This document summarizes information about the 27 Nakshatras or lunar mansions in Vedic astrology. It provides details about the ruling planets, characteristics, and qualities associated with 4 example Nakshatras - Ashwini, Bharani, Krittika, and Rohini. It also briefly describes the research of astrologer Krishnamurthy who further subdivided each Nakshatra and the work of his student Dinakaran on linkages between astrological house cusps.
This document summarizes information about the 27 Nakshatras or lunar mansions in Vedic astrology. It provides details about the ruling planets, characteristics, and qualities associated with 4 example Nakshatras - Ashwini, Bharani, Krittika, and Rohini. It also briefly describes the research of astrologer Krishnamurthy who further subdivided each Nakshatra and the work of his student Dinakaran on linkages between astrological house cusps.
This document summarizes information about the 27 Nakshatras or lunar mansions in Vedic astrology. It provides details about the ruling planets, characteristics, and qualities associated with 4 example Nakshatras - Ashwini, Bharani, Krittika, and Rohini. It also briefly describes the research of astrologer Krishnamurthy who further subdivided each Nakshatra and the work of his student Dinakaran on linkages between astrological house cusps.
This document summarizes information about the 27 Nakshatras or lunar mansions in Vedic astrology. It provides details about the ruling planets, characteristics, and qualities associated with 4 example Nakshatras - Ashwini, Bharani, Krittika, and Rohini. It also briefly describes the research of astrologer Krishnamurthy who further subdivided each Nakshatra and the work of his student Dinakaran on linkages between astrological house cusps.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 36
The results of your Moon in the Nakshatra are as follows:
Ashwini Bharani Krittika
Rohini Mrigasirisa Aridra
Punarvasu Pushyami Ashlesha
Magha Purva Phaguni Uttara Phaguni
Hasta Chitra Swati
Vishakha Anuradha Jyeshta
Moola Purva Ashadha Uttara Ashadha
Abhijit Sravana Dhanishta
Satha Bishta Poorva Bhadrapada Uttara Bhadrapada
Revati
Your birth Nakshatra (Janma Nakshatra) determines your thinking patter, nature as well as basic destiny. It also determines the instincts as well as the subconscious aspects of the personality
The 27 Nakshatras are ruled by the 9 planets (Vedic astrology recognizes the Nodes Raahu and Kaytu as two karmic control planets) as shown in the table below:
Planet Stars ruled Sun Asini, Makha, Moola Moon Rohini, Hasta, Sravana Mars Mrigasira, Chitta, Dhanishta Mercury Aslesha , Jyeshta, Revati Jupiter Punarvasu, Vishakha, Poorvabhadrapada Venus Bharani, Pubba, poorvashada Saturn Pushya , Anuradha and Uttara bhadrpada. Raahu Ardra, Svati and Satabhishak Kaytu Aswini Makha and Moola
The nakshatra pada hold the clue to very many secrets of human life. In ancient times the horoscopes used to record every planet in its nakshatra pada. For some period the significance of this was lost. In the 20th century the great astrologer Krishnamurthy found the significance and importance of these by divine grace and introduced a new procedure based on star part which is known as Krishnamurthy Paddhati or KP system of astrology. He divided each star into 9 parts and apportioned the time for these parts in proportionate basis of Vimsottari dasa period of each planet. He called these as subs .There are 249 subs in the zodiac. Thus each birth has to take place in a particular quarter of a star and in a particular sub also. Sri Krishnamurthy proved conclusively that planets in a sign and a given star primarily give the effect of the Bhava house in which the owner of the star is placed and the good or bad depends on the sub lord in which it is placed India has always produced astounding astrological talents. One of the Students named Dinakaran an ardent follower of KP system has done further research and written a Book called Cuspal interlinks which goes to shows the linkage of each cusp of a horoscope with other cusps and explains the occurrences of incidents related to different bhava houses at one and the same time. For e.g one person gets married and he has a promotion at the same time and he is also transferred to a different location. This happens when an auspicious Cuspal sub lord of 7th house is related to that of 11th and also the 12th bhavas.
Nakshatra or Stars in Astrology These celestial luminaries make all the difference in astrological calculations. Initially, the zodiac was grouped in 12 Rashis for convenience, however the ancient seers have farther subdivided the heavens into 27 Nakshatras or star constellations for the call of precession. These constellations or the Nakshatras emerged as one of the most important components in Astrology. Vedic astrology identifies each constellation with a star. The 360 degree division of the sky is therefore further divided into 27 subdivision of 13.20 degrees identified with 27 stars. Each of these Nakshatras are farther subdivided into four Padas or quarters of 3 degrees and 20 minutes. Therefore the first Rashi, Mesha, which has 30 degrees, contains the entire 4 Padas (13:20') of the 1st star constellation Ashwini, the entire 4 Padas (13:20') of the 2nd star constellation Bharani and the 1st Pada (3:20') of the third star constellation Krittika. In this manner, each Rashi comprises of 9 Padas. Some schools of astrology also consider 28 divisions with an additional star called Abhijit. However, for all practical purposes only 27 stars starting from Ashwini are considered. These Nakshatras are broadly classified under the three heads of Deva (divine), Nara (human) and Rakshasa (Demonic). Farther, they are subdivided by their gender and Varna (cast), and are also ascribed with qualities such as colour, presiding deity, merits and ruler ship of body parts, planets etc. While the effects of a particular planet placed in a Rashi is studied, the position of the planet in respect to the Nakshatra and its particular Pada is also born in mind. Indians through ages have been taking into account these Nakshatras for determining the auspicious dates and Muhurtha (moment) for any cultural or religious event including marriage. The role of Nakshatras and their respective Padas in predictive astrology is unique to Indian astrology. Ashwini Colour: Blood Red Lucky letters: C & L Astronomical name: Beta Arietis People born under Ashwini are blessed with beautiful appearance with large eyes, broad forehead and pleasing persona. Normally they tend to be headstrong with their decision. They are God fearing, lover of music, intelligent and expert in many subjects and mostly devoted to their family. Celanese is their second name and expect others to follow the suit. Jatakas born under this Nakshatra, usually face the rough end of life in their initial days, however, they make a good living past 30 years of age. Their steady rise usually continues till they are about 55. It is observed that the Jatakas born under this Nakshatra generally enjoy good health. Both Shani and Mangal play important role in their lives and unless well placed in the horoscope, they may cause significant distress for them It is advisable for this people to consult astrology at brink of crisis instead of being adamant, as often astrological guidance can render sufficient relief. Bharani Colour: Blood Red Lucky letters: L Astronomical name: 35 Arietis Bharani is the second star in zodiac. People born under this star are medium built with fairly large neck and beautiful eyes. They tend to have thick eyebrows and not so nicely arranged teeth. Although good at heart, most of them are disliked by many for their outspoken nature. They never hide their opinion however damaging that could be in their relationship and usually never seek advantage through flattery. They are always open to criticism with right intention and are born to command and lead. However the Jatakas born under this Nakshatra often waste a lot of time by running after the rumours. Ladies born in this star take total control of their husbands, if they happen to be simpleton. They are suited to any kind of occupation. Life usually takes a positive turn for them after 33 years. The men born under this Nakshatra are usually poor eaters. However they rarely suffer from any major ailment. The women born under Bharani however have menstrual problems, and anaemia. Sun's period generally found to be worrisome for this people. Krittika Colour: White Lucky letters: A I, U & V Astronomical name: Eta Tauri Krittika is the third star in zodiac. People born in this star are stout with dominant features. They handle responsibilities in a most irresponsible way and often get bored with them. They tend to abort their endeavours midway and hop from one track to another without getting anywhere. However the Jatakas of this Nakshatra are usually blessed with dutiful and responsible spouses. They seldom practice what they preach themselves. They allow the situation to rule over and change their ideals according to the needs of the hour Divorced from reality, these people are hardly look at their own actions critically. Usually they are fishy about obligations but will honour all commitments with high esteem. Though they maintain a calm approach in life but at times when they loose their tempers, they can be the most fearsome people. Most of the times these people are ungrateful. Life up to 50 years of age is usually full of trial for the Jataka born under Krittika. However, the period between 25 years to 35 years and 50 years to 56 years are the best periods in their lives. Often the Jatakas born under this Nakshatra have problems in having babies. Men born under this Nakshatra are prone to dental problem, weak eyesight, tuberculosis, wind and piles, brain fever, accident, wounds, malaria or cerebral meningitis. Women of this Nakshatra are also vulnerable towards Glandular tuberculosis. Rohini Colour: White Lucky letters: O & V The fourth Nakshatra is Rohini. People born in this star are generally good looking with beautiful and attractive eyes. However, Jatakas of this Nakshatra are usually the quintessential difficult persons, whom one would rather avoid meeting. They are stubborn; short tempered, and quintessential faultfinders. They seldom evaluate their own actions and engage themselves in evaluating others. Jatakas of this Nakshatra are also disrespectful to any idea or suggestion, which does not confirm to their own, however pertinent it may be. Their love hate relationship is highly troublesome, as both tend to take them to the extremes. Most of the ups and downs in life are their own creation as planning is their worst nightmare. Most of them are spendthrift. The Rohini