1 Cells are formed by the division of existing cells. Four different cells are shown.

Which cell is produced by meiosis?

2 Albinism is an inherited condition in which pigment does not develop in the skin, hair and eyes.

The allele for albinism is recessive.

What are the chances of albino parents having an albino child?

A 0% B 25% C 75% D 100%

3 The diagram represents processes in sexual reproduction.

cells in R
reproductive gametes
organs
zygote cells of
Q
embryo

Which processes are represented by stages Q and R?

4 Which name is given to the observable features of an organism?

A alleles
B genes
C genotype
D phenotype

5 Which structure will be found in the nucleus of a body cell in a woman?

A X allele
B X chromosome
C Y allele
D Y chromosome
 6 Owners of successful race horses hope that the horses’ offspring will be like their parents.

How does a young race horse inherit its characteristics?

A equally from its mother and father

B mainly from its father
C mainly from its mother
D passed across the placenta

7 In pea plants the allele for tall, T, is dominant to the allele for dwarf, t. Which
cross would produce plants in the proportion of 1 tall : 1 dwarf?

A TT × Tt B Tt × Tt C Tt × tt D tt × tt

8 In the inheritance of ABO blood groups, when two parents have the genotypes IAIA and IAIo, what
is the blood group of their offspring?

A group A
B group AB
C group B
D group O

9 When a cell divides, these events occur.

1 The DNA inside the cell is duplicated exactly.

2 Daughter cells are produced with the same chromosome number as the parent cell. Which

type of division has occurred?

A meiosis producing genetically different cells

B meiosis producing genetically identical cells
C mitosis producing genetically different cells
D mitosis producing genetically identical cells
 10 Which structures in plant cells build protein molecules under the control of the nucleus?

A cell walls
B chloroplasts
C mitochondria
D ribosomes

A S
11 Sickle cell anaemia is determined by the gene Hb. Hb is the allele for normal blood. Hb is the
allele for sickle cell anaemia.

Which combination of parents could result in some children with resistance to malaria and some
with all normal red blood cells?

A HbA HbA HbA HbA

B HbA HbA HbA HbS
C HbA HbA HbS HbS
D HbS HbS HbS HbS

12 Which substance is coded for by a length of DNA?

A fat
B fatty acid
C glycerol
D lipase

13 What are alleles?

A a pair of chromosomes
B different versions of the same gene
C the total number of genes on one chromosome
D two genes side by side on the same chromosome
 14 A pure-breeding plant with smooth stems was crossed with a heterozygous plant with hairy
stems.

What will be the ratio of hairy : smooth stems in the resulting plants?

A 1 hairy : 1 smooth
B 1 hairy : 3 smooth
C 3 hairy : 1 smooth
D all hairy

15 The diagram shows the sex chromosomes of a woman and of a man. Their genotypes for a
recessive sex-linked condition are also shown.

A a a key
A is dominant
a is recessive

What are the chances that their daughter will show the sex-linked condition?

A 0% B 25% C 50% D 75%

16 The diagram shows the inheritance of ABO blood groups. The blood groups of some of the
individuals are given.

A Priya

B O

O A

What could be Priya’s genotype?

A IAIo B IBIB C IBIo D IoIo

17 Which statement about the human sex chromosomes is correct?

A All boys have two Y chromosomes.

B Everybody has at least one X chromosome.
C Girls have a Y chromosome and an X chromosome.
D Nobody has two X chromosomes.

18 What results from meiosis of a diploid cell?

A genetically different diploid cells

B genetically different haploid cells
C genetically identical diploid cells
D genetically identical haploid cells

19 What will be the genotypes of the offspring resulting from a genetic cross between two
individuals, one of which is homozygous dominant, (TT), and the other heterozygous?

20 Which of these cells is haploid?

A liver cell

B red blood cell

C sperm cell

D zygote
21 A genetic cross between two organisms may be shown as Gg × Gg.

What does g represent?

A a dominant allele
B a dominant chromosome
C a recessive allele
D a recessive chromosome

22 Some fruit flies have orange eyes and others have red eyes.
If two orange-eyed fruit flies are crossed, their offspring always have orange eyes.

If two red-eyed fruit flies are crossed, their offspring sometimes include both orange-eyed and
red-eyed flies.

