The species observed is a matter of
convenience. For example if A, B, and D are colorless and C is colored,
you could conveniently measure the rate of appearance of C by observing an
increase in the intensity of the color of the solution as a function of time.
Mathematically, the rate of reaction may be expressed as follows:

Rate of disappearance of A = −change in the concentration of A time required for change

=−Δ[A] /Δt
Rate of appearance of C= change in the concentration of C time required for change
=Δ[C]/ Δt

In general, the rate of the reaction depends upon the concentration of one or more of
the reactants. Thus, the rate of the reaction above is expressed as

Rate = k[A]x [B]y [2]

where [A] and [B] are the molar concentrations of A and B, x and y are the powers to
which the respective concentrations must be raised, and k is the rate constant. The
values of x and y must be determined experimentally. For example, if x = 2 and y = 1,
then the rate law is:

Rate = k[A]2 [B] [3]

This reaction is First order in B, meaning that doubling the concentration of B while
keeping A constant causes the reaction rate to double. Simultaneously, this reaction is
second order in A, meaning that doubling the concentration of A while keeping B
constant causes the rate to increase by a factor of four, since the rate of the reaction is
proportional to the square of the concentration of A. The overall order of the reaction is
the sum of the exponents: or third order in this case. The orders are determined
experimentally by noting the effects of changing reagent concentrations on the rate of the
reaction. The rate constant, k, is independent of the concentration. The rate constant is
characteristic for a given reaction and varies only with temperature. Once the rate is
known for a given set of concentrations, the value of k can be calculated.

Reaction of Sodium thiosulfate and Hydrochloric acid

In this experiment you will measure the rate of the reaction between a sodium
thiosulfate solution and hydrochloric acid:

2HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(aq) + S(s)↓ + H2O (l)

The precipitate of sulfur formed gradually and made the solution cloudy. The formation
of clouds masks a cross marked on paper. The rate of reaction, and consequently the time
taken to obscure the cross, depends on a number of variables such as temperature,
concentration and volume. The rate of reaction can be measured by timing how long it
takes for the solution to become cloudy and the precipitation of sulfur. In other words the
time taken for a certain quantity of sulfur to form and cause the ‘X’ mark to disappear is
used to determine the rate of reaction. The rate of this reaction is directly proportional
with the inverse of the time taken for a formation of precipitation of sulfur.

OBJECTIVES
To observe the effect of concentration and temperature upon the rate of the reaction of
sodium thiosulfate with hydrochloric acid.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. Wear your eye protection.

2. Do not inhale any fumes.
3. Sulfur dioxide is toxic and corrosive. Dispose of the solution immediately
after the experiment following your teacher's instructions.
4. Wash your hands when finished.

APPARATUS
(1) Iron stand, (1) burette clamp, (1) glass funnel, (1) 100 mL graduated cylinder, (1)
stirring rod, (1) 10 mL pipette, (3) 250 mL Erlenmeyer Flasks, (1) watch glass, (1)
plastic/porcelain spatula, (1) wash bottle, (1) thermometer (1) white paper (1) 25 ml
beaker, & (1) test tube brush.

REAGENTS/MATERIALS
0.10 0 M Sodium Thiosulfate Solution
0.050 M Sodium Thiosulfate Solution
1.00 M Hydrochloric Acid
Distilled water
PROCEDURES
I. Effect of concentration
1. Using a pencil, draw a cross in the middle of the Jilter paper.
2. Place 20 mL of the 0. 100 M sodium thiosulfate solution into a conical Flask.
3. Add 20 mL of 1 M hydrochloric acid to the Flask, while starting the stop clock at
the same time.
4. Swirl the Flask and place it on a paper marked with a cross.
5. Record the time taken for the cross to disappear.
6. Repeat the experiment using 10,12, 14, 16 and 18 mL of sodium thiosulfate
solution respectively. In each case, add water to make the volume up to 20 mL
and mix before adding HCl.
7. Record the results in data sheet.

