Finite Element Methods Reg 2024 Week 3

(LECTURE NOTES)
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

(METODE ELEMENT HINGGA)
(MN234504 / 3 SKS)
ACHMAD ZUBAYDI, TOTOK YULIANTO & TEGUH PUTRANTO

WEEK 3 (ODD SEMESTER)
DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
FACULTY OF MARINE TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
2024
DEVELOPMENT OF TRUSS EQUATIONS
Derivation of Stiffness Matrix :
Hooke’s Law and The Strain/ Displacement :
For Force Equilibrium :

or No Distributed Load Action
2 on the Bar
Differential with respect to x :
Step 1 : Select Element Type
Step 2 : Select a Displacement Function

→ Linear Displacement Variation
Using the same procedure :
or in Matrix
3
Or in another form :
where
The Linear Displacement Function

plotted over the length of the bar
element
Step 3 : Define the Strain/Displacement and

Stress/Strain Relationships
4
Step 4 : Derive the Element Stiffeness Matrix and

Equations
or
The Nodal Force Sign Convention :
Therefore :
In Matrix Form :
AE/L for a Bar Element is Analogous
to the Spring Constant k for
the Spring Element
5
Step 5 : Assembly Element Equations to Obtain

Global or Total Equations
Step 6 : Solve for the Nodal Displacement
Step 7 : Solve for the Element Forces
6
Example : Nodes 1 and 4 are Fixed

E = 30x106 psi ; A = 1 in2
(1) and (2)
E = 15x106 psi ; A = 2 in2
(3)
Element Stiffeness Matrices :
For Elements
(1) and (2) :
For Element (3) :
7
The Global Stiffeness Matrix
Boundary Conditions d1x = d4x = 0, F2x = 3000 lb, F3x = 0
Global
Node Forces :
8
Exercises :
1. Untuk Truss seperti terlihat dibawah ini, jika δ= 2.5 mm hitunglah
displacement node, gaya reaksi dan gaya masing-masing elemen.
Semua elemen mempunyai E = 210 GPa, A = 4 x 10-4 m2
2. Untuk Sistem seperti terlihat dibawah ini diketahui Modulus

Elastisitas (E) = 70 GPa, Luas Penampang (A) = 2 x 10-4 m2 dan
Konstanta Pegas (k) = 2000 kN/m Hitunglah displasemen node
(cm), gaya reaksi (N) dan gaya masing-masing elemen (N).
9
Selecting Approximation Functions for

Displacements :
1.Common Approximation Functions are
Polynomials
2.The Approximation Functions should be
Continunous
3.The Approximation Functions should provide
Interelement Continuity → All Degrees of Freedom
4. The Approximation Functions should allow for

Rigid-Body Displacement
10
The Function must be capable of yieding a constant

value Selecting
or
Using the Previous Equation :
From the above Equation :

where
11
Transformation of Vectors in Two Dimensions

Given the Nodal Displacement of an Element d
 = (+)
Counterclock Wise
Vector Displacement d → Global & Local Coordinates
12
The Matrix Transformation :
Relationship between
Local and Global
Displacements
=
Example : Bar Element Problem
13
Global Stiffness Matrix

The Stiffness Matrix for a Bar Element in Local
Coordinate :
or
The Global Stiffness Matrix
or
The Transformasi Relationship for Displacement :
14
or
Where :
Similary for Nodal Forces :
or
By Substituting the Equation :

or
15
Using the Equation for each Nodal Displacement
or
Where
Similarly for Nodal Force
or
16
Therefore :
or
May be expanded
By Substituting :
Where :
17
Expanding the Equation :
The Total Stiffness Matrix :
and
Local Forces can be computed as :
18
or
Example :
19
Computation of Stress for a Bar in the x-y Plane
Comparison between the Local Forces and Local