What can be concluded from these observations?

A Crossing an orange-eyed fly with a red-eyed fly will produce a 1 : 1 ratio in the offspring.
B The allele for orange eyes is dominant.
C The allele for red eyes is dominant.
D We could determine which allele is dominant only by doing a cross that produces a 3 : 1 ratio.

23 What are correct descriptions of mitosis and meiosis?

mitosis meiosis

A cells produced are genetically identical repairs damaged cells

B halves the chromosome number cells produced are genetically identical
C involved in asexual reproduction halves the chromosome number
D involved in sexual reproduction doubles the chromosome number
24 A man has three sons.

What is the chance of his next child being a son?

A 0% B 25% C 50% D 75%

25 The diagram shows a cross between heterozygous tall pea plants.

Which statement is not correct?

A Offspring E and H are both homozygous.

B Offspring F and G are both heterozygous.
C The phenotypes of offspring E, F and G are the same.
D The ratio of different phenotypes in the offspring is 1 : 1.

26 The diagram shows a plant cell.

Where is most of the DNA found?

A
C

D
27 The diagram shows the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell that divides by mitosis.

28 The diagram shows the fusion of gametes to produce a son and a daughter.

father mother

parents

gametes Q

offspring R

son daughter

What are the sex chromosomes in gamete Q and son R?

 29 What are the sex chromosomes for human females and males?

30 A plant has two different alleles of a gene resulting in it having a green seed.
Which row describes the phenotype and genotype of the seeds of this plant?

31 The shape of a person’s earlobes is determined by a single gene. This gene has dominant and
recessive alleles.

The allele for detached earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes.

The diagram shows the inheritance of earlobe shape in a family.

parents
attached detached

children
attached detached detached

What is the probability of the next child from the same parents having detached earlobes?

A 0% B 25% C 50% D 75%

32 Which sex chromosomes are present in all mature human sperm cells?

A both X and Y chromosomes

B either X or Y chromosomes
C only X chromosomes
D only Y chromosomes

33 The diagram shows a cell dividing into two.

DNA strand

DNA strand

Which process is shown in the diagram?

A asexual reproduction in a bacterium

B asexual reproduction in a potato plant
C meiosis in a woman’s ovary
D mitosis in the root of a plant
34 The chart shows the inheritance of fur colour in a small mammal.

If the allele for white fur is dominant, which animal must be heterozygous for the gene controlling
fur colour?

A B

35 The diagram shows the chromosomes from one person.

1 2 3 4 5 6 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22

What can be deduced about the person who has these chromosomes?

A a female with Down’s syndrome

B a male with Down’s syndrome
C a normal female
D a normal male
36 Genetics is the study of

A development of organisms.
B mechanisms of inheritance.
C nuclear division.
D variation between species.

37 What is unlikely to be affected by the environment?

A blood group
B body mass
C health
D height

38 Which statement is true of both chromosomes and genes?

A Each codes for a specific protein.

B Each may be copied and passed on in mitosis.
C Each may be either dominant or recessive.
D Each may exist as two or more alleles.

39 Most birds have a coloured pigment in their feathers, but in a few individuals, pigment is
absent and the birds are albinos.

Albinism occurs when a bird is homozygous recessive for the gene which creates the coloured
pigment.

If two albino birds mated, what describes the appearance of their offspring?

A all albino
B all coloured
C 50% coloured, 50% albino
D 75% coloured, 25% albino
40 In an animal, the allele for straight fur is dominant to the allele for curly fur.

A pair of these animals mate and have nine offspring with straight fur and three with curly fur.

F represents the allele for straight fur and f represents the allele for curly fur.

What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?

A F and f B FF and ff C FF and Ff D Ff and Ff

1 Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide inside cells. Red blood cells contain
catalase.

Some dogs have an inherited condition in which catalase is not produced. This condition is known
as acatalasia and it is caused by a mutation in the gene for catalase.

(a) Define the terms gene and gene mutation.

gene...................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

gene mutation....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

[2]

(b) A geneticist was asked to investigate the inheritance of acatalasia in dogs.

The normal allele is represented by B and the mutant allele is represented by b.