Jatakas are usually unforgiving in nature, but tend to blindly believe people, with whom they are comfortable. They are dependable in any work as most of them are sincere but keeps their heart before head in the event of any crisis. This leads them to many other complications. Life in the early years is quite difficult for the Rohini Jatakas. However things take a positive turn for them once they reach 36 years of age. It is observed that they have the best part of their lives during the period between 36 to 50 years and between 65 to 75 years. Rohini Jatakas are prone to blood related ailments, respiratory problems, and throat infections. Mrigshirsha Colour: Silver grey Lucky letters: V & K The fifth star of the zodiac Mrigshirsha represents the antelope's head haped constellation in the sky. People born in this star are beautiful in appearance and are tall with long leg and arm. They are brilliant, and principled people. Simplicity often becomes their second name. They are tolerant to others views but rarely follow alien ideas. Most of the time they are suspicious about everything but unfortunately in spite of being suspicious and careful, they are the ones to get deceived quiet often. Their display of courage could be misconstrued by many as act of showing off. Most of them are only as simple as to cover up of their extreme careful nature. They tend to have many ups and down in their life. Mostly they are found to be unlucky to certain extend in their life. Females of this star are found to be greedy and of sharp tongue. Jatakas of this Nakshatra are found to be holding better health in their early life. However, they develop complications after their 32 years. Abdominal troubles often spell misery for them. Women born under this Nakshatra are prone to menstrual trouble, pimples and goitre. Career wise the period between 33 to 50 years is the most satisfying period of the Jatakas of this Nakshatra. Ardra Colour: Green Lucky letters: K, G, N, C Ardra is the sixth star in the Zodiac. The Jatakas of this Nakshatra do not display any specific specialty in terms of appearance. People born under this Nakshatra are usually responsible and intuitive. They are also appreciated for their strong sense of humour. Their friendly nature earns them a lot of friends and admirers. Being perpetual seekers of knowledge, they these people maintain a cool approach even at the brink of acute crisis, which helps them to surmount the crisis and earn respect. They are capable of handling multitasking simultaneously without any failure. Unfortunately, in spite of their qualities, they are seldom recognized and rewarded. They have a sharp and systematic scientific brain, so many of them are rational in life and try to associate with certain scientific or research function. As a matter of fact they can do very well in such professions. The period between 32 to 42years is the richest period of their lives. The ailments like asthma, dry coughs etc, sometimes prove disturbing for the Jatakas of this Nakshatra. Punarvasu Colour: Grey or Lead Lucky letters: K & H Punarvasu the seventh Nakshatra of the Zodiac has Aditi the mother of Gods as its presiding deity. The Jatakas born in this sign are religious and often cross over to orthodoxy unwittingly but certainly. They are usually handsome with long limbs, curly hair, long nose and carry a contended look with a slight miss. Always helping in nature, they lead simple life but can be very stubborn and resistive when it comes to anything unethical and illegal. They won?t take part and will try to desist others from doing it. They are capable of shifting a certain kind of behavior to another with supreme poise, which makes others confused and scared. They are more successful in public ventures than business ventures and accumulate more of fame than wealth. Being not accommodative at times their married lives in particular are not cordial and many would venture into second marriage.The Jatakas of this Nakshatra usually are deprived of good health. The women born under this Nakshatra are highly vulnerable to ailments like jaundice, goiter, and abdominal problems. Pushya Colour: Black-Red Lucky letters: H & D The Jatakas born under Pushya can easily be branded as the less fortunate ones. The eighth star of the zodiac spells sufferings for not only its Jatakas,but also for the parents and other dear ones, depending on the degree of birth. Although hypothetical this axiom may be, but it has been observed that when the ascendant also fall on this star, the effectiveness of the same is enhanced. However one needs to be supremely carefull about making a predictive statement as apart from the Nakshatra, there exist myriad other factors which determine the course of subject's life. Those born in this sign do not display any specific distinguishable physical attribute, unlike those of the Jatakas of other Nakshatras.. They are usually devoted to the pursuit of hedonistic pleasures. With an indecisive mind, most of their actions are half hearted. They seldom respect others but expect others to respect them. They fell for flattery and get easily irked by adverse criticism. This nature puts them to many precarious situations in life. The Jatakas of this sign usually face the adversities arising out of poverty up to 15 years of their early life. However after the 33rd year of their life, things drastically change towards all-round positive development. Jatakas of this Nakshatra need to be careful regarding their health as Gallstones, gastric ulcer, jaundice, cough; eczema and cancer often plague them. Women born under this Nkashatra also develop respiratory problems and breast cancer. There are some marked differences for the females born in this star. They are usually religious, peace loving, respecting, submissive, sincere and systematic. They are of few words. Marriage of this star has to be under proper astrological guidance as males born in this star are suspecting by nature and nurture over attachment to his own parents. Ashlesha Colour: Black-Red Lucky letters: D The Jatakas born under the ninth Nakshatra are identified by their serpentine nature, penetrative looks and forceful appearance.. Those born in this star have amazing penetrating eyes, which pierce through others. People born in sign are found to be lean and rude appearance. They are not sincere and ungrateful to even those helped them in life. They seldom practice what they preach, but attract people with hypocritical words. They are mostly intelligent and ambitious and excel in public sphere. Seldom trusting, they are often seen to keep the company of rather unpleasant evildoers. A strong lover of independence, they resist and react sharply to anything that remotely challenges their independence. However, the Jatakas of Ashlesha never cheat or grab other's property. It is observed that others often suspect them for all the wrong reasons. These people are mostly betrayed by their close relatives and friends while they receive help from unexpected quarters. As a rule the Jatakas of this Nakshatra incur heavy financial loss at the age of 35- 36. However the early forties prove exceedingly beneficial for them. They are usually deprived of a understanding spouse Most of the time they shoulder many responsibilities in their family. Their luck is some what come in the form of a serpentine pattern making life a roller coaster rides. Females born in this star found to be with non-chalant attitude and have a high moral ground. She commands respect among the relatives and community. The Jatakas of this Nakshatra are especially vulnerable to joint pains, hysteria, jaundice and drug addiction. Magha Colour: Ivory/Cream Lucky letters: M The tenth Naksharta is Magha. It is observed that the Jatakas born under this usually have a noticeable neck and hairy physique. They also have moles in their hands and armpits. Those born in this star are selfless and sincere in all spheres of life. They are usually peace loving and soft- spoken. They show expertise in many, subjects and are receive accolades from learned. They are also exposed to various scriptures. They are champions of their culture and will devote maximum time for the betterment of the society at large and their community in particular. Most of them achieve the distinguishable identity during their lifetime among their community. Due to their 'on your face' approach, they are not successful in business and sort carrier where unethical practices are involved. However, they try very hard to refrain from hurting others through their demeanor. Many of them are found to be having asthmatic complaints, apart from cancer and blood related disorders. The female born of this star will have a negative trait of having rift with her in-laws and husbands. Purvaphalguni Colour: Light brown Lucky letters: M & T Purva Phalguni is the 11th star of the zodiac. Jatakas of this Nakshatra are marked by stout body with frequent sweating. This people have an intuitive ability to sense others unspoken problems, for which they extend support without being asked.. This quality earns them a great respect and name. Most of them are famous in one way or other and will excel in one special field. At work they don't take orders and will seldom agree to accept a subordinate position. This causes little set back in their carrier. They ambitious, and are hungry for authority and power. However they are also very righteous and do not indulge into any immoral activities. Quite often they don't reach the position they think they deserve and hence are frustrated beneath their contended facade. Their quest for independence leads them to newer ventures constantly. Generally 22nd, 27th, 30th, 32nd, 37th,and 44th years of their lives carry immense significance in terms of career. The Jatakas of this Nakshatra tend to settle down at around 45 years of age. Apart from minor dental and abdominal troubles, the Purva Phalguni Jatakas usually do not suffer from any major ailment. The females born in this star are proud and snob at times but lead a happy and righteous path. Uttaraphalguni Colour: Bright blue Lucky letters: T & P Uttara Phalguni is the 12th star of the zodiac. People born in this star are usually tall and on the more than healthy side with long noses. They are jolly good fellows with a healthy appetite for life. They Love cheers and applauses and have a gentle behaviour. It is observed that the Jatakas of this Nakshatra are moderately inclined to religion, which in turn proves beneficial for them. One unpleasant fact about them is that when they loose temper they go into murderous fits and later repent greatly. However this realization dawns upon them only after the damage is done to the point of no redemption. They will never accede their