Merowe University of Technology

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College of Engineering
Reinforced Concrete Design I
(CIV 4153)

Lecture (1 )
Course Contents & Introduction

By:
Eng. Areej Adel Mohammed Alhassan
Syllabus
1) Introduction to Design of Reinforced Concrete.
2) Analysis of single RC section
3) Analysis of doubly RC section
4) Shear behavior
5) Deflection.
6) Continuous Beam.
7) Short Columns.

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References
American Standards:
• Code of practice for design and construction [ACI318-19].
• ACI Design Handbook SP-17

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Book
• Wang C-K., Salmon C.G. and Pincheira J., Parra-Montesinos G.J. Reinforced Concrete
Design,8th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2017.
• Darwin D., Dolan C.W., and Nilson A.H., Design of Concrete Structures, 15th Edition,
McGraw Hill, 2016.
• McCormac J.C. and Brown R.H., Design of Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition, Wiley,
2015.
• ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, USA, 2019.
• Any other related literature.

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Marks Distribution
• Final Exam 70 %
• Course work 30 %
• Home works 15%
• Test 15%
Introduction
• Concept of reinforced concrete

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Introduction
• Almost all buildings consist of several structural elements such as slabs,
beams, columns, walls and bases (foundations).
• These structural elements act together in a sequent action to support the
loads applied on the structure. Each of these elements should has an
adequate resistance to transfer the load through which to the others.
• The resistance of element is highly dependent on its strength mainly to
compression and tension. Therefore, engineers are continuously looking for
suitable structural material with good compressive and tensile strengths in
addition to other considerations (such as availability, formability, durability,
safety-considerations, and relevant mechanical-properties). Many choices
have been achieved over the years.
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Introduction
• The concrete matrix was one of the best choices achieved over
hundreds of researches and experimental tests.
• The concrete is a mixture of sand and gravel held together
with a paste of cement-and-water. The advantage of the concrete as a
choice is that, it is a durable material with high compressive strength
and other impressive properties (such as availability-of-resources,
formability-as-needed, fire-and-weather-conditions-resistive, etc.).
But its tensile strength is only about 10% of its compressive strength

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Introduction
• This relatively low tensile strength was the main problem of the
concrete. But its high compressive strength and impressive properties
motivated the engineers to search for a solution for its tensile strength.
The innovation of strengthening the concrete from inside with steel
bars at the tension zone (Figure-1), was and still the best innovated
solution in most concrete structures. The election of the steel bars was
because of their high tensile strength and can easily be imbedded
inside the concrete and work together with the concrete as one
interactive material. And the resultant material that consists of
concrete matrix and internal steel bars is therefore called the
Reinforced Concrete (RC)
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Figure-1: Simply supported beam made of reinforced concrete

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Introduction
• The reinforcement is designed to carry all the tensile forces transferred
to it by the concrete. The bond at the interface between the
reinforcement and concrete is a very important factor. It is considered
the key for the composite action between the reinforcement and
concrete.
• The bond is mainly dependent on the cement type used in concrete and
the shape of steel bar surface. If the bond is weak or not adequate, the
steel bars will slip within the concrete and there will be no composite
action, and the concrete will act alone (with its low tensile strength)
and the steel bars will remain useless.

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Standards of Design
• Standards are generally the rules, guidelines, and specifications those
govern a specific work. During the history of structural use of concrete,
various design philosophies were adopted, many experimental tests were
performed, experiences of professionals were reported, and
recommendations from experts were considered. All these knowledge's
were collected and formulated into various standardized publications which
are known as “standards”.
• In structural engineering, standards are also known as “codes”. Codes are
generally prepared and published by pre-authorized professional
committees (by institutes, councils, and other bodies) associated with the
intended field. Many design codes were produced worldwide, covering the
variety of structural materials and engineering.

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Methods of design
• In the design philosophy, three basic methods were adopted, Permissible
Stress Method (Working Stress Method ) (which focusses on the material
only), Load Factor Method(Ultimate Load Method) (which focusses on the
loads only), and Limit State Method (which considers both the material and
loads). The Limit State Method was lately founded to overcome the
disadvantages of the two other methods. And it is recommended by the
Code for designing the reinforced concrete, and it will only be considered in
this subject.

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Limit State Method
• The basis of this method is statistical and lies in assessing an acceptable
level of probability of a given limit state for the design purposes. Briefly,
the limit states are the states beyond which the structure can no longer
satisfy the design requirements. Based on this method the design aims could
be achieved by considering two limit states which are termed the Ultimate
Limit State (critical state) and Serviceability Limit State (service state).
• Ultimate Limit State ( ): it is the limit after which the structure or part-
of-it is in collapse. Example of these limits are the strength to compression,
tension, flexure, shear, buckling, and structural limits such as stability
(partial or total stability of the structure) and robustness (element-failure or
small-failure will not lead to large or total failure of the structure).

