BTCE/202J/2019

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA SCHOOL

OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

YEAR TWO SEMESTER TWO

This attachment report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the
Bachelors of Technology in Civil Engineering, in Faculty of Engineering and Technology.

INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT AT

SAKIKA CONSTRUCTION LIMITED.

Full Names: JOHN NJOKA MUTHONI

Registration No.: BTCE/202J//2019

Mobile No.: +254 111 439405

Attachment period: MAY TO JULY

Date of submission

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DECLARATION
I John Njoka, declares that this attachment report has been written personally by me. Part of the
Practical works done during the attachment period, were done in training and under supervision in one
of construction sites of Sakika Construction Limited.

As a fulfilment to the academic requirements, this attachment report is submitted for Bachelors of
Technology in Civil Engineering— faculty of Engineering and Technology at the Technical University
of Mombasa.

Name: JOHN NJOKA MUTHONI

Signature

Date

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DEDICATION

I have dedicated this piece of work to the Almighty God for the gift of life he has granted me and
seeing me through my academic life. I am very grateful to Him for enabling me reach this far. I also
dedicate it to my beloved parents for supporting me financially and morally and always never giving
up on me. My appreciation also goes to my great lecturers, it is through their competence, diligence
and total commitment, that have managed to reach this far. May the lord bless you.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My most profound gratitude goes to SAKIKA CONSTRUCTION LIMITED, the site supervisor:
Engineer John Kiarie, foremen, Director and Contractor Bernard Owiye, Mr. Joram Omondi {site
foreman and masonry}, Mr. Muteti{formwork} and Mr. James {steel reinforcement}, whose guidance
made it possible for the whole attachment to run smoothly and as planned. Their critical comments
provided a more valid perspective on thoughts, ideas and arguments hence, the success of this project
was made possible by their able leadership and guidance. They were and will forever remain my
inspiration.

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ABSTRACT
The industrial attachment is an essential component of the curriculum for any university student before

completing their course at university. The attachment period is usually a minimum of eight weeks

which is an integral part of the education, whose aim is to provide the students an opportunity of

getting practical experience in the industry. This is to enable students acquire skills and job experience

in their areas of specialization. This report is the outcome of my eight weeks practical training at

SAKIKA CONSTRUCTION LIMITED, Site location: in Nakuru County .

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION......................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION.........................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.........................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................v
GLOSSARY...........................................................................................................................................vii
1.0 CHAPTER ONE...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives of the Attachment.......................................................................................................1
1.3 COMPANY PROFILE..................................................................................................................2
1.31 Company Background or History..........................................................................................2
1.32 Company Mission....................................................................................................................2
1.33 Company core values...............................................................................................................2
1.34 Company Organization structure..........................................................................................3
2.0 CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................................4
2.1 ACTIVITIES DONE DURING THE ATTACHMENT PERIOD...............................................4
2.2 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................4
2.3 ACTIVITY ONE: FORMWORK......................................................................................................5
2.31 CONSTRUCTION OF FORM WORK/SHUTTERING......................................................5
2.4 ACTIVITY TWO: STEEL FIXING REINFORCEMENT..............................................................9
2.5 ACTIVITY THREE: CASTING CONCRETE..............................................................................15
2.6 ACTIVITY FOUR: MASONRY CONSTRUCTION....................................................................17
2.7 ACTIVITY FIVE: SETTING OUT.................................................................................................18
2.8 ACTIVITY SIX: PLUMBING AND ELECRICAL SET OUT.....................................................21
3.0 CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................22
3.1 CHALLENGES, CONCLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................22
REFFERENCES...................................................................................................................................25

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GLOSSARY

Technician- A person employed to look after technical equipment or do practical work in a laboratory.
Workshop- A room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired.
Plumbing - Utility consisting of the pipes and the fixtures for the distribution of clean and waste water
and for the disposal of sewages.
Carpentry- The craft of a carpenter making things out of wood.
Masonry- Structure built of stone or brick by a mason.
Technician-A person employed to look after technical equipment or do practical work in a laboratory.

