8th ncert 6 th chapt

Class 8 NCERT Geography Chapter 6
Human Resources
Introduction
• People with their demands and abilities are

considered as Human Resources.
• Human resources like other resources are not

equally distributed over the world.
→ They differ in their educational levels, age
and sex. Their numbers and characteristics
also keep changing. Instagram
@tireless.study
Distribution of Population
• The way in which people are spread across the earth surface
is known as the pattern of population distribution.
• The distribution of population in the world is extremely

uneven.
→ More than 90 per cent of the world’s population lives in
about 30 percent of the land surface.
• Crowded areas: South and south east Asia, Europe and north
eastern North America.
• Almost three-quarters of the world’s people live in two

continents Asia and Africa.
• Sixty percent of the world’s people live in just 10 countries.→

These are China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russian Fed. and Japan.
Density of Population
• Population density is the number of people

living in a unit area of the earth’s surface.
→ It is normally expressed as per square
km.
• The average density of population in the

whole world is 51 persons per square km.
• South Central Asia has the highest density

of population.
Factors affecting distribution of Population
Geographical Factors
• Topography: People always prefer to live on plains rather

than mountains and plateaus because these areas are
suitable for farming, manufacturing and service activities.
→ Example: The Ganga plains are the most densely
populated areas of the world while mountains like Andes,
Alps and Himalayas are sparsely populated.
• Climate: People usually avoid extreme climates that are

very hot or very cold.
→ Example: Sahara desert is very hot and polar regions of
Russia, Canada and Antarctica are cold are sparsely
populated.
• Soil: Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture.
→ Example: Fertile plains such as Ganga and
Brahmaputra in India, Hwang-He, Chang Jiang in China
and the Nile in Egypt are densely populated.
• Water: People prefer to live in the areas where fresh

water is easily available.
→ Example: The river valleys of the world are densely
populated while deserts have spare population.
• Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits are more

populated.
→ Example: Diamond mines of South Africa and
discovery of oil in the Middle east lead to settling of
people in these areas.
Social, Cultural and Economic Factors
• Social: Areas of better housing, education and

health facilities are more densely populated.
→ Example: Pune.
• Cultural: Places with religion or cultural

significance attract people.
→ Example: Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican city.
• Economic: Industrial areas attract large number

of people as it provide employment opportunities.
→ Example: Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India.
Population Change
• Population change refers to change in the number of people during a specific

time.
• The change happens due to changes in the number of births and deaths.
• Until the 1800s, the world’s population grew steadily but slowly
→ Large numbers of babies were born, but they died early too as there were no
proper health facilities.
→ Also, Sufficient food was not available for all the people.
• In 1804, the world’s population reached one billion.
• In 1959, the world’s population reached 3 billion which is often called

population explosion.
• In 1999, 40 years later, the population doubled to 6 billion.

→ The main reason for this growth was that with better food supplies and
medicine, deaths were reducing, while the number of births still remained fairly
high.
Natural Growth Rate
• Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000

people.
• Death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people.
• Migrations is the movement of people in and out of

an area.
• The difference between the birth rate and the death

rate of a country is called the natural growth rate.
• The population increase in the world is mainly due to

rapid increase in natural growth rate.
Migration
• Migration is another way by which population size

changes.
• Emigrants are people who leave a country.

→ Countries like the United States of America and
Australia have gained in-numbers by in-migration or
immigration.
• Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.

→ Sudan is an example of a country that has
experienced a loss in population numbers due to out-
migration or emigration.
Patterns of Population Change
• Rates of population growth vary across the

world.
• Countries like Kenya have high population

growth rates as they had both high birth rates and
death rates.
• Countries like United Kingdom,

population growth is slowing because of both low
death and low birth rates.
Population Composition
• Population composition refers to the structure of the population.

