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 Abrasion: A damaged area that is the result of scuffing, rubbing, scraping, or

other surface erosion. This type of damage is usually rough and has an
irregular shape.
 (2) Corrosion: Damage that is the result of a complex electro-chemical action,
and gives a cross-sectional area change. The depth of this damage must be
determined by a cleanup or a removal operation. This type of damage occurs
on the surfaces, hole bores, or edges of structural elements.
 (3) Crack: A partial fracture or a full break in the material that causes a
significant crosssectional area change. This damage usually has an irregular
line and is often the result of fatigue in the material.
 (4) Crease: A damaged area that is depressed or folded back so that its
boundaries are sharp or with well defined lines or ridges. Consider a crease
to be equal to a crack.
 (5) Delamination: A type of disbond that occurs between adjacent plies of
material. If an allowable damage section or repair section does not give limits
for disbonds, then use the limits specified for delaminations.
 (6) Dent: A damaged area that is pushed in from its normal contour with no
change in the cross-sectional area of the material. The edges of the damaged
area are smooth. This damage is usually caused by a hit from a smoothly
contoured object. The length of the dent is the longest distance from one end
to the other end. The width of the dent is the second long
 (7) Disbond: A disbond occurs when there is a separation between two or
more plies of bonded material. Also a disbond occurs when there is a
separation between a bonded skin and core. A disbond does not have to occur
across the full surface. If an allowable damage section or repair section does
not give limits for disbonds, then use the limits specified for delaminations.
 (8) Gouge: A damaged area where the result is a cross-sectional change
caused by a sharp object and gives a continuous, sharp or smooth groove in
the material.
 (9) Hole: A puncture or cut-out that is fully surrounded by undamaged
material. Other types of damage can be removed by making an oversized
hole or a hole that has an irregular shape, if this hole stays in the allowable
damage limits or can be repaired with an approved procedure.
 (10) Nick: A local gouge with sharp edges. You can consider a series of nicks
in a line pattern to be equal to a gouge.
 (11) Puncture: A puncture is damage that goes fully through a part thickness
and has no regular shape. For example, a puncture can occur when a part is
hit by a sharp object. A repair of the damage must be less than the allowable
 damage limits. Refer to the applicable chapters in the Structural Repair
Manual for the allowable damage limits and the approved repair procedures.
 (12) Scratch: A line of damage in the material where the result is a cross-
sectional area change. This damage is usually caused by contact with a very
sharp object.
49 daños 737
(1) Abrasion: The wearing away of the surface by either natural (rain or wind),
mechanical (two parts that rub together), or man-made (oversanding, contact from
tools and ground equipment, etc.). This type of damage is usually rough and has an
irregular shape. In a composite (fiber reinforced plastic), an abrasion does not go
through the resin and into the fibers.
(2) Adhesive Failure: Rupture of an adhesive bond such that the separation
appears to be at the adhesive-adherend interface.
(3) Breather: A porous material that gives a continuous air path above and around
a repair. Breather cloth consists of a woven fabric or non-woven mat. It is used in
single or multiple layers that are placed inside the vacuum bag to provide a
continuous vacuum path to remove the air initially inside the bag.
(4) Broken Fibers: Fractured fibers in a fiber reinforced plastic caused by a gouge,
puncture, or excessive bending or bearing load. Broken fiber damage in a composite
structure can look similar to a crack in a metal structure. Refer to 51-10-02,
GENERAL for more information.
(5) Buckling: A mode of failure generally characterized by an unstable lateral
material deflection that is a result of compressive action on the structural part.
(6) Cohesive Failure: Failure of an adhesive joint occurring primarily in an adhesive
layer.
(7) Corrosion: Damage that is the result of a complex electro-chemical action. The
result can be a change in the cross-sectional area, or surface pits that act as stress
risers. The depth of this damage must be determined by a cleanup or a removal
operation. This type of damage occurs on the surfaces, hole bores, or edges of
structural elements.
(8) Crack (Metal): A discontinuity (partial fracture or a full break) in the material that
causes a significant cross-sectional area change. This damage usually has an
irregular line and is often the result of fatigue in the material.
(9) Crack (Composite Material):
(a) Fractures in either the resin matrix or both the matrix and fibers. A separation in
the material. It is possible for a crack to go through some but not all of the plies.