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1.0 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Am so grateful to Almighty God for the chance to do an Industrial attachment at Sakika construction
Limited which exposed me to demand and challenges at work place. I gain practical skill from my
colleagues and supervisors who took us through the whole exercise of attachment. It also enabled me
acquire self-reliable skills and gained work ethics.

The Industrial attachment enabled me to have a chance to apply knowledge learnt in the classroom into
practice in an immediate and relevant setting through the engagement in various building and civil
engineering works in the Construction Site. Doing all the scheduled works was a pleasure and of much
interest to me since I was passionate on what I was doing.

1.2 Objectives of the Attachment

 To provide an opportunity for students to discover, learn about, and familiarize with industry of
their discipline, and with organization with industry of their disciple, and within the industry.
Students will acquire practical interpersonal skills through meeting with professionals in their
field of study.
 To provide the opportunity for the industry to identify potential employees from the industrial
trainees and to feedback comments on programs satisfy the expectations of the industry, and
ensure the programs are relevant and up to date.
 To provide an opportunity for students to observe real-life practices and implementation of
theorical lessons and principles. Students will acquire supervisors practical and a alongside
industry experts.
 Overall, I gain experience in the following; -
 Industrial skills and professional awareness.
 Ability to work without supervision and directions.
 Efficiently completing tasks, fostering good relationship with seniors and subordinate.

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1.3 COMPANY PROFILE

1.31 Company Background or History.

Sakika construction Limited is a Construction company based in Nakuru,Kenya .It’s one of the
Companies that has competent professionals in the Sector of Building and Civil Engineering Works.
The company is a dealer in Building and Civil engineering works, General renovations works, Bill of
quantities and material Supplies.

1.32 Company Mission

The company is a dealer in Building and Civil engineering works, General renovations works, Bill of
quantities and material Supplies.

1.33 Company core values

The management and the staff of the Company endeavor to institutionalize, and inculcate values that
foster a strong corporate culture that promotes excellence, Hard work and achievement of companies
Objective. SAKIAKA spouses the following values in the conduct of all its functions;

 Professionalism

 Efficiency and Efficacy

 Commitment

 Services Delivery

 Team work

 Creativity and innovativeness

 Integrity

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1.34 Company Organization structure

DIRECTOR

CONSTRUCTION
MANAGER

SITE MANAGER

PLUMBING &
FORMWORK STEEL FIXING MASONRY CONCRETING ELECTRICAL
CONTRACTOR CONTRACTOR CONTRACTOR CONTRACTOR CONTRACTORS

LABOURERS LABOURERS LABOURERS LABOURERS LABOURERS

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2.0 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 ACTIVITIES DONE DURING THE ATTACHMENT PERIOD

KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE

Through my attachment, I have gained some new experience which enabled me to acquire some soft or
generic employability skills which include good communication skills, teamwork and ability to build
positive relationships; self and time management, ability to influence others and to negotiate problem,
solve, network management to the field of Building and Civil engineering. I have also learnt how to do
teamwork with my colleagues in various workshop and has help me to improve in my interpersonal
skills by interacting with various members and also have improved on social life through interaction
with the colleagues, supervisor and the senior authorities.

2.2 INTRODUCTION
 This is 8 weeks programmed that requires attaches to engage in various assigned tasks across
workshops in building and Civil department. For smooth and efficient organization of the
programmed, activities are divided into two broad categories;

 Technical Skills

 Soft Skills

Technical skills
These are activities carried out in the following areas;