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Limit State Method
• Serviceability Limit State ( ): it is the limit after which the
structure or part-of-it is unfit for the intended use or purpose. Example
of these limits are the excessive deflection, cracking, vibration, etc.,
which are unacceptable to the owner, occupier, or client.

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Characteristic loads
• All reinforced concrete structures are subjected to loads from various
sources. The main categories of load are: Dead, Imposed and Wind
load. In some cases, there may be other types of loads those should be
considered, such as, Snow, Temperature, fatigue, or dynamic load. But
in the most cases of structures the load combination of Dead, Imposed
and Wind is the most appropriate. And they are the only loads will be
considered here in this subject.

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Characteristic loads
• Dead loads (D):
• The major part of it is the weight of the structure itself.
It is constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the life of the structure
• It can be calculated with good accuracy from the dimensions of the
structures and density of the materials.
• Dead loads may be further classified into:
- Self-weight, which represents own weight of the structural system.
- Superimposed loads, which represents own weight of surfacing, mechanical,
plumbing, and electrical fixtures.

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Characteristic loads
• Imposed loads (L): [ 5.3.4-ASCE/SEI 7–10]
Floor Live Loads
• It consists of occupancy loads in buildings. According to section 5.3.4 of the code, the live
load, , shall include.
- Concentrated live loads, Vehicular loads ,Crane loads
- Loads on hand rails, guardrails, and vehicular barrier systems ,Impact effects, Vibration
effects
The minimum live loads for which the floors and roof of a building to be designed are usually
specified by the building code that governs at the site of constructions. Representative values
of minimum live loads to be used in many locations are adopted from (ASCE/SEI), Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.

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Characteristic loads
• Wind loads ( ): [ASCE/SEI 7]
It is an environmental load and it is clearly out of the human control.
Accounts are taken for the dynamic effects of wind on the structure. The
Code ASCE/SEI 7 gives the definitions, recommendations, and
procedures for evaluating the wind loads on buildings.

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Design loads
• Load factors and combinations: [ 5.3]
The factor assigned to each load is influenced by the degree of accuracy to which
the load effect usually can b calculated and the variation that might be expected in
the load during the lifetime of the structure. Dead loads, because they are more
accurately determined and less variable, are assigned a lower load factor than live
loads. Load factors also account for variability in the structural analysis used to
calculate moments and shears. The Code gives load factors for specific
combinations of loads. In assigning factors to combinations of loading, some
consideration is given to the probability of simultaneous occurrence. While most of
the usual combinations of loadings are included, it should not be assumed that all
cases are covered.

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• Load combination: [ 5.3.1]

all reinforced concrete structures are subjected to varying situation of

loading during life time. The dead load is permanent, but the other loads
such as wind and imposed are occasional or time-dependent. And from
time to another the structure may subject to dead load only, dead load
with imposed, dead load with wind, or dead load with imposed and
wind simultaneously. Structures must be designed to withstand all
possible loading situations.

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• Load combination: [ 5.3]

It is therefore, all possible combinations of design load for different

types of load should be calculated individually. Then, the design must
be carried out for the more critical or sever combination based on the
limit state considered. To achieve this, the Code of practice assigns
Table 5.3.1 for both the load combinations and appropriate partial safety
factors for the ultimate limit state.

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Material characteristic strengths
• Concrete compressive strength (fc' ): [ 19.2 &ASTM C31,
C39]
• The compressive strength of the concrete material used in reinforced
concrete elements is shown with fc'. ACI defines a minimum value of
fc' for structural concrete, with no limit for the maximum value. Limit
values for fc' are shown in ACI Table 19.2.1.1. f standard cylinders as
specified in ASTM

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• Concrete tensile strength (ft'):ASTM C496

• Concrete tensile strength is about 10 15% of its compressive strength. The strength of
concrete in tension is an important property that greatly affects that extent and size of
cracking in structures. Tensile strength is usually determined by using:
• Direct Tension Tests, ft'
• Direct tension concrete tensile strength, ft′, can be estimated from the following
correlation with concrete compressive strength, c′, as: ft' =0.25 0.58 √ c′

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• Concrete elastic modulus ( ): [ 19.2.2 ]

• It is important to understand that the concrete does not behave truly

elastic, but it may show some elasticity at stresses below about one-
third of the ultimate compressive strength. The Code of practice allows
the use of the elastic analysis of structure to determine the member
forces and deflections, taking into account the effects of forces
redistribution when the ultimate limit state is considered. Ec is defined
as the slope of the line drawn from a stress of zero to a compressive
stress of 0.45fc′.The modulus of elasticity Ec, for concrete, is
calculated as shown in ACI Equation 19.2.2.1.b For normal weight
concrete.
• c = 4700 √ƒc′, ƒc’ in MPa as in (ACI-19.2.2.1b).

