Department of CE

B.E Sem : I (CE/IT) (MU) Unit no:- 5

Unit title:
Subject Name: Calculus Multiple Integral
Subject name : Calculus
Code:01MA0106

Instructor:
Dr. Jekil Gadhiya
In this chapter, we will discuss about the double integral and Triple
integral in details. Also we will discuss about change of order of
integration and transformation to Polar coordinates, spherical and
cylindrical coordinates.

Topic Flow will be given as:

• Introduction to Multiple Integral
• Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
• Change of Order
• Some Standard Transformations
Introduction to Multiple Integral

• Recall that a single integral is something of the form

• It denotes the Area under the curve 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 within the domain 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝒃

• Double Integral is something of the form

• It denotes the Volume under the surface 𝒛 = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 within the rectangle

𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒕𝒐 𝒚 = [𝒄, 𝒅]
• When 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 =Integrand=1 , then the integral denotes the Area within the
rectangle 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒕𝒐 𝒚 = [𝒄, 𝒅]
Introduction to Multiple Integral

• Triple Integral is something of the form

• Here 𝒖 = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 denotes the density within the solid region, which is bounded by:
𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒃 , 𝒚 = 𝒄, 𝒅 , 𝒛 = [𝒎, 𝒏] .
• So the Triple integral denotes the Mass (Mass= density * Volume) of the specific bounded solid region.
• When the 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 =Integrand=1 , then the integral denotes the Volume of the specific bounded solid region.
Introduction to Multiple Integral

• ∬ 𝑘𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑘 ∬ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 , k is any constant
• Linearity property

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ± 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 ± 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴

∬ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 ≥ 0 if 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0 on region R
• Inequalities are preserved
∬ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 ≥ ∬ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴, If 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) on region R
• Additivity of domains
• ∬ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 + ∬ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 where 𝑅 & 𝑅 are non-overlapping sub regions of R so that
𝑅 ∪ 𝑅 =𝑅
• Triangular inequality

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
Introduction to Multiple Integral

Double integration over any region R can be evaluated by two successive integration.
(i.e. method of successive single integrations)
We know that, 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
If R is described as 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 (𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦 ) and 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
Then

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

The integral inside the bracket known as ‘inner integral’, is always evaluated first and the integral outside the
bracket known as ‘outer integral’. It can be evaluated with respect to limits of region in 𝑥 or y-direction.
Sometimes it can also expressed in the form ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 or ∫ 𝑑𝑥[∫ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦]

Which can be evaluated as ∫ ∫ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 or ∫[∫ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦]𝑑𝑥.

Calculations of Double & Triple Integral

Here,

∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

=∫ 𝑑𝑦

1 1 𝑦 1 8 1 1 7 7
= 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = = − = =
2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 6
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral

Here
/ /
∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

= (𝑒 − 1) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 − 1)
= (𝑒 − 1).
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Ans 1/70
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Ans : e-2
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral

Fubini’s Theorem (first form):

This result was derived by Guido-Fubini (1879-1943) and it is known as Fubini’s theorem. He was an Italian
mathematician. He was best known for his Fubini’s theorem.

When region R is rectangle:

If f(x,y) is continuous throughout the rectangle region R:
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 , 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 as shown in fig.

Then (By taking first horizontal strip and the vertical strip)
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral

Fubini’s Theorem (first form):

This result was derived by Guido-Fubini (1879-1943) and it is known as Fubini’s theorem. He was an Italian
mathematician. He was best known for his Fubini’s theorem.

When region R is rectangle:

If f(x,y) is continuous throughout the rectangle region R:
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 , 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 as shown in fig.

Then (By taking first horizontal strip and the vertical strip)

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

(By taking first vertical strip and then horizontal strip)

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Example 1)-Evaluate ∬𝑹 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 where R is the region bounded by 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, 𝟐 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑

Here

𝑥 4
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 − 0 𝑑𝑦
2 2

𝑦 27 8 38
= 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 =2 − =
3 3 3 3
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral

When Region R is non- rectangular:

1. Inner limit as a function of y (limit of x):
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be continuous on a region R
If R is defined by 𝑓 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓 𝑦 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 on [c, d] then with 𝑓 , 𝑓

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Example 1- Evaluate ∬𝑹 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 where R is the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝟏 and the circle with
center (1, 0) and radius 1.
SOLUTION: The given circle is represented by the equation
𝑥−1 +𝑦 =1

Now

𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦

= ( 1 + 1 − 𝑦 − 1 + 1 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦

𝑦 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
=2 1 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 1 − 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 =2 ∗ =
2 2 2 2 2
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral

Ans :
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Example 3- 𝑹 𝟐 𝟐 where R is the region bounded by and the
circle with center and radius 1.
𝝅
Ans:
𝟏𝟐
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Calculations of Double & Triple Integral
Example 4- Evaluate ∬𝑹 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 where R is the region bounded by 𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 = 𝒂 and the circle with center (0, 0)
and radius a.
SOLUTION: The given circle is represented by the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
Then region R is a given in fig.
Now,

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

= 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

= ( 𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
=2 𝑎 − 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 𝑎
= 2 ( 𝑎 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝜋 𝜋𝑎
=2 ∗ =
2 2 2
Change of Order of Integration
It is difficult to evaluate the double integral with a variable limit in some cases. So it can be made simple by changing
the order of integration. In this process first draw rough sketch of the region R from the given limit of integration. If the
given limit of the inner integral is with respect to x then using sketch convert it into y (or vice versa).

Remember that the outer limit of y or x must be constant.

SOLUTION: Here the region of integration is bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎

𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦

1 𝑦 1
= 𝑥 tan 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ∗ tan 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋𝑎
= 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 ) =
4 4 4
Change of Order of Integration
Ans: 1
Change of Order of Integration
Change of Order of Integration
Change of Order of Integration

SOLUTION: Here the region R is

𝑥 = 0 ,𝑥 = 2 ,𝑦 = 0 ,𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥

𝑒 𝑒
𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
4−𝑦 4−𝑦

𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦
4−𝑦 2

𝑒 4−𝑦 1 𝑒
= 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 =
4−𝑦 2 2 2

1 𝑒 𝑒 1 𝑒 −1 1
− = = (𝑒 − 1)
= 2 2 2 2 2 4
Change of Order of Integration
Change of Order of Integration
Change of Variables From Cartesian To Polar
Let P(x,y) be any point in Cartesian system,whose polar co-ordinates are P(r, 𝜃)
We know that,
The polar form of,
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=> 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
i.e. 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦

Also, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = => 𝜃 = tan

Now, the Jacobain (Or Streching Factor)

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐽= = 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 = 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 𝑟, 𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝜕
𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃) = 𝑟 1 = 𝑟
Change of Variables From Cartesian To Polar
Thus, the small area dxdy in xy-plane can be transferred to small area

Thus, the double integral over any region R in Cartesian form

can be changed into polar form as,

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

Change of Variables From Cartesian To Polar
Example 1: Evaluate ∬𝑹 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝑨 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 R is the annular region between the two circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓 ,
by changing into polar co-ordinate.

SOLUTION:
The polar form of given equation of circle
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 & 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 𝑖𝑠
𝑟 = 1 &𝑟 = 5
i.e. 𝑟 = 1 & 𝑟 = 5

𝑥 +𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 ∵ |J| = rdrd𝜃

𝑟 1
= 𝑑𝜃 = 5 − 1 𝑑𝜃
4 4

24
= 1 𝑑𝜃 = 6 𝜃
4
= 6 2𝜋 = 12𝜋
Change of Variables From Cartesian To Polar
Change of Variables From Cartesian To Polar
Change of Variables From Cartesian To Polar
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
This concept is also define by the same way as that of double integral as a limit of sums. Here, instead of considering the
region in xy-plane, we will consider solid in xyz – space. Thus , the triple integral as a limit of sum defined as:
If f(x,y,z) is continuous function defined in some solid region V of xyz-space bounded by a closed surface S.
It can be evaluated same that of double integrals by the use of successive integrals, by the use of successive evaluation
of single integral as given below:

The order of dz dx dy may change according to problem.

Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Examples of Triple Integral With Constant Limit

SOLUTION:

Here, ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [∫ [∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ]𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦

𝑧 1
= 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = [ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 2
1 𝑥
= [ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2
5
= − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4

= = =
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Examples of Triple Integral With Constant Limit
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Examples of Triple Integral With Constant Limit
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Example of Triple Integrals With Variables Limit
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Example of Triple Integrals With Variables Limit
𝟏
Ans :
𝟒𝟖
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Example of Triple Integrals With Variables Limit
𝟏
Ans :
𝟒
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Example of Triple Integrals With Variables Limit

𝟕
Ans :
𝟔
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Example of Triple Integrals With Variables Limit

𝟏
Ans : (𝟐𝟔 − 𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑)
𝟖
Evaluation of Triple Integrals:
Example of Triple Integrals With Variables Limit

𝟏
Ans : (𝟐𝟔 − 𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑)
𝟖