 Form Works

 Plumbing and Electrical Setting

 Masonry works

 Steel Reinforcement

 Batching & Concreting

Soft Skills
These are skills such as;
 Logbook details

 Managerial Skills

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 Report Writing

2.3 ACTIVITY ONE: FORMWORK

2.31 CONSTRUCTION OF FORM WORK/SHUTTERING

Form work is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mold into which concrete is poured
and formed. Form work is fabricated using timber, but it can also be constructed from steel, glass fiber
reinforced plastics and other materials.
Shuttering is a term that is often used to refer to the process of using plywood to form the mold. It is
perhaps the most type of form work and is normally constructed on site using timber and plywood. A
special grade of plywood is necessary for shuttering, and it must be water-resistant. It is easy to produce
although it can be time consuming for larger structures. It is used when the labor costs are lower than
the cost of producing re-usable formwork from materials such as steel or plastics It also has the
advantage of enabling a significant amount of concrete to be poured at once. The temporary mound
provides support to fresh concrete when placed in structural member until the concrete has set. This
helps structural member to gain sufficient strength to carry the super-imposed loads.

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BEAM SHUTTERING
Beam formwork takes the form of a three-sided box which is supported and propped in the Steady and
straight position and to the desired level. The process involves rigorous handy work. I carried out the
following activities: measurement of beam span and the corresponding timber rails and plywood for the
three sides, cutting of the rails and plywood using a circular saw and fixing the members in position.
The size of the beams was 200mm x 450mm and this was ensured during the construction of their
formwork giving an allowance for cover to reinforcement. The T-props that rested on the firm base
were placed for supports in the openings of windows and doors. Braces were adjusted to beam
formwork to ensure that during concrete placement the formwork does not warp.

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SLAB FORM WORK

When suspended concrete slabs are constructed that are not directly supported by the ground, slab form
work is required. Slab form work includes form work panels, stringers, joists, shores and other
supporting materials that enables the concrete to be poured and set above the ground. There are a
variety of materials used in slab form work, including plywood, timber, metal, and sometimes even
plastic components that are used to shape and give strength to the concrete.
The slab form work is designed to withstand construction loads such as fresh concrete pressure and
weight of workers and operators and their machines. I carried out assembling and erection of the form
work putting into consideration the following construction aspects:
 It should be correctly positioned.
 It should be lined and leveled.
 The joints should be sealed adequately.
 The nails should not protrude into the concrete.

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STAIRS FORM WORK

The quality of the staircase formwork is an essential aspect that must be put in consideration, before
casting concrete on the stairs. A good formwork should meet the following requirement. It should be
adequately strong to withstand an extensive variety of dead and live loads. It should be inflexibly built
and efficiently propped and supported to hold its shape without undue deflection. The joints in the
formwork should be tight enough to prevent leakage of cement grout.
The most important step when building a R.C stairs is to use a proper formwork. The angle of flight,
dimensions of thread and riser are properly checked. The stairs were attached to the wall and I carried
out marking of the line of flight, thread and risers on the wall to enhance proper fixing of formwork.
The boards were 20mm thick and the whole structure of the form was supported by 4 by 2 timber size.
The wooden boards are used to create the steps and are fastened with screws or nails to the lateral
structure of the formwork.

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2.4 ACTIVITY TWO: STEEL FIXING REINFORCEMENT

INTRODUCTION

The need for incorporation of steel in concrete structural members is to enable checks on tensile
stresses. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension thus, steel reinforcement facilitates the
achievement of the requirements of both ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. This enables
the structure to attain the expected service life

BEAM REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement of beams proceeds shuttering. The process must be carried out as per the structural
drawings and the specifications laid upon by structural engineer undertaking the project. It is the
responsibility of the site supervisor or foreman on the site, to actualize this through accurate

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interpretation of drawings and vigorous inspection on the reinforcement taskforce. As an attached, I