(b) A discontinuity (gap or lack of cohesion) which has a relatively large cross section
in one direction and a small or negligible cross section when viewed in a direction
perpendicular to the first.
(10) Crack Growth: Rate of propagation of a crack through a material due to a static
or dynamic (cyclic) applied load.
(11) Crazing: Region of ultrafine cracks, which may extend in a network on or under
the surface of a resin or plastic material. Can appear as a white band.
(12) Crease: A damaged area that is depressed or folded back so that its boundaries
are sharp or with well defined lines or ridges. Consider a crease in metal materials
to be equal to a crack. In composites, you will see a break or line caused by a sharp
fold (wrinkle).
(13) Defect: A discontinuity which interferes with the usefulness or appearance of a
part.
(14) Delamination: A separation between adjacent plies of cured laminate material
(can be local or over a wide area). Refer to 51-10-02, GENERAL for more
information.
(15) Dent (Metal): A damaged area that is pushed in from its normal contour with no
change in the cross-sectional area of the material. The edges of the damaged area
are smooth. This damage is usually caused by a hit from a smoothly contoured
object. The length of the dent is the longest distance from one end to the other end.
The width of the dent is the second longest distance across the dent, measured at
90 degrees to the direction of the length.
(16) Dent (Composite Material): A concave depression which does not break the
fibers. A dent can cause a delamination or disbond. Refer to 51-10-02, GENERAL
for more information.
(17) Disbond: An area where there is a separation along the interface between two
parts that are adhesively bonded. A disbond can be either a local separation or the
complete loss of adhesion between a skin and the other laminate or between a skin
and core.
(18) Edge Delamination: A separation of the skins or plies from each other at the
edge of a part.
(19) Edge Erosion: Loss of paint, resin, and/or fibers along the outside surface,
forward edge of a reinforced plastic (advanced composite) panel. Edge erosion is
caused by the air, rain, snow, and ice that flows across the forward edge of the panel.
Refer to 51-10-02, GENERAL for more information.
(20) Erosion: Destruction of metal or other material by the abrasive action of liquid
or gas. Usually accelerated by the presence of solid particles of matter in suspension
and sometimes by corrosion.
(21) Exfoliation (Metal): A type of corrosion in metals, especially some aluminum
alloys. A type of intergranular corrosion. Occurs when corrosion at the grain
boundaries below the surface pushes up the metallic grains on the surface.
Exfoliation occurs most commonly on extruded sections.
(22) Exfoliation (Composite): A surface defect on composite parts where the resin
appears scaled or flaky.
(23) Galvanic Corrosion: Corrosion associated with the current of a galvanic cell
made up of dissimilar electrodes.
(24) Gouge: A damaged area where the result is a cross-sectional change caused
by a sharp object and gives a continuous, sharp or smooth groove in the material.
Refer to 51-10-02, GENERAL for more information.
(25) Fatigue: The failure or decay of mechanical properties after repeated
applications of stress. The result will be a fracture under repeated or fluctuating
stresses (loads) having a maximum value less than the tensile strength of the
material. Fatigue fractures will begin as microscopic cracks that will grow under the
action of the fluctuating (cyclic) stress (load).
(26) Heat Damage: Loss of strength and/or loss of material in an area of structure
that is caused by exposure to very high temperature for a short period of time, or by
a moderately high temperature for a long period of time. Refer to 51-10-02,
GENERAL for more description of heat damage in metal structure. Refer to 51-10-
02, GENERAL for more description of heat damage in composite structure.
(27) Hole: A puncture or cut-out that is fully surrounded by undamaged material.