→ It tells about age, sex, literacy level, health condition, occupation and
income level of population.
• Population pyramid, also called an age-sex pyramid is a way to study the

population composition of a country.
• A population pyramid shows

→ The total population divided into various age groups, example: 5 to 9 years,
10 to 14 years.
→ The percentage of the total population, subdivided into males and females,
in each of those groups.
There are two groups of dependents
→ Young dependents (aged below 15 years)
→ Elderly dependents (aged over 65 years)
• Those between the age of 15 years and 65 years are working age and are the economically
active.
• The population pyramid tells us how many dependents there are in a country.
• The population pyramid of a country in which birth and death rates both are high is broad at
the base and rapidly narrows towards the top because although, many children are born, a
large percentage of them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there are very
few old people.
→ Example: Kenya.
• The countries where death rates (especially amongst the very young) are decreasing, the
pyramid
is broad in the younger age groups, because more infants survive to adulthood.
→ These countries contain a relatively large number of young people and which means a strong
and expanding labour force.
→ Example: India.
• The countries where death rates are decreasing allow numbers of people to reach old age.
→ Example: Japan.
1. Answer the following questions.
(i) Why are people considered a resource?
Answer
People are considered a resource because with their demands and capabilities they can create new
resources. Nature’s bounty becomes important only when people find it and make it useful for them.
Hence, human resource is also considered an important and potential resource for the society.
(ii) What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?
Answer
The distribution of population in the world is uneven - some areas are very crowded while some are
sparsely populated. There are various reasons behind uneven distribution:
→ Geographical factors: Favourable topography, availability of mineral and fresh water resources,
favourable climate and soil fertility are some of the reasons affecting population distribution e.g., Indo
Gangetic Plains, Diamond Mines of South Africa etc are densely populated.
→ Social and Cultural factors: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more
populated. Places of religious and cultural significance also attract people e.g., Varanasi, Jerusalem etc.
→ Economic factors: Places having more industries, transportation and communication facilities
provide better employment opportunities. People are attracted to these places because of the above
reasons e.g., Mumbai, Osaka etc.
(iii) The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?
Answer
The world population has grown very rapidly because the death rate has
gone down as a result of the growth of food supplies and the improvement of
medical facilities. Also, unlike the death rate, the birth rate has remained quite
high.
(iv) Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change.
Answer
The birth rate and the death rate are two factors that influence population
change. The birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 people while the
death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people. These are the natural
causes of population change. When the birth rate is higher than the death
rate, population increases. When the death rate is more than the birth rate,
population decreases. When the two rates are equal, the population remains
constant. Thus, the birth and death rates affect the balance of population.
(v) What is meant by population composition?
Answer
Population composition refers to the structure of the population.

Population composition helps to know the number of males or female,
their age-groups, literacy, their occupation, their income level and health
conditions etc.
(vi) What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding

about the population of a country?
Answer
The graphical illustration that is used for studying the population

composition of a country is called population pyramids. It shows the
present number of males and females in a country along with their age
groups. The age-group distribution of population tells us the number of
dependents and the number of economically active individuals present
in the population.

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Class 8 NCERT Geography Chapter 6

• People with their demands and abilities are

• Human resources like other resources are not

• The distribution of population in the world is extremely

• Almost three-quarters of the world’s people live in two

• Sixty percent of the world’s people live in just 10 countries.→

• Population density is the number of people

• The average density of population in the

• South Central Asia has the highest density

• Topography: People always prefer to live on plains rather

• Climate: People usually avoid extreme climates that are

• Water: People prefer to live in the areas where fresh

• Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits are more

• Social: Areas of better housing, education and

• Cultural: Places with religion or cultural

• Economic: Industrial areas attract large number

• Population change refers to change in the number of people during a specific

• In 1804, the world’s population reached one billion.

• In 1959, the world’s population reached 3 billion which is often called

• In 1999, 40 years later, the population doubled to 6 billion.

• Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000

• Death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people.

• Migrations is the movement of people in and out of

• The diﬀerence between the birth rate and the death

• The population increase in the world is mainly due to

• Migration is another way by which population size

• Emigrants are people who leave a country.

• Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.

• Rates of population growth vary across the

• Countries like Kenya have high population

• Countries like United Kingdom,

• Population composition refers to the structure of the population.

• Population pyramid, also called an age-sex pyramid is a way to study the

• A population pyramid shows

(i) Why are people considered a resource?

Population composition refers to the structure of the population.

(vi) What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding

The graphical illustration that is used for studying the population

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