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    Finite Element Methods Reg 2024 Week 5

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    Reynard Lisan

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    Finite Element Methods Reg 2024 Week 5

    Uploaded by

    Reynard Lisan
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    FINITE ELEMENT METHODS REG 2024 WEEK 5

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    3 views24 pages

    Finite Element Methods Reg 2024 Week 5

    Uploaded by

    Reynard Lisan

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    (LECTURE NOTES)

    FINITE ELEMENT METHODS


    (METODE ELEMENT HINGGA)

    (MN234504 / 3 SKS)

    ACHMAD ZUBAYDI, TOTOK YULIANTO & TEGUH PUTRANTO

    WEEK 5 (ODD SEMESTER)

    DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE


    FACULTY OF MARINE TECHNOLOGY
    INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
    2024
    ASSIGNMENT 1

    2
    Banded Symmetric Matrices and Bandwidth
    The coefficient matrix (stiffness matrix) for the linear equations
    in structural analysis is always symmetric and banded

    A matrix is banded  the nonzero terms of the matrix are


    gathered about the main diagonal
    Element 2 connects nodes 1 and 4.
    The 2 x 2 submatrices 1-1, 1-4, 4-1,

    and 4-4  nonzero coefficients.


    The total stiffness matrix of the plane
    truss, denotes non zero coefficients
    with X’s
    3
    4
    Banded Symmetric Matrices and Bandwidth
    The nonzero terms are within the
    some band.
    Using a banded storage format, only
    the main diagonal and the nonzero
    upper codiagonals need be stored

    The skyline
    An Envelope begins with the first
    nonzero coefficient in each column
    of the stiffness matrix.
    Only the coefficients between the main
    diagonal and the skyline are stored.
    5
    Banded Symmetric Matrices and Bandwidth

    The Semibandwidth (nb)

    nb = nd(m + 1)

    nd = The Number of Degrees of Freedom per Node


    m = The Maximum Difference in Node Numbers determined
    by Calculating the Difference in Node Numbers for Each
    Element of a Finite Element Model.

    Example for the Plane Truss,

    m = 4 - 1 = 3 and nd = 2,  nb = 2(3 + 1) = 8.
    6
    The Execution Time (Primarily, Equation-Solving Time)
     A function of the number of equations to be solved
    Without using Banded Storage of Global Stiffness Matrix K,
    the Execution Time is Proportional to (1/3)n3.
    n = the Number of Equations to be Solved.
    Using Banded Storage of K,
    The Execution Time is Proportional to n(nb)2.
    The Ratio of Time of Execution without Banded Storage to
    that using Banded Storage is (1/3)(n/nb)2.
    For the Plane Truss Example, the Ratio (1/3)(24/8)2 = 3.
    Therefore, it takes about Three Times as long to execute the
    Solution of the Example Truss if Banded Storage is not used.
    7
    SYMMETRY AND BANDWIDTH
    Exercises :
    - How to sequence node numbers of the regular octogonal structure
    below.

    - Determine the bandwidths of the plane trusses shown in figure below.


    What conclusions can you draw regarding labeling of nodes?

    8
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    A Beam : a Long, Slender Structural Member generally
    subjected to Transverse Loading that produces Significant
    Bending effects as opposed to Twisting or Axial Effects.

    The degrees of freedom considered per node are a


    transverse displacement and a rotation (as opposed to only
    an axial displacement for the bar element.

    Beam Element Sign Conventions

    9
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS

    Beam under Distributed Load

    10
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS

    Deflected Curve of Beam


    11
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    At All Nodes :
    1.Moments are positive in the counterclockwise direction.
    2.Rotations are positive in the counterclockwise direction.
    3.Forces are positive in the positive y direction.
    4.Displacements are positive in the positive y direction.

    The Equations of Equilibrium for the Differential Element :

    12
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    The Curvature of the Beam :

    and

    From the Equation :

    Solving the Equation

    For constant value of EI :

    13
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    In the Matrix Form :

    and

    The Stiffness Matrix

    Example of Assemblage of Beam Stiffness Matrix

    EI Constant

    14
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    The Global Stiffness Matrices
    Element 1 Element 2

    Using Direct Superposition

    if

    Therefore 
    15
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    The Boundary Conditions

    Displacement Rotation Moment Force


    Fixed
    0 0 X X

    Pin 0 X 0 X

    Roll 0 X 0 X

    Free X X 0 0

    16
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    Example : Solve the Problem of the Propped Cantilever
    Beam subjected to End Load P.

    Elemen 1 Elemen 2

    17
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    On Applying the Boundary Conditions

    and
    Solving the Equation :

    Using Partitioning Matrix  Rearranging the Equation

    Simplifying : and obtaining :

    Solving the equation:


    18
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    Example:
    EQUATIONS
    Determine the nodal displacements and rotations and the global and
    element forces for the beam shown below. We have discretized the
    beam as shown by the node numbering. The beam is fixed at node 1,
    has a roller support at node 2, and has an elastic spring support at
    node 3. A downward vertical force of P = 50 kN is applied at node 3.
    Let E = 210 GPa and I = 2x104 m4 throughout the beam, and let k =
    200 kN/m.

    19
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    Global Stiffness Matrix:

    Where

    20
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    It is easier to solve the problem using the general variables, later
    making numerical substitutions into the final displacement expressions.
    The governing equations for the beam are then given by

    where k’ = k L3/(EI) is used to simplify the notation.

    If the Boundary Conditions are :

    21
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    The remaing three equations are:

    Solving the equation simultaneously for the displacement at node 3


    and the rotations at nodes 2 and 3 :

    or

    22
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS

    Finally

    and

    23
    DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM
    EQUATIONS
    For the beams shown in Figures P4–6 through P4–11, determine the
    displacements and the slopes at the nodes, the forces in each element,
    and the reactions. Also, draw the shear force and bending moment
    diagrams.

    24

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