II. Effect of temperature

1. Place 20 mL of 0.050 M sodium thiosulfate solution into a conical Flask.
2. Warm or cool the Flask gently until the temperature is about 20 0C.
3. Add 20.0 mL of 1.00 M HCl, starting a stop clock at the same time, before proceeding.
4. Without delay, swirl the Flask, place it on a paper marked with a cross, and record the
exact temperature of the contents of the Jlask.
5. Record the time taken for the cross to disappear.
6. Repeat the experiment, heating or cooling the thiosulfate solution to temperatures of
approximately 100C, 300C, 400C, 500C and 600C respectively (before adding the HCl). 7.
Record the results in data sheet.
 Experiment No.2
Chemical Kinetics:
Effect of Concentration and Temperature on Rate of Reaction

Name: Angelica Soliven, Deirdre Marquez, Cassandra Pasadilla, Pauline Sarmiento, Czarina
Magallanes, Ann Coleen Hernandez Group number: Group 1 Section: MT2D Instructor’s
Signature___________ Date Performed: September 25, 2024
Score:_____________________________

DATA AND RESULTS

Part 1. Effect of Concentration

Volume Volume Volume Conc. of Reaction 1/ Time

of of . of H2O Na2S2O3 (M) Time (s) (s-1)
1.00M 0.100M (mL)
HCl Na2S2O3
(mL) (mL)

1 20 mL 10 mL 10 mL 0.025 M 262 s 0.0038 s

2 20 mL 12 mL 8 mL 0.030 M 173 s 0.0058 s

3 20 mL 14 mL 6 mL 0.035 M 157 s 0.0064 s

4 20 mL 16 mL 4 mL 0.040 M 143 s 0.0070 s

5 20 mL 18 mL 2 mL 0.045 M 131 s 0.0076 s

6 20 mL 20 mL 0 mL 0.050 M 114 s 0.0088 s

Using MS Excel, draw a graph of 1/time against concentration of thiosulfate solution and
reaction time and concentration of thiosulfate solution using excel. Write your comments about
the graph. (Hint: 1/time for this reaction is the measure of reaction rate.)

Figure 1: Reaction Rate (1/Time) vs Concentration of Na2S2O3 (M)

Figure 1 represents the relationship between reaction rate and the concentration of
Na2S2O3. The data demonstrates that as concentration increases, the reaction rate also
increases, as shown by the higher values of 1/Time. This suggests that the reaction proceeds
faster with more thiosulfate present. This aligns with the law of mass action, which states that the
chemical reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of reactants (Sanft & Walter,
2020).
 Figure 2: Reaction Times (s) vs Concentration of Na2S2O3 (M)

The graph in Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between reaction time, represented by s,
against the concentration of Na2S2O3. As the concentration increases, the reaction time
decreases, showcasing an inverse proportional relationship. This means that the higher
concentration of thiosulfate results in shorter reaction time, or faster reactions. This happens
when the concentration of reactants, such as thiosulfate, is increased, there are more reactant
particles moving together. Thus, there will be more collisions and so the reaction rate is
increased. In conclusion, a higher concentration of reactants correlates with a faster rate of
reaction (BBC, 2019).
Calculations:
Part 2. Effect of Temperature

Volume Volume of . Temperature (oC) Reaction 1/ Time

of 0.050M Time (s) (s-1)
1.00M Na2S2O3
HCl (mL)
(mL)

1 20.0 mL 20 mL 10° C 56 s 0.0179 s

2 20.0 mL 20 mL 20° C 52 s 0.0192 s

3 20.0 mL 20 mL 30° C 45 s 0.0222 s

4 20.0 mL 20 mL 40° C 27 s 0.0370 s

5 20.0 mL 20 mL 50° C 20 s 0.05 s

6 20.0 mL 20 mL 60° C 16 s 0.0625 s

Using MS Excel, draw a graph of 1/time against temperature and reaction time against
temperature using excel and write your comments about the graph. (Hint: 1/time for this reaction
is the measure of reaction rate.)
 Figure 3: Reaction Times (s) vs Temperature

The graphs clearly show how temperature affects the rate of the reaction. As temperature
increases, reaction time decreases, meaning the reaction happens faster. For example, at 10°C the
reaction takes 56 seconds, but at 60°C it only takes 16 seconds. The second graph, showing
1/time (reaction rate) vs. temperature, highlights a positive correlation—reaction rate increases
significantly as temperature rises. At 10°C, the rate is 0.0179 s⁻¹, while at 60°C it reaches 0.0625
s⁻¹. This indicates that higher temperatures provide molecules with more energy, allowing them
to overcome activation energy barriers more easily. These trends align with the Arrhenius
equation, which explains that reaction rates increase with temperature. In summary, both graphs
demonstrate that higher temperatures lead to faster reactions by reducing the time needed and
increasing the rate.
 Calculations:

References:

BBC. (2019). Controlling the rate - revision 3 - higher chemistry. BBC Bitesize; BBC.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2gccdm/revision/3
Sanft, R., & Walter, A. (2020). Differential equations: model formulation, nonlinear regression, and
model selection. Exploring Mathematical Modeling in Biology through Case Studies and
Experimental Activities, 87–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819595-6.00009-8