mistake. They are lucky by grace and are sincere. They succeed in public relations with their witty nature and will reach at good positions with their hard work and dedication. They normally have a smooth life from 32 years onwards however post 38 years their development becomes much more faster and tangible. They will have a good family life. They have natural affinity towards mathematics and science. They must plan a perfect retirement for their old age as many of them found to have some sort of setbacks in their later life. Hasta Colour: Deep green Lucky letters: P, S, N & D Hasta is the thirteenth star of the zodiac. The Jatakas born under this Nakshatra normally are tall with stout body features with somewhat mixed colour complexion. They display a calm nature and are extremely attractive. Their amiable nature earns them lasting friendships. They give without expectations and lead a simple life. However, the Jatakas of this Nakshatra have bumpy lives with frequent ups and downs, be it in profession or family. They will have initial success in all fields they start. However, they soon come across stumbling blocks, which limit their success to mediocrity. They are strict disciplinarian when it comes to profession. Rather than remaining a subordinate, these people are usually the ones to call the shots. They usually lead a happy family life with children. Mostly their children found to be decently behaved and are good at studies. Jatakas of Hasta will have some artistic qualities, of which they are well aware of and constantly try to improvise upon. Though they try their best to avoid hurting others, yet, once hurt, they can be quite vindictive. The early part of their lives (till they are 30) is marked with remarkable amount of circumstantial changes. The period between 30 to 42 years is the golden period of the Hasta Jatakas. Females born under this Nakshatra being extremely outspoken often tend to attract criticism and enmity of the relatives. Twisting of veins is one of their main health problems apart from vulnerability towards cold. Chitra Colour: Black Lucky letters: P & R Chitra is the fourteenth Nakshatra of the zodiac. Jatakas of this Nakshatra are lean and usually stand out among the crowd with their pleasing and graceful personality. They are intelligent and peace loving. However, with affliction they can be mean and deceitful as well. They are extremely intuitive and with an uncanny perception they can prevail over situations as they grasp them well in advance. Their advices should be taken seriously as most of them often come true. It is advised that the Jatakas of this Nakshatra must listen to their intuitions and judgments more than the popular perceptions and advises. They are neither concerned with the feelings of others nor uncharitable. They have a practical concern for the poor and downtrodden. Outspoken nature leads them to repentance many a times. They will use their charity for selfish deeds although by nature they are not selfish. For them obstacle is a way of life. But they usually over come them unharmed. They are by nature loving towards family and siblings, but occasionally tend to build rift with them. They usually do not live in the house of their birth. Marriage is one factor they fail to handle properly. Discord in the marriage is almost obvious for them. Life is rather unkind towards them till they are 32. However, the period between 33 to 54 is the richest time of their lives. The Jatakas of Chitra are prone to ailments of the lower abdomen and brain fever. Swati Colour: Black Lucky letters: R & L The fifteenth Nakshatra in the zodiac Swati is perhaps the next name of admiration. Jatakas of this Nakshatra are admired by the opposite sex for their beauty and their originality of independence. However, over assertion of their independence often leads them to trouble. With zero tolerance for authority, they become very adamant, resistive and arrogant when the situation turns against their freedom. They usually honour individuals, irrespective of one's position or power. They seldom forgive the people who have undermined them. They are not greedy or jealous about other peoples wealth and at the same time they are reluctant to share their own either. They are not social butterflies. They are intelligent but most of them found to suffer in their early life and carrier. Until 25 years of age, things tend to always go against them. Their married life is usually found to be more accommodative than happy. Females born in this star are well behaved but they dislike travelling. If at all they happened to be in carrier they achieve excellence beyond their qualification. Many times their sincerity, warmth and steady nature emerge as their strength in their carrier. The best period of the Jatakas of Swati starts after 30 and continues till 60. Usually the Jataka of Swati enjoys good health, however, it is advisable for them to be careful regarding heart and abdominal problems. Vishakha Colour: Golden Lucky letters: Z Those who born in this sixteenth Nakshatra are mostly found to be rational. They are either plump or very lean. Unorthodox in thinking and practice they are at the same time are highly intelligent. They don't follow religion per se but are reverent to the higher authority. Exposed and adept to modernity and change they mostly live away from parental family and are often the maternal love and care. For them truth is most important and they stand by it in all situations. Males born in this star often indulge in womanising apart from a strong addiction to alcohol. They are born orators who could mesmerize the listeners with words. They act stingy when it comes to spending but becomes extravagant when it is not called for. Females born in this star are extremely beautiful, which obviously attracts a huge fanfare. They love their husbands and are very much attached to his parents especially the father in law. Least arrogant and religious she builds an instant rapport with in-laws after the marriage. Unfortunately these people are always haunted by the memories of the struggle of their early life and this in turn creates a hidden fear for an eventuality through out their life. Male Vishakha Jatakas often display vulnerability towards paralytic attacks apart from asthmatic attacks. Females born under this Nakshatra need to be careful about kidney troubles. Anuradha Colour: Red Brown Lucky letters: N The seventeenth Nakshatra of the zodiac is the debilitation position for moon. As it is indicated Jatakas of this Nakshatra are usually short-tempered. This may be due the unseen worry they always loved to carry. They are with medium complexion and will always have a lost pensive look in their face. Blessed with bright eyes and a beautiful figure, the females born under this Nakshatra are quite often attractive. They are denied of the love from father either because of his early death or a rift arising between the Jataka and his father. Often their mothers nurse resentment towards them. Also they are often denied of any support from their siblings. From a very early age, they either stay apart from their parents or their parental house. Life is usually quite harsh to them. They are religious and at situations are also fanatic about their belief. They try to give their children all the love and attention they were denied. They are also very careful about their upbringing. Usually it is seen that these people start their life quite early. However life between 17 to 49 years is usually the period of trouble for them. Once this period is over, however great success and happiness come their way. Asthmatic problems, cough and cold, and throat problems usually plague the Jatakas of Anuradha. Jyeshtha Colour: Cream Lucky letters: N & Y The eighteenth Nakshatra in the zodiac Jyeshtha is all of strength. Jatakas of this Nakshatra are blessed with enormous strength and vitality. However, this is not to be read in the non-physical sense of the statement. More often than not, they display a lot of inner softness and often shun problems as they fail to address them with the strength required. They are very good at heart and are very sensitive too. However their inability to retain secrets often earns them bad repute of being gossipmongers. As a matter of fact they don't keep any ill will towards others. However their obstinacy in action often limits their success. They are hasty decision makers and often end up in trouble due this. Many times it's observed that Jyeshtha Jatakas end up taking instant decision at all circumstances. They had to cross lot of stumbling blocks in their achievements and mostly benefit from enemies than from relatives. One very good plus point in their life is that they mostly enjoy very cordial and loving family life. But make no mistake when we say family it is certainly not his parents or siblings. Females born in this star have peculiar eagerness to know what others think about them. Unlike their male counter parts some of them are found to be disastrously harassed by their in-laws. Moola Colour: Brown Yellow Lucky letters: Y & B Moola Jatakas have beautiful limbs and also have bright eyes. The are presentable and have good appearance. They walk faster than others. By nature they are soft, indecisive, gifted with good qualities but on the negative side, can be harmful and untrustworthy. They are generally peace loving yet believe in living life with set principles which sometimes leads them into conflicts with their near ones and dear ones. They make friends very quickly and because of their mixing nature, they make good friend circles. Because of their extravagant nature, they are in need of money always but they do not believe in earning money through illegal sources. They might have to be little self-centred to improve their financial inflow. Wise and intelligent Moola Jataks are wealthy and believe in enjoying life to the fullest. They love to help others. These Jatakas have interest in literature, science and philosophy. Favourable fields for them are science, research, religion, philosophy and literature. They succeed as professionals because they devote utmost energy and show great loyalty to their employers. They face serious health issues at the age of 27, 31, 44, 48, 56 and 60. Purvashadha Colour: Black Lucky letters: B & G The natives born under this Nakshatra are likely to have lean and tall body with beautiful teeth, long ears, bright eyes and narrow waist. They are usually blessed with extra-ordinary intelligence and persuasive power. This also adds to their indomitable urge for superiority. However the natives of this Nakshatra need to be careful regarding not jumping to conclusion, faster than is good for them. It is also important for the natives of this Nakshatra