executed the following:
i. measurement of bars and cutting using an angle grinder.
ii. Identification of main bars as top bars and bottom bars according to drawing
iii. Top bars are temporary attached to abutment (column) reinforcement to make them stay above
their actual position. This makes reinforcement fixing easier. In attaching the top bars
temporary to the column reinforcement, it is advisable to direct the anchorage part such that it
goes down into the column for a main beam and horizontally into the main beam or
downwards as necessary when t is a secondary beam.
iv. The spacing of links as per the drawings provided is marked on the top bars using a piece of
chalk. In practice, the specified spacing may not be able to maintain with the specified number
of links. The conservative solution is to provide the specified number of links spread equally
as possible over the span of the beam.
v. After making the appropriate spacing for the links, the links are inserted into the top bars now
hanging above from the mid portion.
vi. Then the bottom bars are inserted through the links such that the anchorage lengths are
directed as necessary.
vii. The links are distributed over the span and attached to the main bars in the marked distances as
necessary with the aid of a binding wire.
viii. The cover blocks (spacers) are attached to the links as necessary to keep the specified cover to
reinforcement.
ix. The temporary attachments with the column reinforcement are removed and the reinforcement
cage is lowered in to the necessary place in the formwork.

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COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive loads, composed of
concrete and steel frames to provide reinforcement. In involvement with the other team members, I
engaged in the process of setting up a column which involved excavation of pit for pad footing in
accordance to the measurements from the drawing. Casting a blinding layer of 50mm thick.
Fixing of bottom steel D20 at 200mmc/c and binding of the starter bars onto bottom steel.
The vertical rebars were lapped 1m with the starter rebars from the footing foundation. 6D20 were used
as Main bars and D8 as the stirrups rebars fixed together with binding wires to a height of 2400mm.

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SLAB REINFORCEMENT
Generally, the procedure of providing reinforcement for any slab is following the reinforcement
drawings from the structural engineer. Before laying of the bars, it must be ensured that the slab form
work is well fixed and adequately propped to support the weight of steel, fresh concrete and workmen.
Leveling must also be carried out on the trapper boards I participated in the following:
 Identification, measurement and cutting of bottom (B1 and B2) and top (T1 and T2) bars
according to the spans. (D10)
 Laying of the bars and fixing using binding wire. A pincer aids in fixing.

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 placement of spacers to allow cover to reinforcement.

 placement of reinforcement chairs(stool) to keep the top steel in its place.

REINFORCMENT ON STAIRS
The concrete steps are to be reinforced with steel bars so as it carries the loads coming upon the stairs
and transfer them to the ground. Fixing of the bars must be carried out as per the drawing, and it must
be undertaken after ensuring that the formwork is effectively fixed.
A staircase connects two subsequent floors therefore it cannot be monolithically casted with them since
the formwork and reinforcement implementation as well as the concreting are done firstly at the
subjacent floors and after a few days at the superjacent floor. The most usual way to construct a
staircase is together with the superjacent floor. However, in order to achieve a connection with the
subjacent floor there must be properly placed starter bars. Moreover, starter bars must be positioned and
at the superjacent floor for the staircase of the next level. The landing reinforcement is extended
towards the direction of the staircase of the next floor whose formwork and reinforcement
implementation as well as its concrete casting will be carried out in a following phase of construction.

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The proper position of the starter bars is secured between thin formwork strips. Before the positioning
of the staircase’s formwork, the starter bars are properly bent at the necessary height.
During the final phase of the staircase reinforcement implementation, the lower rebar is wired to their
proper position with the distribution bars. The next phase includes the positioning of any necessary
additional upper rebar followed by the placement of their distribution bars. The stringers and risers are
placed last. At the top part of the staircase, the reinforcement is normally implemented based on the fact
that the staircase will be monolithically casted slabs beam of the floor. Generally, though, it is
necessary to place starter bars for the next staircase.

PREPARATION AND PLACEMENT OFCOVER BLOCK

Spacers/cover block enhance the achievement of nominal cover to reinforcement bars. The cover
facilitates protection against corrosion and fire resistance properties of reinforced concrete. Concrete
cover for the rebar normally ranges from 15mm to 50mm in the general RCC structures. But in the
heavier infrastructures and in the harsh environmental conditions it may go up to 100mm and even
more. The distance between the two cover blocks depends upon the diameter of the rebar, the type of
RCC structure, rebar directions.
In our Site, we made cover blocks thickness 50mm for the Columns, 25mm thickness for the beams.
The process of preparation of spacers involved the following:
i. Selection of plane ply board with no fractures.