(28) Lightning Strike Damage: Loss of strength and/or loss of material in an area
of structure that was caused by an attachment of a lightning bolt. Damage can be
seen as discoloration, pits, holes, and/or melted material. Refer to 51-10-02,
GENERAL for more description of lightning strike damage in metal structure. Refer
to 51-10-02, GENERAL for more description of lightning strike damage in composite
structure.
(29) Nick: A local gouge with sharp edges. You can consider a series of nicks in a
line pattern to be equal to a gouge. Refer to 51-10-02, GENERAL for more
information.
(30) Oil Can: A buckling in sheet metal that is dynamic under cyclic loading.
Sometimes the buckle appears and then disappears under different load conditions
(or changes shape).
(31) Pit (Metal): A form of corrosion that occurs under particular conditions which
result in small craters instead of a wide area.
(32) Puncture: A puncture is damage that goes fully through a part thickness and
has no regular shape. For example, a puncture can occur when a part is hit by a
sharp object. Refer to 51-10-02, GENERAL for more information about punctures in
composite materials.
(33) Scratch: A line of damage in the material where the result is a cross-sectional
area change. This damage is usually caused by contact with a very sharp object.
Refer to 51-10-02, GENERAL for more information.
(34) Stress Corrosion: Corrosion that occurs in a static or dynamically loaded area
of a metal part in a corrosive environment. Stress corrosion can occur in an
environment that will not necessarily cause corrosion in a part that is not loaded.
Types of Damage that Can Occur During the Composite Repair Procedure

A. These are the types of damage that may occur while you do a composite repair.
(1) Bubble: A spherical internal void of air or gas that is trapped in a composite
material.
(2) Buckle: Crimped or bent fibers in a composite material. This often occurs when
the resin shrinks during the cure.
(3) Buckle Line: A line of collapsed honeycomb cells (normally 2-3 cells wide) with
undistorted cells on either side. These lines generally occur on the inner radius of
the formed core.
(4) Core Distortion: A condition that causes the shape of the core cells to change
from a normal shape to a skewed shape.
(5) Edge Void: An area where there is no adhesive along an edge after the cure.
(6) Fiber breakout: A fiber separation or broken fibers on the surface plies at drilled
holes or machined edges.
(7) Fiber or Resin Pullout: Fiber or resin pullout occurs when small pieces of resin
or composite fibers are pulled away from the matrix during a cut or drill procedure.
(8) Flaw: An imperfection in an item or material which may or may not be harmful.

(9) Inclusions: A physical and mechanical discontinuity occurring within a material

or part, usually consisting of solid, encapsulated foreign material (Unwanted material
such as particles, chips, films, backing paper, peel ply, etc., in a cured part).
(10) Matrix Imperfections. (Micro-cracks, porosity, blisters, etc.) These can occur
in the resin matrix during the cure cycle on the resin matrix-fiber interface, or in the
resin matrix parallel to the fibers. Refer to 51-10-02, GENERAL for more information.
(11) Pin Holes - Tiny pore-like surface flaws (cavities) that penetrate the surface of
a composite part. In general pin holes are about 0.01 inch (0.25mm) or less in
diameter.
(12) Pit (Composite Material): Shallow crater or depression on the surface of a
composite part. Generally greater than 0.01 inch (.25mm) in diameter with no
exposed fibers.
(13) Ply Wrinkle: An out-of-plane distortion of fibers in a cured composite part.

(14) Porosity: Very small bubbles of air that are trapped during the cure, or a cluster
of small trapped pockets of air, gas or vacuum, inside a solid composite material.
Porosity does not refer to the surface conditions.
(15) Void: (a) An area where the adhesive is missing, or (b) A delamination, or an
area where there the mating surfaces do not touch, or (c) An empty space in a cured
resin-fiber system.
B. Repairs that have been evaluated and analyzed for damage tolerance.

(1) Category A Repair: A permanent repair for which the inspections given in the
Maintenance Planning Data (MPD) document, are sufficient and no other actions are
necessary.

(2) Category B Repair: A permanent repair for which supplemental inspections are
necessary at the specified threshold and repeat intervals.

(3) Category C Repair: A time-limited repair which must be replaced and reworked
within a specified time limit. Also supplemental inspections can be necessary at a
specified threshold and repeat interval.

C. Repairs which are not critical for damage tolerance. NOTE: If a repair is not
identified as an interim or time-limited repair, it is a permanent repair.

(1) Permanent Repair: A repair where no action is necessary except the operator's
normal maintenance.

(2) Interim Repair: A repair that has the necessary structural strength and could stay
on the aircraft indefinitely. The repair must be inspected at specified intervals and
replaced if deterioration is detected or damage is found.
(3) Time-Limited Repair: A repair that has the necessary structural strength but does
not have sufficient durability. This repair must be replaced after a specified time,
usually given as a number of flight cycles, flight hours or a calendar time.