to enhance their decision- making capabilities and determination. Though they are rarely gifted with benefits from parents, however a happy conjugal life makes it up for them The Jatakas of this Nakshatra do better in the fields of medicine and fine arts not withstanding the fact that they do a good job in almost all the fields they get into. While they loiter in life's alleys till the age of 32, after that age they start prospering and till 50 it is a story of glory all along for them. Jatakas of Purvashadha need to be particularly careful regarding their health, as they are often prone to number of serious ailments like severe whooping cough, breathing trouble, bronchitis, tuberculosis, heart attack and malaria. Women born under this Nakshatra need to be careful regarding the problems pertaining to the womb and uterus. Uttarashadha Colour: Copper Lucky letters: B & G The Jatakas of this Nakshatra are marked by their well-proportioned physique, and graceful appearance. Usually they also have a mole around their faces or waists. The Jatakas of this Nakshatra are marked by their refined and soft-spoken nature and innocence. Sincere, religious and moral, they display utmost decency even on the face of extreme aggression. Forever ready to except their own mistakes, they however need to be recognized and pampered by others a lot for staying happy. It is ironical to note that in spite of all their virtues, for the Jatakas of this Nakshatra their children become a major cause of grief. However the male natives of this Nakshatra are blessed with a happy married life. The Jatakas need to find their companion from those born under Revati or Uttarabhadrapada. They need to be extra careful during the initial part of their lives; the period after 38 years however brings them all round success. Health wise the Jatakas need to guard against stomach problems, paralysis of limbs, pulmonary diseases and defects in the eyes. Shravana Colour: Light Blue Lucky letters: K Jatakas of Shravana Nakshatra are often characterized by their small but attractive countenance. More often that not, some kind of facial disfigurement also is noticed. Noted for their sweet talks and neatness of work, the Shravana-Jatakas cannot take anything untidy. They also are known for their taste for good food. They are usually peaceful, religious and principled. They are also blessed with the capability of multi-tasking. However, it is noted that the Jatakas born under this Nakshatra usually lead average lives. However, their family lives are extra ordinarily happy and smooth. It is observed that the natives perform well in the fields of technology and engineering. Professions related to oil and petroleum often proves beneficial for them. While the Jataka experiences numerous changes in lie during the first three decades of his/her life, things do tend to settle down well after that and the ensuing 15 years mark all-round settlement. Ear problems, skin disease, eczema, rheumatism, tuberculosis and indigestion may however cause great concern for the Jatakas of this Nakshatra Dhanishtha Colour: Silver Grey Lucky letters: G The Dhanishta Jatakas are marked by their lean and long physique. In some exceptional cases stout structure too is observed. Blessed with versatility and extreme intelligence, they usually refrain from getting into any kind of conflict. However they can wait for an eternity to settle scores if at all they have to. The cool and calm composure granted by Dhanishtha makes good academicians out of its natives. They are also great guards of secrets and hence make good secret service personal. It is generally observed that the family life of Dhanishtha Jatakas is quite happy and satisfying. The period beyond 24th year of their life dawns steady progress for them. Dhanishtha Jatakas however need to be extremely careful regarding their health and should not ignore the indications of impending health hazards at any point. Weakness, anaemia and cough are some of the ailments, which may pose major threat to their health. Female natives need to be careful regarding uterus disorders. Shatbhisha (Shattara) Colour: Blue Green Lucky letters: G & S The Jatakas of Shatbhisha are marked by their soft body, wide forehead, attractive eyes, bright countenance, well-pronounced nose and aristocratic persona. They are blessed with excellent memory, intelligence and efficiency. Highly principled and adamant, they don't mind walking to the end of the earth for what they believe in. it is however sad to note that the Jatakas born under this Nakshatra usually do not have a very happy family life and are bereft of love and affection from all those s/he loves and cares for, but the mother. The period up to 34 years is the most trial some period for them however, past this, there is almost no looking back for them. Health issues however need to be addressed quite seriously by the Jatakas of this Nakshatra. As a matter of fact, the Shatbhisha-Jatakas cannot stand slightest afflictions to their body. Apart from diabetes, urinary problems and breathing troubles, they are also vulnerable to venereal ailments. Poorvabhadrapada Colour: Silver Grey Lucky letters: S & D Medium built with broad cheeks and fleshy lips, the Jatakas of Poorvabhadrapada Nakshatra are marked by their lifted ankles. They are usually peace loving however occasional outbursts are not something unusual for them. They enjoy good food and are voracious eaters. Highly principled and religious, they often extend their helping hands to the people who need the same. However, seldom their grace is reciprocated. Balanced in approach, they rarely make it to the pinnacle of riches and live a moderate life. While the father of the Jataka would instil a sense of pride and satisfaction in him, s/he would be bereft of the affection of his/her mother. Separation from mother at an early age is indicated. The Jatakas of this Nakshatra do flourish in steady and secure positions. Capable of leading quite independent lives, they witness remarkable growth between 23 to 34 years of age. However, the period between 40 to 54 years spell the maximum success for them. Poorvabhadrapada Jatakas need to guard against paralytic attack, acidity, diabetes, and problems pertaining to the ribs, flanks and soles of the feet. The female natives need to be careful regarding low blood pressure and apoplexy. Uttarabhadrapada Colour: Purple Lucky letters: D, Z, N & Y Attractive and mild natured Jatakas of Uttarabhadrapada Nakshatra are noted for their equal treatment to all. However their fiery temper and over indulgence to sexual activities spell trouble at times for them. They are blessed with the capacity of making impressive speeches and the strength and capability to annihilate their enemies. Wise and learned, they go to any extent to protect their loved ones. It is observed that the Jatakas of Uttarabhadrapada are usually gifted with the capability to write well. However with innate urge and capacity to learn, they also do well in any other field they get into. They are also blessed with a happy married life. The growth in their lives however starts mostly after their marriage. 19th, 21st, 28th, 30th, 35th and 42nd years of their lives are significant in terms of professional transitions. Generally they are blessed with a hassle-free physique. However, problems like paralytic attack, stomach problems, piles, and hernia are likely to bother them at times. The female natives of this Nakshatra are susceptible to rheumatic pains, acute indigestion, and constipation. Revati Colour: Brown Lucky letters: D & C The Revati Jatakas are blessed with good and symmetrical physique, and are moderate in height. The female natives at times have deformities in their feet. They are clean-hearted, soft spoken, and sincere in dealings. They are judgmental and are bad guards of secrets. They are stubborn and ambitious and totally incapable of taking defeats. However, they are the most religious among all other Jatakas of various Nakshatras. Scientific pursuits, medicine, ancient history, poetry are some of the areas where the Revati Jatakas do well. Unfortunately, they are rarely very happy in their family lives. Often it is noted that they settle down in countries other than the one they are born in. Professionally their hard work is seldom rewarded proportionately, until they attain 50 years of age. The period between 23 years and 26 years normally is a good period for them. However, the period between 26 to 42 years of age marks a lot of struggle all around. It is only after their 50th year, that they can think of worriless and stable life. The Revati Jatakas need to be careful regarding fever, dysentery or dental diseases, intestinal ulcers and ear problems. Abhijit Colour: Brownish yellow Lucky letters: J & K The Abhijit Jatakas are marked by their well-proportioned body, magnanimous personality and penetrating looks. With deep sense of religion, courteous nature and innate optimism, they are well honoured by the learned and respected. It is often noticed that the Jatakas born under this Nakshatra are the most famous ones in their respective families. Usually it is noted that the Abhijit Jatakas face severe financial crunch till the age of 27. Things however rapidly change for the better after that. Often more that one matrimonial alliance is noted. Family is never the symbol of happiness for them. Interestingly, the story of the female natives is just the opposite in this regard. Health in general is one of the causes of concern for the natives of this Nakshatra. They are prone to whooping cough, rheumatism, arthritics or skin diseases. A threat to life is noted between 17 to 20 years of age for both the sexes of the natives. Once past this age, there shall however be no major threat any longer. However it is worthwhile to note that in orthodox Vedic Astrology, Abhijit is not considered while calculating. The reason for the same is that the Moons transit of the sidereal (fixed) zodiac takes approximately 27 days and 7' hours. This is why we have 27 Nakshatras dividing the zodiac of 3600 into 27 parts, (each 130 20' of arc) Each Nakshatra was identified with a star, (or star cluster) and named there from. The 7' hour shortfall in a sidereal lunar transit was made up by a short-span intercalary (hypothetical) Nakshatra. This Nakshatra is called Abhijit. The span of Abhijit is determined proportionally as (7h 38min / 24 hrs) x 130 20' = 40 14' 13", which is from 2760 40' to 2800 54" 13"overlapping the 21st Nakshatra (Uttarashadha). This is why; the traditional Vedic astrologers did not impart much significance to Abhijit while making calculations. Although it is significant to know of the lunar placement in Nakshatra, others planets change under the influence of Nakshatras. It is important for those trying to look into deeper meaning of life to look into the nakshatra placements of key planets and you will have a much better understanding of the inner motivations of planets in your chart. When studying the dashas, one should look at the ruler of the dasha as well as the placement of the ruler of the Nakshatra of the Dasha ruler. That makes all the difference in finding how the Dasha will effect us. In India, most Vedic astrologers will put the number of the Nakshatra by the planet on the chart. That way they can see immediately what degree of the Zodiac the planet is placed. According to the ancient Vedic Philosophy, our consciousness is effected by three different qualities or gunas. The cosmic energies that radiate around us give us the predominance of one of these gunas. These are very important in Yoga and in astrology it is important to understand the impulses (gunas) of the planets and their Nakshatras which give them their unique behaviour patterns. These gunas are 1. Sattva - the illuminating, pure or good quality. Truth, purity of purpose and self righteousness and the path towards eternal consciousness is important to Sattvic people. They are fearless, generous and self- controlled. They are tranquil, charitable and generally have an open mind. Sattvics find it hard to hurt others. Water is pure Sattva. Vegetarians are sattvic by nature- choosing to eat what is provided by nature rather than killing to fulfil their appetites. 