The geneticist made the diagram in Fig. 3.1 to show the inheritance of acatalasia in a family
of dogs. The shaded symbols indicate the dogs with acatalasia.

normal male
1 2 3
normal female

male with acatalasia

4 5
female with acatalasia

Fig. 3.1

(i) State the genotypes of the dogs identified as 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. 3.1.

1 .............................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................

3 ............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) The geneticist crossed dog 4 with dog 5. Approximately half of the offspring had
acatalasia and half the offspring did not have acatalasia.

Complete the genetic diagram to show how this is possible.

dog 4 dog 5
parental phenotypes normal has acatalasia

parental genotypes ............. .............

+
gametes .......... , .......... ..........

Punnett square

offspring genotypes................................................................................................

offspring phenotypes.............................................................................................. [3]

(iii) State the name given to the type of cross that you have completed in (b)(ii).

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 9]
(c) Carnation plants show co-dominance for the anthocyanin gene. There are two alleles:
A
• F – allele for anthocyanin pigment (red flowers)
N
• F – allele for no anthocyanin pigment (white flowers)

(i) State the genotype of a carnation plant that is heterozygous for this gene.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Describe the phenotype of a heterozygous carnation plant for this gene.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

A N A A
(iii) The breeder crossed a F F carnation plant with a F F carnation plant. Predict, using
a genetic diagram, the proportion of pure breeding carnation plants in the offspring.

parental genotypes FAFN × FAFA

+
gametes ........... ........... ........... ...........

Punnett square

offspring genotypes .............................................................................................

offspring phenotypes ...........................................................................................

proportion of pure breeding carnation plants .......................................................

[4]

[Total: 13]
3 (a) Sex in cats is determined in the same way as in humans.

Complete the diagram below to show how sex is determined in cats.

male cat female cat

female cat (XX)

gametes X X

......
male cat
(.........)
......

offspring ratio..................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) A scientist investigated the inheritance of fur colour in cats.

The gene for coat colour is located on the X chromosome. The gene has two alleles:

• B black

• b orange.
B
The X chromosome with the allele for black is represented by X .
b
The X chromosome with the allele for orange is X .

A female cat can be a mixture of these colours, described as calico.

Fig. 3.1 shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats.

orange male
1 2
black male

calico female

orange female
3 4 5 6 7
black female
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the genotypes of cats 1, 4, and 5 in Fig. 3.1.

cat 1 .......................................................................................................................

cat 4 .......................................................................................................................

cat 5 ....................................................................................................................... [3]

1 In tulip plants, the petals can have markings called flecks.
There are two alleles for flecks in tulip plants: with flecks F; and without flecks f.

(a) Explain the meaning of the term dominant allele.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A tulip grower crosses two tulip plants.

He finds that 76 of the offspring have petals with flecks and 23 of the offspring have petals
without flecks.

(i) Complete the genetic diagram to explain this result.

parental genotypes ………………… X …………………
parental phenotypes ………………… X …………………

gametes .... .... X .... ....

offspring genotypes …………………………… ……………………………

offspring phenotypes petals with flecks present petals without flecks
[5]

(ii) The tulip grower wants to produce a pure-breeding variety of tulips with petals without
flecks.

State the genotypes of the parent plants he should use to produce tulip plants without
flecks. Explain your answer.

parental genotypes ………………… X …………………

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
2 (a) Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited disease. The gene for haemoglobin exists in two forms,
HbN and HbS. People who are HbSHbS have the disease and experience symptoms including
fatigue and extreme pain in their joints. People who are HbNHbS are carriers of the disease
and may have mild symptoms, if any at all.

(i) Table 2.1 shows four genetic terms.

Complete Table 2.1 by stating a specific example, used in the paragraph above, of each
genetic term.

Table 2.1

genetic term example used in the passage

an allele

a heterozygous
genotype

a homozygous
genotype

phenotype

[4]
(b) The gene for haemoglobin exists in two alternative forms:

HA codes for the normal form of haemoglobin;

HS codes for the abnormal form of haemoglobin.

(i) State the name for the alternative forms of a gene.

[1]

(ii) A child has sickle cell anaemia. The parents do not have this disorder.

Complete the genetic diagram to show how the child inherited the disorder.

Use the symbols HA and HS in your answer.

parental phenotypes normal × normal

parental genotypes HAHS × HAHS

gametes +

child’s genotype ...................

child’s phenotype sickle cell anaemia

[2]

(iii) The parents are about to have another child.