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• Concrete Poisson’s ratio:

• The Code of practice states that for linear elastic analysis of structures
the Poisson’s ratio of concrete may be taken as ratio varies between
(0.15-0.2) for both normal and light weight concrete. Poisson ratio is
used in structural analysis of flat slab, tunnel, tanks, arch, dams and
other statically indeterminate structures.
• μ = ԑ /ԑ .

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• Steel reinforcement strength ( ): [ASTM A706 ]

• Steel reinforcement may be provided in the form of steel-bars, steel-

wires, or steel-fabric; or multiple types may be used. Here in this
subject, the steel-bars will only be considered.
• The yield strength of steel reinforcement is about 15 times the
compressive strength of common structural concrete and well over 100
times its tensile strength.
• for SI reinforcing bar Grades 280, 350, 420, 520, 550, 690,and
830.
• i for Inch-Pound reinforcing bar Grades 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 100, and
120
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• Steel reinforcement elastic modulus ( ): [ 20.2.2.2 ]

• The mild steel behaves as an elastic material with a definite yield point
after which the strain increases rapidly and the material becomes
plastic. While the high yield steel does not have a definite yield point
but shows a gradual change from elasticity to plasticity. Both types
have the same slope of elastic region in stress-strain relationship.
• The steel modulus of elasticity ( s) is constant for all types of steel.
The ACI Code has adopted a value of s = 2 × 10 MPa (29 ×10
Psi). The ultimate strength of steel, fu = 1.25-1.5 fy.

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Concrete design stress-strain relationship:
• The figure shown, is the design compressive stress-strain relationship for normal-
weight concrete under short-term of loading. The Code states that it may be used in
assessing the strength of the section at the ul The stress–strain curves of Figure
represent the results obtained from compression tests of sets of 28-day-old standard
cylinders of varying strengths.
• (a) The curves are roughly straight while the load is increased from zero to about one-
third to one-half the concrete’s ultimate strength.
• (b) Beyond this range the behavior of concrete is nonlinear. This lack of linearity of
concrete stress–strain curves at higher stresses causes some problems in the structural
analysis of concrete structures because their behavior is also nonlinear at higher
stresses.

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Concrete design stress-strain relationship:
(c)particular importance is the fact that regardless of strengths, all the
concretes reach their ultimate strengths at strains of about 0.002.
(d) Concrete does not have a definite yield strength; rather, the curves
run smoothly on to the point of rupture at strains of from 0.003 to 0.004.
It will be assumed for the purpose of future calculations in this text that
concrete fails at 0.003 (ASTM C39 ).

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Reinforcement design stress-strain
relationship: ASTM A370
The reader should note that this value, which is conservative for normal-
strength concretes, may not be conservative for higher-strength
concretes in the 8000-psi-and-above range.
(e) Many tests have clearly shown that stress–strain curves of concrete
cylinders are almost identical to those for the compression sides of
beams.
(f) It should be further noticed that the weaker grades of concrete are
less brittle than the stronger ones—that is, they will take larger strains
before breaking.

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STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS (φ)Clause 21.2
The strength reduction factor (also called resistance factor) is reciprocal of the minor
part of the overall factor of safety that is applied on the strength of a member to obtain
its design strength.
• Tension-Controlled Sections φ = 0.90
• Compression-Controlled Sections
a) Members with spiral reinforcement φ = 0.70
b) Other reinforced members φ =0.65
• Transition Sections
The φ-factor is linearly increased from compression controlled φ-value to 0.90 as the
section changes from compression-controlled Members with ties,

The value must be between 0.65 and 0.90.

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Reinforcement detailing: [ 25]
• It is important to layout and locate the reinforcement as the design requires to
ensure the required strengths of structural members in the specified positions.
Minimum and maximum reinforcement are required to ensure the ductility of the
members avoiding the sudden brittle failure. Spacing and distribution of
reinforcement is required to avoid the concrete shrinkage cracks and large crack
width. These requirements will be dealt with in the design of members
individually.

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SPACING LIMITS AND CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR
REINFORCEMENT.

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To limit the widths of flexural cracks in beams and slabs, ACI Code Section 25.2
defines upper limit on the center-to-center spacing between bars in the layer of
reinforcement closest to the tension face of a member. In some cases, this requirement
could force a designer to select a larger number of smaller bars in the extreme layer of
tension reinforcement

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Concrete cover for reinforcement ( ): [ 20.5.1]
Concrete cover as protection of reinforcement against weather and other effects is measured
from the concrete surface to the outermost surface of the steel to which the cover requirement
applies. Where concrete cover is prescribed for a class of structural members, it is measured to
the outer edge of stirrups, ties, or spirals if transverse reinforcement encloses main bars.
According to ACI, 20.5,1 minimum clear cover in cast-inplace concrete beams and columns
should not be less than 40 mm . That is depicted as follows:

• Nonprestressed cast-in-place concrete members shall have specified concrete cover for
reinforcement at least,that given in Table 20.5.1.3.1.

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Codes specify a minimum required concrete cover:

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