Human Resources Ch-5 Class 8 Geography Notes

Notes of Ch 6 Human Resources| Class 8th
Geography
Introduction
• People with their demands and abilities are considered as Human

Resources.
• Human resources like other resources are not equally distributed over the
world.
→ They differ in their educational levels, age and sex. Their numbers and
characteristics also keep changing.
Distribution of Population
• The way in which people are spread across the earth surface is known as
the pattern of population distribution.
• The distribution of population in the world is extremely uneven.

→ More than 90 per cent of the world’s population lives in about 30 percent of
the land surface.
• Crowded areas: South and south east Asia, Europe and north eastern North
America.
• Almost three-quarters of the world’s people live in two continents Asia and
Africa.
• Sixty percent of the world’s people live in just 10 countries.→ These are
China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russian
Fed. and Japan.
Density of Population
• Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s
surface.
→ It is normally expressed as per square km.
• The average density of population in the whole world is 51 persons per

square km.
• South Central Asia has the highest density of population.
Factors affecting distribution of Population
Geographical Factors
• Topography: People always prefer to live on plains rather than mountains

and plateaus because these areas are suitable for farming, manufacturing and
service activities.
→ Example: The Ganga plains are the most densely populated areas of the
world while mountains like Andes, Alps and Himalayas are sparsely
populated.
• Climate: People usually avoid extreme climates that are very hot or very
cold.
→ Example: Sahara desert is very hot and polar regions of Russia, Canada
and Antarctica are cold are sparsely populated.
• Soil: Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture.

→ Example: Fertile plains such as Ganga and Brahmaputra in India,
Hwang-He, Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt are densely
populated.
• Water: People prefer to live in the areas where fresh water is easily
available.
→ Example: The river valleys of the world are densely populated while
deserts have spare population.
• Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits are more populated.

→ Example: Diamond mines of South Africa and discovery of oil in the Middle
east lead to settling of people in these areas.
Social, Cultural and Economic Factors
• Social: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more
densely populated.
→ Example: Pune.
• Cultural: Places with religion or cultural significance attract people.

→ Example: Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican city.
• Economic: Industrial areas attract large number of people as it provide
employment opportunities. → Example: Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India.
Population Change
• Population change refers to change in the number of people during a

specific time.
• The change happens due to changes in the number of births and deaths.
• Until the 1800s, the world’s population grew steadily but slowly
→ Large numbers of babies were born, but they died early too as there were
no proper health facilities.
→ Also, Sufficient food was not available for all the people.
• In 1804, the world’s population reached one billion.
• In 1959, the world’s population reached 3 billion which is often called

population explosion.
• In 1999, 40 years later, the population doubled to 6 billion.

→ The main reason for this growth was that with better food supplies and
medicine, deaths were reducing, while the number of births still remained
fairly high.
Natural Growth Rate

• Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people.
• Death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people.

• Migrations is the movement of people in and out of an area.
• The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is
called the natural growth rate.
• The population increase in the world is mainly due to rapid increase in

natural growth rate.
Migration
• Migration is another way by which population size changes.
• Emigrants are people who leave a country.

→ Countries like the United States of America and Australia have gained
in-numbers by in-migration or immigration.
• Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.

→ Sudan is an example of a country that has experienced a loss in population
numbers due to out-migration or emigration.
Patterns of Population Change
• Rates of population growth vary across the world.

• Countries like Kenya have high population growth rates as they had both
high birth rates and death rates.
• Countries like United Kingdom, population growth is slowing because of both
low death and low birth rates.
Population Composition
• Population composition refers to the structure of the population.
→ It tells about age, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation and
income level of population.
• Population pyramid, also called an age-sex pyramid is a way to study the
population composition of a country.
• A population pyramid shows
→ The total population divided into various age groups, example: 5 to 9 years,
10 to 14 years.
→ The percentage of the total population, subdivided into males and females,
in each of those groups.
• There are two groups of dependents

→ Young dependents (aged below 15 years)
→ Elderly dependents (aged over 65 years)
• Those between the age of 15 years and 65 years are working age and are
the economically active.
• The population pyramid tells us how many dependents there are in a

country.
• The population pyramid of a country in which birth and death rates both are
high is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top because
although, many children are born, a large percentage of them die in their
infancy, relatively few become adults and there are very few old people.
→ Example: Kenya.
• The countries where death rates (especially amongst the very young) are
decreasing, the pyramid
is broad in the younger age groups, because more infants survive to
adulthood.
→ Some countries contain a relatively large number of young people and

which means a strong and expanding labour force.
→ Example: India.
• The countries where death rates are decreasing allow numbers of people to
reach old age.
→ Example: Japan

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Notes of Ch 6 Human Resources| Class 8th

• People with their demands and abilities are considered as Human

• The distribution of population in the world is extremely uneven.

• The average density of population in the whole world is 51 persons per

• South Central Asia has the highest density of population.

Factors affecting distribution of Population

• Topography: People always prefer to live on plains rather than mountains

• Soil: Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture.

• Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits are more populated.

Social, Cultural and Economic Factors

• Cultural: Places with religion or cultural significance attract people.

• Population change refers to change in the number of people during a

• In 1804, the world’s population reached one billion.

• In 1959, the world’s population reached 3 billion which is often called

• In 1999, 40 years later, the population doubled to 6 billion.

Natural Growth Rate

• Death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people.

• The population increase in the world is mainly due to rapid increase in

• Migration is another way by which population size changes.

• Emigrants are people who leave a country.

• Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.

Patterns of Population Change

• Rates of population growth vary across the world.

• There are two groups of dependents

• The population pyramid tells us how many dependents there are in a

→ Some countries contain a relatively large number of young people and

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