2. Rajas - the quality of mobility or activity. They have great inner thirst. They are passionate and ambitious. They want to achieve. They are restless and insecure. They want everything. They are active, want recognition and respect but are never satisfied. They find themselves clinging to pleasant tasks but avoiding the difficult situations. They can be fickle, easily distracted and unsteady. 3. Tamas - the dark restraining quality. They are generally sensuous, in love with all the good things in life which restrain them from higher learning and knowledge. They are materialistic in nature. Maya -the illusionary world of self gratification and sensual living ties them to their desires. Tamasic people have to try very hard to get out of the ignorance that surrounds them. They are held down by their own needs. Yoga and meditation is required to strengthen their inner being if they want to move towards higher consciousness. The Nakshatras radiate these qualities on primary, secondary and tertiary levels. It helps to find out on what sub-conscious level we react to this world. Each of the Nakshatra has its own motivation. Vedic philosophers considered 4 basic motivations which guide us. They are: 1. Artha - meaningful action. Artha relates to wealth , financial matters and the practicalities of life. 2.Dharma - righteous action. Dharma is the purpose of our life. The duty towards ourselves and others to do the right thing. 3. Kama - passionate behaviour. Kama is about passion for people, causes and living. 4. Moksha - the need for spiritual salvation. Moksha means Nirvana. The need to find the highest truths and move towards self realisation. Each Nakshatra radiates its own quality, has its own motivation and the planets placed in them have a triplicy of influences- by the rulers of the Zodiac sign, nakshatra and finally the pada or quarter. These alter, enhance and fine tune the cosmic energies that effect us. The 27 Nakshatras are: 1.Ashwini - ruled by Ketu -the South Node. 000 to 1320 (000 to 1320 Aries). The four quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Dharma. Male. Horse. Symbol- A head of horse. Deity- Ashwini Kumars. Dosha- Vata 2. Bharani - ruled by Venus. 1320 to 2640( 1320 to 26402 Aries) The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The Motivation is Artha. Female. Elephant. Symbol- Yoni ( female sexual organ). Deity- Yama. Dosha -Pitta 3. Krittika - ruled by Sun. 2640 to 4000 (2640 Aries to 1000 Taurus). The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Kama. Female. Sheep. Symbol- a razor. Diety Agni. Dosha- Kapha. 4. Rohini -ruled by Moon. 4000 to 5320(1000 to 2320 Taurus). The quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Moksha. Male. Serpent. Symbol-A chariot. Deity- Brahma. Dosha-Kapha. 5. Mrigshira -ruled by Mars. 5320 to 6640 (2320 Taurus to 640 Gemini). The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The motivation is Moksha. Female. Serpent. Symbol- The head of a deer. Deity- Soma. Dosha- Pitta. 6. Ardra - ruled by Rahu- the North Node. 6640 to 8000 (640 to 2000 Gemini) The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Kama. Female. Dog. Symbol- Precious stone or a human head. Deity- Rudra. Dosha- Vata. 7. Punarvasu ruled by Jupiter. 8000 to 9320 (2000 Gemini to 320 Cancer). The quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Artha. Female. Cat. Symbol- A bow or a house. Deity- Aditi. Dosha- Vata. 8. Pushya - ruled by Saturn. 9320 to 10640 (320 to1620 Cancer). The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The motivation is Dharma. Male. Sheep. Symbol- a flower, circle or an arrow. Deity- Brihaspati. Dosha- Pitta. 9. Ashlesha - ruled by Mercury. 10640 to 12000 (1640 Cancer to 000 Leo) The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Dharma. Male. Cat. Symbol- a serpent. Deities- Nagas. Dosha- Kapha 1st to 9th Nakshatras operate on the Rajasic Guna on the primary level 10. Magha - ruled by Ketu. 12000 to 13220 (000 to 1320 Leo). The quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Artha. Male. Rat. Symbol- house or a palanquin. Deity- Pitris. Dosha- Kapha. 11. Purva Phalguni ruled by Venus. 13220 to 14640 (1320 to 2640 Leo).The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The motivation is Kama. Female. Rat. Symbol- A couch, platform or fireplace. Deity- Bhaga. Dosha- Pitta. 12. Uttara Phalguni - ruled by Sun. 14640 to 16000 (2640 Leo to 1000 Virgo) The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Moksha. Male. Cow. Symbol- a small bed. Deity- Aryaman. Dosha- Vata. 13. Hasta - ruled by Moon. 16000 to 17320 (1000 to 2320 Virgo). The quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Moksha. Female. Buffalo. Symbol- The palm. Deity- Savita. Dosha- Vata. 14. Chitra - ruled by Mars. 17320 to 18640 (2320 Virgo to 640 Libra). The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The motivation is Kama. Female. Tiger. Symbol- Pearl. Deity Tvashtar. Dosha- Pitta. 15. Swati - ruled by Rahu.18640 to 20000 (640 to 2000 Libra). The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Artha. Male. Buffalo. Symbol- Coral. Deity- Vayu. Dosha- Kapha. 16. Vishakha - ruled by Jupiter. 20000 to 21320(2000Libra to 320 Scorpio). The quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Dharma. Male. Tiger. Symbol- A potters wheel or an archway. Deities- Indra and Agni. Dosha- Kapha. 17. Anuradha ruled by Saturn.21320 to 22640 (320 to 1640Scorpio). The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The motivation is Dharma. Anuradha. Female. Hare. Symbol- A Lotus flower . Deity- Mitra. Dosha- Pitta. 18. Jyeshta - ruled by Mercury. 22640 to 24000 (1640 Scorpio to 000Sagittarius). The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Artha. Male. Hare. Symbol-An earring or an umbrella. Deity- Indra. Dosha- Vata. 10th to 18th Nakshatras operate on the Tamasic Guna at the Primary Level 19. Mula - ruled by Ketu. 24000 to 25320 (000 to 1320 Sagittarius). The quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Kama. Male. Dog. Symbol- The tail of a lion or an elephants goad. Deity- Nritta. Dosha- Vata. 20. Purvashadha - ruled by Venus. 25320 to 26640 (1320 to 2640). The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The motivation is Moksha. Male. Monkey. Symbol- Tusk of an elephant. Deity- Apas. Dosha- Pitta. 21. Uttarashadha ruled by Sun. 26640 to 28000 (2640 Sag to 1000 Capricorn) The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Moksha. Male. Mongoose. Not female Mongoose. Symbol- A small cot. Deity- Vishwadeva. Dosha- Kapha. 22. Shravana - ruled by Moon. 28000 to 29320 (1000 to 2320 Capricorn). The quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Artha. Female. Monkey. Symbol An ear or an arrow. Deity- Vishnu. Dosha- Kapha. 23. Dhanishta - ruled by Mars. 29320 to 30640 (2320 cap to 640 Aquarius). The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The motivation is Dharma. Female. Lion. Symbol- A musical drum or the flute. Deity- Vasus. Dosha- Pitta. 24. Shatabhishak ruled by Rahu. 30640 to 32000 (640 to 2000 Aquarius) . The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Dharma. Female. Horse. Symbol- Hundred Flowers. Deity- Varuna. Dosha- Vata. 25. Purva Bhadra - ruled by Jupiter. 32000 to 33320 (2000 Aquarius to 320 Pisces). The quarters are ruled by Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The motivation is Artha. Male. Lion. Symbol- A sword. Deity- Aja Ekpada. Dosha- Vata. 26. Uttara Bhadra - ruled by Saturn. 33320 to 34640 (320 to 1640 Pisces). The quarters are ruled by Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The motivation is Kama. Female. Cow. Symbol- The number two or a twin. Deity- Ahirbudhyana. Dosha- Pitta. 27. Revati ruled by Mercury. 