What is the probability that this child will have sickle cell anaemia?

[1]
4 (a) The production of human gametes involves the type of nuclear division known as
meiosis.

State two reasons why meiosis is suitable for gamete production.

[2]

(b) The sex of a human fetus is determined by the sex chromosomes, X and Y.

Fig. 5.1 shows the determination of sex in four different examples.

Examples 3 and 4 show sex determination in twins.

example gametes zygote cell from a fetus

1 X + X XX XX

2 X + Y XY XY

XX
3 X + X XX
XX

X + X XX XX
4
X + X XX XX

Fig. 5.1
 (i) Use 5.1 to explain how the sex of a fetus is determined.

[2]

(ii) Examples 3 and 4 show two ways in which twins are formed.

The twins in example 3 are identical.

Use Fig. 5.1 to explain why.

[2]

(c) During the development of a fetus, different genes are expressed at different times.

Explain what is meant by the term development.

[2]
(d) One of the genes that controls the ability of blood to clot is found only on the X
chromosome.

XH represents an X chromosome with the dominant allele for normal blood clotting.

Xh represents an X chromosome with the recessive allele which causes the blood to
clot slowly.

The Y chromosome is small and does not have the gene for blood clotting.

Here is a list of four genotypes.

XHXH, XHXh, XHY, XhY

Choose the genotype from the list that matches each of the following:

● gives a phenotype of long clotting time;

● is heterozygous;

● is homozygous. [3]

(e) Haemophilia is a rare genetic condition in which the blood clots very slowly.

In the USA, haemophilia affects 1 in 5000 male births each year. In some cases these
births occur in families where the condition has not occurred before.

Explain how boys can have haemophilia when the condition has not previously existed
in their family.

[2]

[Total: 13]
 Pea seeds develop inside pea pods after fertilisation. They contain starch. A gene controls
the production of an enzyme involved in the synthesis of starch grains.

The allele, R, codes for an enzyme that produces normal starch grains.
This results in seeds that are round.

The allele, r, does not code for the enzyme. The starch grains are not formed normally. This
results in seeds that are wrinkled.

Fig. 6.1 shows round and wrinkled pea seeds.

round pea seed wrinkled pea seed

Fig. 6.1

Pure bred plants are homozygous for the gene concerned. A plant breeder had some pure
bred pea plants that had grown from round seeds and some pure bred plants that had
grown from wrinkled seeds.

(c) State the genotypes of the pure bred plants that had grown from round and from
wrinkled seeds.

round

wrinkled [1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
These pure bred plants were cross-pollinated (cross 1) and the seeds collected.
All the seeds were round. These round seeds were germinated, grown into adult plants
(offspring 1) and self-pollinated (cross 2).

The pods on the offspring 1 plants contained both round and wrinkled seeds.

Further crosses (3 and 4) were carried out as shown in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1

phenotype of seeds in the seed

pods ratio of round to
cross
wrinkled seeds
round seeds wrinkled seeds
pure bred for round seeds x
1
 1:0
pure bred for wrinkled seeds
2 offspring 1 self-pollinated


offspring 1 x pure bred for
3
round seeds
offspring 1 x pure bred for
4
wrinkled seeds

(d) Complete Table 6.1 by indicating

• the type of seeds present in the pods with a tick (
) or a cross ()

• the ratio of round to wrinkled seeds.

You may use the space below and the next page for any rough working. [3]
(b) Name

(i) structures A to E.

E [5]

(ii) the type of nuclear division that occurs to produce the new cells as the seed
grows.

[1]

(c) Explain why the genotypes of the seeds are not all the same.

[2]

When ripe, the seed pod breaks open and the seeds are scattered. Some of the seeds
germinate and grow into adult plants, but many do not.

(d) Explain why many seeds released by B. rapa do not germinate and grow into adult
plants.

[3]

[Total: 14]
(d) The parents of people with sickle cell anaemia rarely have this condition.

Explain, using a genetic diagram, how two parents who do not have sickle cell anaemia
may have a child with the condition.

parental genotypes ................ × ................

gametes ................ ................ + ................ ................

genotype of child with ................

sickle cell anaemia
[3]
1 The four o’clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa, can have flowers of three different colours as shown
in Fig. 4.1.

yellow
flower

crimson flower orange-red flower

Fig. 4.1

(a) A student crossed some crimson-flowered plants with some yellow-flowered plants
(cross 1). She collected the seeds and grew them. All of the plants that grew from
these seeds had orange-red flowers.