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ii. Preparation of mortar.

iii. Determining the specified thickness level.
iv. Placing the mortar on the board and compacting with a timber rail to achieve the thickness.
v. Cutting across with a blade to the required cubic size.
vi. Plugging in cut into size, twisted binding wires into the mortar blocks as it just acquires the
initial setting time.

2.5 ACTIVITY THREE: CASTING CONCRETE

The process of casting concrete on first floor followed the formwork and reinforcement after approval
By the County Structural Engineer. The contractor ensured the quality and quantity of the Materials
required was available on site. The Concreting work was sub-contracted to a certain firm, who brought
their equipment on site that is; concrete mixer, Crane Hoist which was fixed and made stable adjacent
to the Constructed Building. They tested their equipment prior tomorrow’s actual casting for the
purpose of quality assurance on concrete. The sub-contracted firm and its team of laborer involved in
the entire casting of the suspended Slabs, beams, columns, foundations. I was privileged to take charge
of the process.
i. BATCHING OF CONCRETE
This entailed selection, sorting, and proportioning of concrete mix materials. ii.
MIXING

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This was carried out using mixing machine.

iii. TRANSPORTATION AND PLACING
Concrete mix was transported using hoist and distributed on slab using wheelbarrows. iv.
COMPACTION
The placed concrete adequately vibrated using a poker vibrator to remove voids in concrete. v.
CURING
Curing on slab was undertaken for a minimum of twenty-one days. This involved flooding of
the entire slab twice a day.

CONCRETING COLUMNS AND THE FOUNDATIONS

In the concreting process, I also participated in the concreting of columns. I was assigned in the
batching section, where together as a team played a role of placing the concrete materials into the
Mixer. We used the volume method of batching in which a designed ration of 1:2:4 was used as per the
specifications in the structural drawing.
After Mixing that was done mechanically by the Concrete mixer, the Fresh concrete was transported for
placement into the already made column formwork. After being filled to certain level, it was the
vibrated using poker vibrator to ensure proper compaction of the concrete.

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2.6 ACTIVITY FOUR: MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

The construction process of quarry stone masonry wall was carried out by skilled mason. As a trainee, I
took part in the process through which, I engaged in the setting out and laying of the stone blocks. I
prepared mortar with a ratio of 1:3, whereby the mortar was mixed by hand mixing. The walling was
carried out such that the vertical joints overlapped each other. The verticality of stones was achieved
using a plumb bob. Other masonry tools used included: trowel, builders square, mason’s hammer etc.

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2.7 ACTIVITY FIVE: SETTING OUT

SETTING OUT COLUMN POSITION.

After striping of the top soil and levelling, the position of the building is marked out with string lines
and pegs to indicate foundation trenches and walls. The orientation of the building is established at this
stage. When the building outline is finally checked and accurately positioned, profile boards are erected
clear of the string lines.The 3-4-5 Pythagoras Theoream method can be used to get the right angles at
the corners of the Building.

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With assist of our Site foreman I participated on the setting out of the columns positions on the Second
Phase Costruction, in the parking Lot area. The formerly erected profile Boards that were at the
Barkyard of the constructed building were transferred to the front in order to set the front columns in
Phase II.This was done by determining centres of the backyard columns and tying builder string to the
front elevation side and transfering the same centre, marking it by nailing. After transfering the profiles,
the 3-4-5 method was used to set the right angles of the columns.

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After the positions of columns has been found and measurements taken as outlined in the structural
drawing, the specified sizes of the column bases foundations noted in the drawing were taken and
square-like timber nailed to help in marking out the sizes of the columns on the ground. The sizes of
column bases for the building were 2000x2000 and 2000x1800. The size of the columns included
450x300 and 450x200 respective of the base sizes.
With the strings still tied on the profile board at the centers of the columns, in the position of the
column a plum bob was held vertically at the centers in alignment with the strings and the base size
timbers positioned then marked using Calcium powder for visibility.