Coordinate :
Basic Bar Element with Positive Nodal Forces :
The Force- Displacement Equation and Stress :
20
The Stress :
Example :
21
Example :
22
The Stiffness Matrices of Element 1, 2 and 3 :
The Total Global Stiffness Matrix :
Reduce the Equation :

and
23
The Stress in an element :
The Stresses in Elements 1, 2, and 3 :
Check Equilibrium
at node 1 :
24
Example : AE/L = Constant
Element 1 Element 2 Element 3
25
The Global Matrix :
Applying the Boundary Conditions :
→
The Elements 1, 2 and 3 :
26
Example :
E = 210 Gpa
A = 6x10-4 m2
Element 1 :
Simplifying:
27
Element 2 :
The Global Equation :
The Boundary Conditions :

Solve :
and →
28
Element 1 Element 2 :
Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for a

Bar in Three Dimensional Space
29
The Convenient Form :
where :
Example :
Consider Element 3 :
30
31
Where :
Then :
Therefore :
and
32
Thefore :
and
Therefore :
and
The Boundary Conditions :
33
The Global Stiffness Matrix and the Global Equation:
and
Solving the Equation :
The Local Force and Stress in each Element :
34
The Stress in Elements 1, 2, and 3 :
35
INCLINED, OR SKEWED, SUPPORTS
for the Plane Truss :
rewrite the Equation :
The Transformation :
36
Where :
The Transformation :
→ → →
Therefore :
Example :
Element 1 :
37
Element 2 :
Element 3 :
38
The Global Stiffness Matrix :
The Matrix Transformation :
The First Step :
39
The Next Step :
Applying the Boundary Conditions :
Then
and
40
The Global Nodal Forces :
where :
Therefore :
41

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(LECTURE NOTES)

FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

ACHMAD ZUBAYDI, TOTOK YULIANTO & TEGUH PUTRANTO

Derivation of Stiffness Matrix :

Hooke’s Law and The Strain/ Displacement :

For Force Equilibrium :

Differential with respect to x :

Step 1 : Select Element Type

Step 2 : Select a Displacement Function

The Linear Displacement Function

Step 3 : Define the Strain/Displacement and

Step 4 : Derive the Element Stiffeness Matrix and

The Nodal Force Sign Convention :

Step 5 : Assembly Element Equations to Obtain

Step 6 : Solve for the Nodal Displacement

Step 7 : Solve for the Element Forces

Example : Nodes 1 and 4 are Fixed

For Element (3) :

The Global Stiffeness Matrix

Boundary Conditions d1x = d4x = 0, F2x = 3000 lb, F3x = 0

2. Untuk Sistem seperti terlihat dibawah ini diketahui Modulus

Selecting Approximation Functions for

4. The Approximation Functions should allow for

The Function must be capable of yieding a constant

From the above Equation :

Transformation of Vectors in Two Dimensions

Vector Displacement d → Global & Local Coordinates

The Matrix Transformation :

Example : Bar Element Problem

Global Stiffness Matrix

The Transformasi Relationship for Displacement :

Similary for Nodal Forces :

By Substituting the Equation :

Using the Equation for each Nodal Displacement

Similarly for Nodal Force

Expanding the Equation :

The Total Stiffness Matrix :

Local Forces can be computed as :

Computation of Stress for a Bar in the x-y Plane

Comparison between the Local Forces and Local

Basic Bar Element with Positive Nodal Forces :

The Force- Displacement Equation and Stress :

The Total Global Stiffness Matrix :

Reduce the Equation :

The Stress in an element :

The Stresses in Elements 1, 2, and 3 :

Example : AE/L = Constant

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3

Applying the Boundary Conditions :

The Global Equation :

The Boundary Conditions :

Transformation Matrix and Stiffness Matrix for a

The Convenient Form :

The Global Stiffness Matrix and the Global Equation:

Solving the Equation :

The Local Force and Stress in each Element :

The Stress in Elements 1, 2, and 3 :

INCLINED, OR SKEWED, SUPPORTS

for the Plane Truss :

rewrite the Equation :