Complete the genetic diagram to explain the result of cross 1.

parental phenotypes crimson flowers × yellow flowers

parental genotypes ACAC × AYAY

gametes .............. + ..............

offspring genotype ................

offspring phenotype ........................

[3]
(b) The student then carried out three further crosses as shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

cross
ross geno of offspring

2 offspring of cross 1 × offspring of cross

3 offspring of cross 1 × crimson-flowered plant

4 offspring of cross 1 × yellow-flowered plant

Complete Table 4.1 by writing the genotypes of the offspring of crosses 2, 3 and 4,
using the same symbols as in the genetic diagram in (a).

Write the genotypes in Table 4.1.

You may use the space below for any working.

[3]

(c) Flower colour in M. jalapa is not an example of the inheritance of dominant and
recessive alleles.

Explain how the results of the crosses show that these alleles for flower colour are not
dominant or recessive.

[3]
People who are heterozygous for the gene for haemoglobin produce both the normal and
abnormal forms of haemoglobin. These people show no symptoms or have very mild
symptoms known as sickle cell trait.

(b) (i) Complete the genetic diagram to show how a couple who are both heterozygous
may have a child with sickle cell anaemia.

parental phenotypes sickle cell trait × sickle cell trait

parental genotypes ................ × ................

gametes .............. .............. + .............. ..............

offspring genotypes ................ ................ ................ ................

offspring phenotypes ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

[3]

(ii) What is the chance of a child born to this couple having sickle cell anaemia?

[1]

In some parts of the world, up to 25% of the population have sickle cell trait.

(c) State the advantage of having sickle cell trait.

[1]
(d) Discuss whether sickle cell trait is an example of codominance.

[2]

[Total: 12]
There is a gene in T. confusum which controls body colour.

A represents the dominant allele for red-brown body colour.

a represents the recessive allele for black body colour.

(c) Complete the genetic diagram below to show the colour of beetles produced when
heterozygous beetles are crossed with beetles that are homozygous recessive for this
gene.

parental phenotypes ............................ × ............................

parental genotypes ............................ × ............................

gametes ............. ............. + ............. .............

offspring genotypes ........................................................

offspring phenotypes ........................................................

ratio of phenotypes ........................................................

[4]
2 (a) Define the term self-pollination.

[2]

Snapdragon plants have flowers with three colours: red, pink and white.

Some students investigated the inheritance of flower colour in snapdragons.

In cross 1 they cross-pollinated plants that were homozygous for red flowers with plants
that were homozygous for white flowers. They collected and planted the seeds from
cross 1. All of the resulting plants had pink flowers.

In cross 2 they self-pollinated all the pink-flowered plants and found that in the next
generation there were red-flowered plants, white-flowered plants and pink-flowered plants.

(b) Complete the genetic diagrams to show how flower colour is inherited in snapdragon
plants.

Use the symbol IR for the allele for red flowers and IW for the allele for white flowers.

cross 1 parental phenotypes red flowers × white flowers

parental genotypes ........... × ...........

gametes ........... ...........

offspring ...................
genotypes

offspring pink flowers

phenotypes
cross 2 parental phenotypes pink flowers × pink flowers

parental genotypes ........... × ...........

gametes ........... ...........

offspring
genotypes ………………………………………………………………………………………….

ratio of offspring
phenotypes ……………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

(c) Another student cross-pollinated pink-flowered plants with white-flowered plants.

Complete the genetic diagram to show the results that the student would expect.

phenotypes pink flowers × white flowers

genotypes ........... × ...........

gametes ........... ...........

offspring
genotypes ………………………………………………………………………………………….

ratio of offspring
phenotypes ……………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
3 (a Define the term gene.

[1]

The medical condition sickle cell anaemia is widely distributed in Africa, parts of Asia and
the Americas. People with sickle cell anaemia have red blood cells with an abnormal form
of haemoglobin.