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SETTING OUT WALLS AND PARTITOINS

After the casting of the suspended floor slab, I had the privilege to participate in the setting out of the
external infill walls and the partitions of the rooms. This was interesting since it’s a task for the
foreman in supervision of the Engineer on site. As specified on the structural drawing, I did the setting
out of the building partition rooms.
This was done in keenness and very accurate to ensure each room occupies the exact size as per the
structural drawing. I had also a chance in the setting out of doors and window openings.

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2.8 ACTIVITY SIX: PLUMBING AND ELECRICAL SET OUT

Plumbing and electrical setting works are done in the preliminary in order to incorporate the plumbing
and the electrical pipes into the constructed building before the casting of concrete to the suspended
slap. This is essentially done as a preliminary into order to take into account the alignment of the
various pipes below the Concrete slab and enhance good workability of finishing works in the
adjournment of the construction process.
Setting of the plumbing and the electrical pipes are done in consideration of or as per specifications
made in structural drawing and assessed by the site engineer before any concreting works commences. I
was privileged to participate in the setting out of the electrical as well as the plumbing pipes in the site.
In the plumbing sector, I managed to fix the toilet trappers and go down pipes for waste water and also
interconnecting the pipes from the wash hand basins, water closets and birth tubs within the two
bedrooms sections of the constructed building, ensuring a gradient is given to ensure free flow of the
waste water.
I also participated in electrical setting works where, majorly the dimensions of the building was used in
determining the positions of Light bulbs and set in the center of every rooms. Also did setting of the
Switches and sockets in the whole second floor of the constructed building.

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3.0 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 CHALLENGES, CONCLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

CHALLENGES

The eight (8) weeks attachment was a success, I was privileged to do various activities in practice of
what we had learned in classrooms. However, there were challenges that I encountered both personal
and some in the site. Some of the challenges encountered included:

 One of my personal Challenge that I faced during the attachment period was on my
transportation fare to the site since it required a bit of daily traveling.
 Another challenged encountered on site was on the “Site Language” that I found in the Site that
I could not conform to but just to persevere till end of My Industrial attachment.

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CONCLUSION

Personally, the attachment was a success and of great worth in my carrier of engineering. Through the
attachment I gained skills in field work activities in various scheduled practices made during the
attachment. I really thank the Billbane Structures Limited for giving a chance to pursue My Industrial
attachment in one of their Construction Sites and the Company ability to mentor student into competent
future engineers.
In conclusion:
 Through the attachment I gained practical skills in masonry, plumbing and carpentry and could
be able to reason out in activities done. Am capable of doing the activities by myself.
 The attachment gained me passion in the engineering field as well as teamwork skills. It raised
my interaction skill with my colleagues as well as the supervisors and the technicians. Working
as a team the work output is more effective and easily done.
 The attachment gained me leadership skills and responsibility. It raised my respect and obedient
to the authority that is the supervisors, technicians and fellow colleagues in the attachment.

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RECOMMANDATION

Here are the recommendations for the eight (8) weeks industrial attachment at Billbane Structures
Limited.

 Billbane Structures Limited has equipped me with experience in the profession of engineering, I
want to appreciate their efforts and love to students they host as attaches.
 The good supervision, management and assessment in the site has really equipped me with
leadership and site managerial skill based on what I witnessed My supervisors, foreman and the
site engineers do in the site.
 I want to thank Technical university of Mombasa for giving the students the opportunity to go
out and seek skill in various companies with construction sites to pursue the Industrial
attachment to gain Skills and experience in their profession

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REFFERENCES

1. Construction process, (2016), 2nd Edition, Retrieved from Building Construction Handbook by
Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno.
2. Building Construction, (Reprinted 2007), 4th Edition, Retrieved from Construction Technology
by Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno.
3. Steel fixing, (2010), Retrieved from Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings by Bungale
S. Taranath.
4. Suspended Slab Reinforcement, (Copyright 2011), Retrieved from Reinforced Concrete
Structures Analysis and Design by David A. Fanella.

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