34640 to 36000 (1640 to 3000 Pisces). The quarters are ruled by Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn and Jupiter. The motivation is Moksha. Female. Elephant. Symbol- A fish. Deity- Pushan. Dosha- Kapha. The 19th to 27th Nakshatras operate on a Sattvic Guna at the primary level. CHRISTOPHER REEVE 3:12 AM EDT ( rectified to 3:17 AM) September 25, 1952 NEW YORK 74W00 40N45 CHART Planetary information Lagna(Asc) 26Cn52 in 9 Ashlesha ruled by Mercury in Jupiter pada Sun 08Vi58 in 12 Uttara Phalguni ruled by Sun in Jupiter pada Moon 19Sc23 in 18 Jyeshtha ruled by Mercury in Jupiter pada Mars 25Sc04 in 18 Jyeshtha ruled by Mercury in Saturn pada Mercury 09Vi33 in 12 Uttara Phalguni ruled by Mercury in Jupiter pada Jupiter Rx 27Ar23 in 3 Krittika ruled by Sun in Jupiter pada Venus 03Li49 in 14 Chitra ruled by Mars in Mars pada Saturn 22Vi48 in 13 Hasta ruled by Moon in Moon pada Rahu 27Cp28 in 23 Dhanishta ruled by Mars in Mercury pada Ketu 27Cn28 in 9 Ashlesha ruled by Mercury in Jupiter pada The chart of Christopher Reeve illustrates the Nakshatras very well. The Birth Data available on him places his birth at 3:12 Am EDT September 25 1952 at NewYork. I have rectified the birth time using the Nakshatras. His birth was in Ashlesha Nakshatra in the 3rd Pada (quarter). I have moved it forward to 3:17 am into the 4th quarter of Ashelsha. The ascendent stays in each quarter for 15 minutes. According to all the ancient texts, if you are born at Gandanta-the junction points of the Nakshatras (The 4th quarter of Ashlesha and the 1st quarter of Magha. The last quarter of Jyeshta and the 1st Quarter of Mula and the last quarter of Revati and the 1st quarter of Ashwini.), you face major traumas and tragedies in life. In Christopher Reeves case we all know about his riding accident which changed his life from the actor playing Superman to a helpless paraplegic. Lagna-Ascendent The Lagna- ascendent is conjunct Ketu the South Node in the same quarter/nakshatra. Ketu always deals with the past and is a planet of Karmic retribution. It is very obvious that Christopher Reeve had to pay debts of past actions. He was given everything materially- goods looks, health, success, fame and wealth. Then it was cruelly taken away. The presence of Ketu in the ascendent shows destiny will play an important part in life. It also foretells physical or emotional trauma in life due to your own actions. Also, Ketu is the significator for spinal problems and paralysis. Pluto at 29Cancer54 is in the same pada conjuct the ascendent and Ketu. Although outer planets are not generally looked at in Vedic Astrology, the influence of Pluto cannot be discounted. The Ascendent Nakshatra Ashlesha has Naga- the snake as its presiding diety, it is ruled by Mercury and is in the area of Cancer ruled by Moon. The Serpent is worshipped in ancient Indian Mythology. They are considered the embodiment of wisdom gained through spiritual attainment. Ashlesha people are loners, philosophical and spiritual. The position of Ketu in Ashlesha further leads to the spiritual aspect of Christopher Reeve. This deep spirituality will come to his rescue now when he has had to go through the immense psychological transformation. Like the shedding of the serpents skin, a person born under Aslesha sheds his old life so that new experiences can be taken on board. This experience is never easy. The process of tranformation brings with it immense pain. The mental pain Christopher Reeve must be experiencing is beyond most of our thinking. Both Mercury and Ketu have separative influences and deal with sudden changes. Ketu always takes and Ketus placement in Mercurys Nakshatra influences Mercury as well. Mercury is exalted but weak as it is combust by Sun. Mercury also has to deal with Saturns influence in the same house. Being the 3rd house- Mercury takes on the power to do immense damage by your own actions. Moon as the ascendent. A debilatated Moon is the ruler of Ascendent as well as being an ascendent in its own right. Moon is in the Nakshatra of Jyeshta. Jyeshta is a Nakshatra which is at a junction point but the Moon is not in the last quarter- which would have been much worse. Moon is aspected by both Saturn and Mars. Jyeshta is again ruled by Mercury. It is located in the area of Scorpio which is ruled by Mars (Vedic Astrology uses traditional rulerships). Note Mars is also in Mercury ruled Jyeshtha. Jyeshta gives status and material wealth but it also leads you towards transformation. You understand that material fulfillment is not enough, there is an emptiness within. There needs to be a connection with the inner self. Christopher Reeve to look towards his inner strengths and the Mars rulership of Scorpio is giving him courage in the face of such adversity. The tragedy that touched his life has made him aware of the difference within the inner and outer self. He will need to tap into the inner wisdom and use his disabilities positively- which he is already doing. Both Jyeshta and Ashlesha make individuals who are very strong and wise within. Mercury deals with pure intellect and detachment and the Jupiterian rulership of the quarter where the Moon is situated is not a help. Jupiter is enemy to Mercury. It is also retrograde and in a malefic Nakshatra Krittika. Also, its placement at the end of Aries makes it a planet in Mrita Avastha (death like state). Jupiter, inspite of being the greatest benefic planet, has power to do great damage for Christopher Reeve. Sun as the ascendent The Sun is in Uttara Phalguni which is ruled by the Sun in the 4th quarter ruled by Jupiter. Sun in its own Nakshtra in the 3rd house of personal action and communications. It should have given wonderful results but that was not the case. Sun in Virgo which is ruled by Mercury. Again this Mercurian influence. Because Ketu is in the Nakshatra of Mercury it will exercise an influence on the Sun. The Sun is further weakened by Saturns aspect. Uttaraphalguni is the Nakshatra where we understand the hidden power of the cosmic law. The need to direct our actions away from selfish goals. Understand the vastness of the task ahead. The Sun,the healer in service oriented Virgo in Uttara Phalguni is now directing him towards the universal issues. The Sun will heal him from within so that he can be a spokeperson for other disabled people. He has the inner strength to cope. It will never be easy but Christopher Reeve has immense inner resources and will use them for the greater good. Dashas for Christopher Reeves Mercury September 25, 1952 Mercury in Cancer (Moon) and Ashlesha (Mercury) Ketu April 10, 1966 Ketu in Cancer (Moon) and Ashlesha (Mercury) Venus April 10, 1973 Venus in Libra (Venus) and chitra (Mars) Sun April 10, 1993 Sun in Virgo (Mercury) and Uttara Phalguni (Sun) Moon April 10, 1999 Moon in Scorpio (Mars) and Jyeshtha (Mercury) Mars April 10, 2009 Mars in Scorpio (Mars) and Jyeshtha (Mercury) Rahu April 10, 2016 Rahu in Capricorn (Saturn) and dhanishta (Mars) Jupitar April 10, 2034 Jupiter in Aries (Mars) and Krittika (Sun) Saturn April 10, 2050 Saturn in Virgo (Mercury and Hasta (Moon) The first two Maha Dashas of Christopher Reeves life were Mercury and Ketu , both planets in his ascendent and ruled by Mercury Nakshatras. I do not know a lot about his childhood and youth but looking at the dashas I can assume that there were problems for Christopher Reeve coming to terms with himself. There has to be some unhappiness in childhood with regards to his mother and father. The start of the Venus Mahadasha brought about a wonderful 20 years of his life. Venus is powerfully situated in his chart. It is not influenced by Mercury and Jupiter in the Nakshatras. Super success awaited him during this period. Superman brought him recognision internationally, but internally he was dissatisfied. This is because of the aspect from a malefic Jupiter and hemming in of Venus by Mars and Saturn. It shows that Christpher Reeve was never at peace with himself. Sun Dasha Accident May 27 1995. 12 Noon Culpeper VA 38N28 077W59 49 Maha Dasha Sun, Antara Jupiter began 4-29-1995 It happened within the month of the start of Jupiter antara in the Sun Dasha. Sun is in a sign ruled by Mercury. Jupiter in the Nakshatra of Krittika ruled by Sun and the diety is Agni(fire).The symbol of Krittika is a razor. It can be a destructive influence. Jupiters positioning in the last 6 degrees of Aries is in Mrita Avastha( Death like state) which further adds to the malefic capabilities of Jupiter. Jupiter and Mercury are inimical to each other. This brought to the fore the complete negativity of the chart. The combined malefic influences of Mercury and Jupiter brought about the accident. Jupiter is considered a good planet for Cancer Ascendent and it was in the house owned by his friend Mars. Studying the Nakshatra position of Jupiter it is immediately obvious that Jupiter cannot do good in Christopher Reeves Chart. The Start of Mercury Antardasha on 27th January 1997 followed by Ketu Antardasha on 12th March 1997 makes 1997 a difficult year for Christopher Reeve. There can be a set back in his progress. On January 9 1997, the transitting Rahu, the north node and Mars were conjuct to the exact degree in Virgo/Uttarphalguni(Jupiter Pada) in opposition to a conjuct Ketu and Saturn in Pisces/Uttara Bhadra(Mercury pada). Again the Jupiter/ Mercury combination This intense cosmic activity was directly effecting his natal Sun Lagna. That was be a start of an uneasy period for Christopher Reeve. 1997 will be emotionally difficult but if he can direct his activity and mind, he will move towards inner peace and be an example to others through wise handling of this immense trial he has had to face. If he can overcome these further cosmic impediments, he may at last be at peace with himself. In Christopher Reeves chart the Nakshatras represent the spiritual forces that rule his life. The Mercury/Jupiter connection is very strong- in his natal chart, dashas and in the transits. The Sun, Moon and the ascendent are directly connected to it through rulership of Sign/ Nakshatra/Pada. Mercury rules intellect but it also rules the nerves and severence. The accident caused the severence. The paralysis is of the nerves. and now his intellect will have to deal with it. Mercury has caused a lot of Christopher Reeves problems but it duality now helps with its intellectualism and detachment. Its power to change direction. It will allow Christopher Reeve to deal with his personal tragedy and move on. Note:All planetary positions in this article refers to the sidereal Zodiac, which is currently 23 degrees 48 minutes 56 sec. behind the Tropical Zodiac. Nakshatras are fixed stars or lunar mansions. The nodes of the Moon- rahu Ketu are considered planets in Vedic astrology. But Jyeshta born people are also considered to have Karmic life. They need to focus on their Kundalini Ashwini is the nature of Shiva -the active energy. In vedic texts, Ashwins are twin sons of the Sun God. The Sun is meant to represent the parent- the root the absolute. the divine link of the sun to the first asterism means that there is an important evolutionary process taking place which the help of the sun which gives energy to the whole process. People born in ashwini are great healers and they have the innate capability of rejuvinating the old and giving life to the dead. It is creative power in its latency. Many ignore their creativity because they do not know the strength they possess. the Rulership of Mars exerts the influence of exernalising this power. Sun is in exaltation in Ashwini. The spiritual planet Ketus rulership means that the Sun can stay steadfast inspite of all the arian influence around him. Mars the ruler of Aries can take the sun towards an overtly sexual path but the nakshatra of ashwini guides the solar energy towards a more spiritual path and leads it towards Moksha which is the correct purpose of all incarnating souls. Ashwini born can harness the power of the nakshatra and be successful on both the material and spiritual levels. Ashwa the symbol of ashwini is connected with the number seven. Seven is a very auspicious number in Hindu philosphy- there are seven chakras- the creative energy which moves from the absolute within us, seven flames of eternal fire- the seven states of wisdom. The horse is