The gene for haemoglobin exists in two forms:

HN = allele for normal haemoglobin

HS = allele for abnormal haemoglobin

(b) Complete the genetic diagram below to show how two people who are heterozygous
for this gene may have a child who has sickle cell anaemia.

Use the symbols HN and HS in your answer.

parental phenotypes normal x normal

parental genotypes ……… x ……….

gametes ……… + ……….

child’s genotype …………

child’s phenotype sickle cell anaemia

[3]
(c) Describe the effects of sickle cell anaemia on the body.

[4]
1 One variety of the moth, Biston betularia, has pale, speckled wings. A second variety of the
same species has black wings. There are no intermediate forms.

Equal numbers of both varieties were released into a wood made up of trees with pale bark.
Examples of these are shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1

After two weeks as many of the moths were caught as possible.

The results are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

wing colour of moth number released number caught

pale, speckled 100 82
black
lac 36

(a) (i) Suggest and explain one reason, related to the colour of the bark, for the
difference in numbers of the varieties of moth caught.

[1]

(ii) Suggest and explain how the results may have been different if the moths had
been released in a wood where the trees were blackened with carbon dust from air
pollution.

[2]
Table 5.2 shows the appearance and genetic make-up of the different varieties of this
species.

Table 5.2

wing colour genetic make-up

pale, speckled GG; Gg
black
la

(b) (i) State the appropriate genetic terms for the table headings.

wing colour

genetic make-up [2]

(ii) State and explain which wing colour is dominant.

dominant wing colour

explanation

[2]

(c) State the type of genetic variation shown by these moths. Explain how this variation is
inherited.

[3]
 The gene for the ABO blood group has three alleles, IA, IB and Io.

(d) A person with blood group O has parents who have blood groups A and B.
Complete the genetic diagram to show how this is possible.

Use the symbols, IA, IB and Io, for the blood group alleles.

parental phenotypes blood group A × blood group B

parental genotypes ............... × ...............

gametes ............. ............. + ............. .............

offspring genotype ...................

offspring phenotype blood group O

[3]

(e) Use your answer to (d) to give examples of the following. The first one has been
completed for you.

term
erm exa

a dominant allele IA
heterozygous genotype
………………………..
codominant alleles
………………………..
phenotype
………………………..
[3]

[Total: 12]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Heterozygous moths were interbred. Use a genetic diagram to predict the proportion of
black winged moths present in the next generation.

proportion of black winged moths = [5]

(e) (i) Name the process that can give rise to different alleles for wing colour in a
population of moths.

[1]

(ii) Suggest one factor which might increase the rate of this process.

[1]

[Total: 17]
(c) Two brothers have to make a difficult decision.

One brother, with blood group AB, has kidney failure and is on dialysis.

The healthy brother has agreed to donate one of his kidneys to his brother. He has to
have a blood test.

Their father has blood group A and their mother has blood group B.

The brothers have a sister who has blood group O.

(i) Explain how this girl has blood group O when her parents have different blood
groups. You must use the space below for a genetic diagram to help your answer.

Use the symbols IA, IB and IO to represent the alleles involved in the inheritance of
blood groups.

parental phenotypes blood group A × blood group B

parental genotypes ................... × ...................

gametes ................... ................... + ................... ...................

girl’s genotype ...................

girl’s phenotype ...................

[4]

(ii) The healthy brother can only donate the kidney to his brother if they both have the
same blood group.

What is the probability that the healthy brother also has blood group AB?

[1]

[Total: 10]
4 (a Four definitions of terms used in genetics are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

definitions
efini

the outward appearance of an organism ……………………..

a length of DNA that codes for a protein ……………………..

having one set of chromosomes ……………………..

type of nuclear division which gives

daughter nuclei that are genetically identical …………………….

For each of the definitions, select an appropriate term from the list and write it in the
box provided.

chromosome genotype mitosis

diploid haploid mutation
dominant heterozygous phenotype
gene homozygous recessive
[4]

(b) A couple who have blood groups A and B have four children. Each child has a different
blood group.

Use the space below to draw a genetic diagram to show how this is possible. Use the
symbols, IA , IB and Io, for the alleles.

parental blood groups A × B

parental genotypes ×

gamete genotypes

children’s genotypes

children’s blood groups

[4]
(c) Explain what is meant by codominance. You may refer to the genetic diagram in (b) to
help you with your answer.

[3]