also a symbol of energy and vigour. There are many different creative energies which need to be harness to achieve success. There is unlimited creative powers in latency in Ashwini. The rulership of the first four padas are under Mars, Venus Mercury and Moon- all fast moving planets which are in a hurry to achieve their aims. They are also planets which are more concerned with the material instincts within us. With Ketu influencing the overall energy with its spiritual impact. People can go towards a very spiritual path but they will always lack patience in how to achieve it. Ashwinis as a group represent fierce enrgy, determination, dynamism, the need to externalise all capabilities. On the negative side they can be overly ambitious, passionate, impulsive and unthinking. The rajasic guna and the Dharmic values that they project means that their lives are based on activity and they have a great need to change the world sometimes in a self righteous way not recognising the others point of view. The symbol for Bharani is Yoni female reproductive organ- this establishes Bharani as a channel for creation whether it is by a sexuaal act or incubation of other creative energies.. Its basic principle is Shakti- the passive female power. Female energy has important place in vedic philosophy. It is this energy that incubates the soul and transports it from one realm of existence to another. Put in another way it takes you from a spiritual manisfestation to a more objective one. The sexual energy which is very much so the realm of Bharani is very obvious in people. it is almost the realisation of procreativity is too much for most people to resist. The ruling god is Yama. Yama can be interpretted in two forms. One as the god of death. Death doesnt mean physical death only. It can mean ending of one chapter of your life and then creating the new life force into new creative energy. As the god of Death Yama is also responsible for the seed of new life. He allows us to detach ourselves from previous lives so that we can look towards the future. The other meaning of Yama is Yogic in Yoga Yama( restraint) and Niyama (practice or observation)- these diciplines are used to channel the energies of the organs of action and the sense of perception in the right direction. Which ever indication you take you will realise that there is the belief in harnessing the inner nature of man towards its highest energy. It is motivated by Artha- which is activity on a material plain. Poeple born in Bharani are very materialistic unless they voluntary decide to harness their inner self with yoga. The rulership of Venus within the energy of Mars makes the action very much on a material plain. The pada are ruled by Leo, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Each one helps to intensify the material process. Bharani people believe in excess- whether they are indulging in sex or doing Yoga- they do not know when to stop. They are idealist. They want others to live upto their high expectations. There is a darker side to their nature which is symbolised by the god Yama who rules darkness. So always within the open idealism is some ununderstood depth which attracts the male energy to this passive but extremely electrifying force of Bharani. The first quarter lies within Aries ruled by Mars and the other three quarters lie in Taurus ruled by Venus. Krittika is ruled by Sun. Its symbol is a razor.It presiding god is Agni- Fire. It is rajasic on both the promary and secondary level and Sattva is its inner attribute. Its prime motivation is Kama- passion. Krittika consists of 6 visible stars and one invisible star. This is the consellation Pleiades. they are considered wives of the 7 great rishis who astronomically are the seven stars of Ursa Major. The relationship between these two is very profound. The seventh invisible star is said to be married to Dhruva- the pole star or the rishi who governs it. The relationship of Krittika and the pole star emphasises its role in the importance of central as well as invisible principle from which the laws of life derive. Krittika is passive. It has both constructive and destructive principle. But it itself will not take action. Lijke a mother it will incubate the seed which is the planet located in this asterism. Like the razor which is the symbol of Krittika it can be used to kill by the murderer or used by a surgeon to heal. Like the mother it is Krittika has no choice regarding the seed it carries. Rahu, the north node in Krittika can lead to a person to spiriual attachement. The sun here can also lead to dissatisfaction to the material way of life. Depending on the planet within it it alters its influence. It is the instrument that causes but the act has to be done by the planet. If you would like a more detailed article on Nakshatras or would like to know how to convert your Western chart into a Vedic Chart , please send a self addressed envelope to Komilla Sutton Tee Court Romsey Hampshire SO51 8PN Komilla lectures, holds workshops and does personal consultations on Vedic Astrology. Call 01794 524178 for more information Padas 1st 000 to 320 ruled by Mars 2nd 320 to 640 ruled by Venus 3rd 640 to 1000 ruled by Mercury 4th 1000 to 1340 ruled by Venus All in Aries Guna Rajasic on all three levels Motivation Dharma Ashwini provides a great regenerative potential, being the first nakshatra. It also bestows unsurpassed physical stamina and power. Many athletes are born in Ashwini. Also there is strong leadership tendencies and thirst for power. On the negative side Ashwini can make one extremely sensuous forever seeking a new thrill or sensation. With its ruler being the mystical Ketu, there is always a Karmic side to Ashwini. It is the first Nakshatra therefore there is a great feeling of the new and fresh. also Ashwinis htruly understand the miracle of birth so for all their physical prowess and leadership quality they truly understand spirituality. The blend of the Rajasic guna and the dharmic motivation make them very committed to the right path. they will need to learn the path of satisfaction with what they achieve if they are to be truly at peace with themselves. Ashwini is ruled by Ketu and operated in the Zodiac sign of Aries ruled by Mars- two opposing energies greatly concerned with the spiritual connection and the physical perfection. It is dependant on which pada you are born whether you would blend these energies on a physical level or an intellectual one. 2. Bharani 1320 to 2640 ruled by Venus Padas 1st 1320 to 1640 ruled by Moon 2nd 1640 to 2000 ruled by Sun 3rd 2000 to 2320 ruled by Mercury 4th 2320 to 2640 ruled by Venus Gunas Rajasic on the primary and secondary levels and tamas on the tertiary level Motivation Artha Bharani represents the link between the seed and the flowering, the father and the offspring. what is to be and its source. the main motivation of Bharani is regenration through meaningful action(Artha). The creative seed passes through it, it nourishes it to the final fruit of human birth. People born under Bharani want to grow both in the spiritual and the material world. Venus the ruler of this nakshatra works well in both extremes of this asterism. with the motivation Artha- it adds a meaningful purpose to whatever you want to do. Bharani rest in the centre of aries therefore it adds the freshness and originality of approach of aries to tits significations. Bharani people can be very impulsive, at times selfish and are very good leaders of society as they understand the preservative principles of life. 3. Krittika 2640 to 4000 (2640 Aries to 1000 Taurus) ruled by Sun Padas 1st 2640 to 3000 Aries 2nd 0000 to 320 Taurus 3rd 320 to 640 Taurus 4th 640 to 1000 Taurus Guna - MERCURY IN ASHVINI GREAT HEALING TOUCH, REGENERATIVE POTENTIAL, PHYSICAL POWER, AND STAMINA. CAPACITY FOR LEADERSHIP AND THIRST FOR SENSATION SUN IN BHARANI guides the soul in spiritual as well as materialistic goals. originality and impulsiveness much in evidence. ROHINI Most auspicious of the asterisms. Rohini is the incubator of creative potential- every idea, every seed is preserved for fruitation at the correct time. Worldly pleasures , attachments and infatuation to sensual illusion, deep involvement with sexual relationship which transcendent social and traditional barriers. MARS IN MRIGASHIRA Creative impulse of individual starts to take material form. energy, agility and inquisitive intellectual endevour. egotism tan matras Venus in mrigashira MOON IN ARDRA RULED BY RAHU destroys material reality and souls involvement with illusion. mind which on one hand imposes upon experiences its own version of reality while at the same time mind may also be the destroyer of ignorance and illusion. ASPECTS PUSHYA VIBRANT TRAQUILITY, ABSENSE OF UNDUE AGITATION, FAITH IN ONE SELF AND FULLNESS OF LIFE. MUCH PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY UNDER THIS ASTERISM. JUPITER IN ASHLESHA RULED BY MERCURY PRESIDED BY NAGA Replete with estoric significance.Aslesha is an intense energy capable of great spiritual attainment aa well as material immersion. Duality is its most important charcteristic. Persons born under this asterism are contradictory characters. deeply philosophical,, thoughtful, austere, reclusive and self reliant. can also be selfish, treachorous venomous and immoral. cant bear humilation Ashlesha imparts intellectual and mental development which leads to radical transformation.which occurs unexpectedly. After that a totally different conditions of living prevail. ASPECTS ALL IN PURVA PHALGUNI RULED BY LEO Thirst for experience is a rare quality with vast potentiality. When good fortune smiles, when ample oppurtunity of creativism is provided, the thirst for experience glows within and becomes acute within, life force assumes new dimensions. One cannot predict where it will grow or fruitify. P . Phalguni stands for expression of dynamic energy. Readiness to plunge into any activity. It may bestow victory and domination. or could lead to debauchery, gambling or black magic. ASPECTS KETU IN HASTA OWNED BY MOON one must struggle to express his inner vitality and potential for growth. Hasta has the quality for individual to change, to grow new shapes and grow in different directions. It provides immense oppurtunities for growth and expansion. the inner urge is to march ahead but external forces restrict. thus conflict and different levels of crises result. souls are guided to nvritti marg of renunciation,public service, leaders of renassance, become sustaining power in the community. MARS IN CHITRA OWNED BY MARS Chitra represents a great surge of building and reaching towards new levels of achievements. The hidden perfection of a pearl can only be externalised by great insight and great courage to fight and bear great ordeals. Mars does not accept defeat any confrontation provides it with added incentive to fight and attain its goal. When the soul reaches Chitra it has already chrstallised the goal of his mission, which requires achievement at every cost. this struggle takes place on an intellectual level. The confusion may arise from lack of clarity and confidence of ones ideals. Fight to build a new society. ASPECTS ASC AND RAHU IN UTTARA BHADRA ruler Saturn linked to materiality, resistence, difficulties and opposition in the beginning but harmony at the end. Not the detachment ofan enlightened mind but passionate involvement of a emotional nature. The passivity of darkness is the mysterious source from which all forms of creation have arisen. Uttara Bhadra becomes very powerful when associated with any planet. Though it is passive and non- active, it is also highly dynamic whenever an active force impinges upon it and the latent energy within it is vigourously activated It enables an individual to comprehend wisdom concealed in different forms of manifestation. Whatever happens to the individual, there is growth and expansion of consiousness. There is opportunity to preserve, protect and cooperate with the divine plan despite hardships. The urge towards transformation makes the individual thirst towards something better and this leads to dissatisfaction. But ultimately there arises a complete indifference to worldly relationship. SATURN IN PURVASHADA OWNED BY VENUS THIS ASTERISM IS A SPIRITUAL INFLUENCE. VENUS WILL SENSITIZE THE INDIVIDUAL TO INTIUTION AND HIGHER FORCES OF NATURE This heightened sensitivity and greater alertness though outerwardly may appear listlessness, are the most important qualifications of transformation and the dawn of spirituality. discovery of new possibilities, externalisation of latent faculties and uncovering of ones most valuable qualities. divine wisdom may flash, hidden knowledge may be revealed, intutive faculties may be sharpened SATURN IN PURVASHADA OWNED BY VENUS THIS ASTERISM IS A SPIRITUAL INFLUENCE. VENUS WILL SENSITIZE THE INDIVIDUAL TO INTIUTION AND HIGHER FORCES OF NATURE This heightened sensitivity and greater alertness though outerwardly may appear listlessness, are the most important qualifications of transformation and the dawn of spirituality. discovery of new possibilities, externalisation of latent faculties and uncovering of ones most valuable qualities. divine wisdom may flash, hidden knowledge may be revealed, intutive faculties may be sharpened. Padas 1st 000 to 320 ruled by Mars 2nd 320 to 640 ruled by Venus 3rd 640 to 1000 ruled by Mercury 4th 1000 to 1340 ruled by Venus All in Aries Guna Rajasic on all three levels Motivation- Dharma Ashwini provides a great regenerative potential, being the first nakshatra. It also bestows unsurpassed physical stamina and power. Many athletes are born in Ashwini. Also there is strong leadership tendencies and thirst for power. On the negative side Ashwini can make one extremely sensuous forever seeking a new thrill or sensation. With its ruler being the mystical Ketu, there is always a Karmic side to Ashwini. It is the first Nakshatra therefore there is a great feeling of the new and fresh. also Ashwinis htruly understand the miracle of birth so for all their physical prowess and leadership quality they truly understand spirituality. The blend of the Rajasic guna and the dharmic motivation make them very committed to the right path. they will need to learn the path of satisfaction with what they achieve if they are to be truly at peace with themselves. Ashwini is ruled by Ketu and operated in the Zodiac sign of Aries ruled by Mars- two opposing energies greatly concerned with the spiritual connection and the physical perfection. It is dependant on which pada you are born whether you would blend these energies on a physical level or an intellectual one. 2. Bharani 1320 to 2640 ruled by Venus Padas 1st 1320 to 1640 ruled by Moon 2nd 1640 to 2000 ruled by Sun 3rd 2000 to 2320 ruled by Mercury 4th 2320 to 2640 ruled by Venus Gunas Rajasic on the primary and secondary levels and tamas on the tertiary level Motivation Artha Bharani represents the link between the seed and the flowering, the father and the offspring. what is to be and its source. the main motivation of Bharani is regenration through meaningful action(Artha). The creative seed passes through it, it nourishes it to the final fruit of human birth. People born under Bharani want to grow both in the spiritual and the material world. Venus the ruler of this nakshatra works well in both extremes of this asterism. with the motivation Artha- it adds a meaningful purpose to whatever you want to do. Bharani rest in the centre of aries therefore it adds the freshness and originality of approach of aries to tits significations. Bharani people can be very impulsive, at times selfish and are very good leaders of society as they understand the preservative principles of life. 3. Krittika 2640 to 4000 (2640 Aries to 1000 Taurus) ruled by Sun Padas 1st 2640 to 3000 Aries 2nd 0000 to 320 Taurus 3rd 320 to 640 Taurus 4th 640 to 1000 Taurus Guna - MERCURY IN ASHVINI GREAT HEALING TOUCH, REGENERATIVE POTENTIAL, PHYSICAL POWER, AND STAMINA. CAPACITY FOR LEADERSHIP AND THIRST FOR SENSATION SUN IN BHARANI guides the soul in spiritual as well as materialistic goals. originality and impulsiveness much in evidence. ROHINI Most auspicious of the asterisms. Rohini is the incubator of creative potential- every idea, every seed is preserved for fruitation at the correct time. Worldly pleasures , attachments and infatuation to sensual illusion, deep involvement with sexual relationship which transcendent social and traditional barriers. MARS IN MRIGASHIRA Creative impulse of individual starts to take material form. energy, agility and inquisitive intellectual endevour. egotism tan matras Venus in mrigashira MOON IN ARDRA RULED BY RAHU destroys material reality and souls involvement with illusion. mind which on one hand imposes upon experiences its own version of reality while at the same time mind may also be the destroyer of ignorance and illusion. ASPECTS PUSHYA VIBRANT TRAQUILITY, ABSENSE OF UNDUE AGITATION, FAITH IN ONE SELF AND FULLNESS OF LIFE. MUCH PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY UNDER THIS ASTERISM. JUPITER IN ASHLESHA RULED BY MERCURY PRESIDED BY NAGA Replete with estoric significance.Aslesha is an intense energy capable of great spiritual attainment aa well as material immersion. Duality is its most important charcteristic. Persons born under this asterism are contradictory characters. deeply philosophical,, thoughtful, austere, reclusive and self reliant. can also be selfish, treacherous, venomous and immoral. They cannot bear humilation Ashlesha imparts intellectual and mental development which leads to radical transformation.which occurs unexpectedly. After which a totally different condition of living prevails. ASPECTS ALL IN PURVA PHALGUNI RULED BY LEO Thirst for experience is a rare quality with vast potentiality. When good fortune smiles, when ample oppurtunity of creativism is provided, the thirst for experience glows within and becomes acute within, life force assumes new dimensions. One cannot predict where it will grow or fruitify. P . Phalguni stands for expression of dynamic energy. Readiness to plunge into any activity. It may bestow victory and domination. or could lead to debauchery, gambling or black magic. ASPECTS KETU IN HASTA OWNED BY MOON one must struggle to express his inner vitality and potential for growth. Hasta has the quality for individual to change, to grow new shapes and grow in different directions. It provides immense oppurtunities for growth and expansion. the inner urge is to march ahead but external forces restrict. thus conflict and different levels of crises result. souls are guided to nvritti marg of renunciation,public service, leaders of renassance, become sustaining power in the community. MARS IN CHITRA OWNED BY MARS Chitra represents a great surge of building and reaching towards new levels of achievements. The hidden perfection of a pearl can only be externalised by great insight and great courage to fight and bear great ordeals. Mars does not accept defeat any confrontation provides it with added incentive to fight and attain its goal. When the soul reaches Chitra it has already chrstallised the goal of his mission, which requires achievement at every cost. this struggle takes place on an intellectual level. The confusion may arise from lack of clarity and confidence of ones ideals. Fight to build a new society. ASPECTS ASC AND RAHU IN UTTARA BHADRA ruler Saturn linked to materiality, resistence, difficulties and opposition in the beginning but harmony at the end. Not the detachment ofan enlightened mind but passionate involvement of a emotional nature. The passivity of darkness is the mysterious source from which all forms of creation have arisen. Uttara Bhadra becomes very powerful when associated with any planet. Though it is passive and non- active, it is also highly dynamic whenever an active force impinges upon it and the latent energy within it is vigourously activated It enables an individual to comprehend wisdom concealed in different forms of manisfestation. Whatever happens to the individual there is growth and expansion of consiousness. There is oppurtunity to preserve, protect and co-operate with the divine plan despite hardships. The urge towards transformation makes the individual thirst towards something better and this leads to dissatisfaction. But ultimately there arises a complete indifference to worldly relationship. SATURN IN PURVASHADA OWNED BY VENUS THIS ASTERISM IS A SPIRITUAL INFLUENCE. VENUS WILL SENSITIZE THE INDIVIDUAL TO INTIUTION AND HIGHER FORCES OF NATURE This heightened sensitivity and greater alertness though outerwardly may appear listlessness, are the most important qualifications of transformation and the dawn of spirituality. Discovery of new possibilities, externalisation of latent faculties and uncovering of ones most valuable qualities. divine wisdom may flash, hidden knowledge may be revealed, intutive faculties may be sharpened SATURN IN PURVASHADA OWNED BY VENUS THIS ASTERISM IS A SPIRITUAL INFLUENCE. VENUS WILL SENSITIZE THE INDIVIDUAL TO INTIUTION AND HIGHER FORCES OF NATURE This heightened sensitivity and greater alertness though outerwardly may appear listlessness, are the most important qualifications of transformation and the dawn of spirituality. Discovery of new possibilities, externalisation of latent faculties and uncovering of ones most valuable qualities. divine wisdom may flash, hidden knowledge may be revealed, intutive faculties may be sharpened.