Addis Ababa Science&Technology University College of Civil&Architectural Engineering Department of Civil Enginering

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF CIVIL&ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINERING
Final Internship Practice on G+5, G+6 and G+7 Building located at AASTU.
Company Name: YOTEK Construction Plc.
Prepared By: DANIEL BAYABLE.
ID No: ETS0281/11.
Section: A
E-mail address: [email protected]
Period of internship: From March to June 2022.
Company supervisor: Mr. ALAZAR B.
Academic supervisor/Advisor: Mr. LEMI G.
June10, 2022G.C
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE & TECNOLOGY UNIVERSITY INTENSHIP REPORT
Abstract
The internship course is the opportunity for students to grasp practical knowledge in general.
Besides, it helps students to introduce themselves to the companies for working with them. The
internship period has given me a lot of advantages. I have got a practical knowledge in general
and I have integrated it with the theoretical knowledge what I have learnt in class. I have
performed my work by actual observation. It creates me a dream of being successful in this field.
I have also got so many skills in management, conflict resolution, coordination, team work and
so on.
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Declaration
This document is prepared by DANIEL BAYABLE as a final internship report after three-
month training at YOTEK Construction Plc. This Practical Work (Internship Report) is
submitted in practical fulfillment of the requirements for internship to Addis Ababa Science and
Technology University. I assure that the report contains actual events and facts that was observed
and performed during my internship practice program. The contents of the report are based on
the internship report out line which was given by our department.
Name of student: DANIEL BAYBLE
Signature:
Date: June 2022
Approved by:
Academic supervisor/Advisor: Mr. LEMI G.
Signature:
Date: JUNE 2022
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Acknowledgment
To begin with, I would like to acknowledge Addis Ababa science and Technology University
and college of civil and architectural engineering for providing me the internship course with
enough Periods in the company.
I would also like to express my heartfelt appreciation to my office supervisor Mr. ALAZAR.B
together with the site and office engineers for their great support and encouraging me during my
internship period.
I gratefully acknowledge to my site supervisor Mr. ALAZAR B. for his extended support and
guiding me on the right direction.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the staffs of YOTEK construction PLC who helped
me a lot to get all the required data. Finally, I want to thank all my senior students for their
support and informing me about the construction site.
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Executive summary
This final report covers my internship time at YOTEK construction PLC for three months at
AASTU research and technology center project. I have tried to summarize my internship
experience within four chapters.
In the first chapter of the report introduction and profile of the hosting company is briefly
explained. It starts from the brief history of the company and continues with main products of
company, visions, mission‟s objective, goals and organizational structure of the company.
Moreover, it includes detail of the ongoing project.
The second chapter of the report describes the overall internship experience. The chapter covers
areas I have been working with (both in site and office), structural elements, construction
equipment and materials used on site, site work flow, methodology used and challenges and
measures shown on site.
From the third chapter of the report, overall benefits I gained from internship time is described.
The overall benefits in terms of improving practical skill, theoretical knowledge, Team Playing
Skill and leadership Skill are included. And also the third chapter includes what I understood
about work ethics during my internship period.
The fourth chapter covers conclusion and recommendation. Reference and appendix also
provided on the report.
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Table of content
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i
Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................... iii
Executive summary........................................................................................................................ iv
Table of content .............................................................................................................................. v
List of figures ............................................................................................................................... viii
List of tables ................................................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 10
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Objective ............................................................................................................................. 10
1.2.1 Main objective .............................................................................................................. 10
1.2.2 Specific objective ......................................................................................................... 10
1.3 Profile of the hosting company ........................................................................................... 11
1.3.1 History of the company ................................................................................................ 11
1.3.2 End User of the Company ............................................................................................ 11
1.3.3 Mission of the company ............................................................................................... 11
1.3.4 Visions of the company ................................................................................................ 12
1.3.5 Objective of the company ............................................................................................. 12
1.3.6 Goals of the company ................................................................................................... 13
1.3.7 Project Detail ................................................................................................................ 13
1.3.8 Organizational structure of the company...................................................................... 13
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 15
2. Overall internship experience ................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Works I have done on site ................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1. Bar bending and sectioning ......................................................................................... 15
2.1.2 Bar reinforcement ......................................................................................................... 17
2.1.2.1 Reinforcement for beam ........................................................................................ 17
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2.1.2.2 Reinforcement for slab ........................................................................................... 19

2.1.2.3 Reinforcement for columns.................................................................................... 21
2.1.3 Formwork ..................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.3.1 Formwork for column ............................................................................................ 25
2.1.3.2 Formwork for beam ............................................................................................... 25
2.1.3.3 Formwork for slab.................................................................................................. 26
2.1.3.4 Formwork for wall ................................................................................................. 27
2.1.3.5 Formwork for stair ................................................................................................. 27
2.1.3.6 Formwork striking ................................................................................................. 28
2.1.3.7 Method of removing formwork ............................................................................. 28
2.1.3.8 Loads on formwork ................................................................................................ 28
2.1.3.9 Failure of formwork ............................................................................................... 29
2.1.4 Scaffolding and false formwork ................................................................................... 29
2.1.4.1 Material used for scaffolding ................................................................................. 29
2.1.5 Concrete work............................................................................................................... 32
2.1.5.1 Concrete Constituents ............................................................................................ 32
2.1.5.2 Use of concrete ...................................................................................................... 32
2.1.5.3 Concrete quality should be:- .................................................................................. 32
2.1.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of concrete............................................................ 32
2.1.5.5 Mixing, transporting, placing and compaction of concrete ................................... 32
2.1.6 Curing ........................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.6.1 Methods of curing .................................................................................................. 34
2.1.7 Building structural elements ......................................................................................... 34
2.1.7.1 Footing ................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.7.2 Column................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.7.3 Beam ...................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.7.4 Slabs ....................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.7.5 Stair ........................................................................................................................ 35
2.1.7.6 Lift.......................................................................................................................... 37
2.3 concrete batch or mix plant ................................................................................................. 37
2.4 works I have done on office ................................................................................................ 41
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2.5 Construction materials and equipment‟s ............................................................................. 44

2.5.1 Construction material ................................................................................................... 44
2.5.1.1 Concrete ................................................................................................................. 44
2.5.1.2 Ingredients of concrete ........................................................................................... 44
2.5.1.3 Reinforcement rebar............................................................................................... 46
2.5.1.4 Spacer ..................................................................................................................... 47
2.5.2 Equipment‟s used on site .............................................................................................. 48
2.6 Site work flow ..................................................................................................................... 52
2.7 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 54
2.8 problems I have observed on the site .................................................................................. 55
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 57
3. Over all benefits I have gained from the internship .................................................................. 57
3.1 In terms of improving the practical skill ............................................................................. 57
3.2 In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge ...................................................................... 57
3.3 In terms of improving our team playing skill ...................................................................... 57
3.4 In terms of improving leadership skill ................................................................................ 58
3.5 Work ethics related issues ................................................................................................... 58
Chapter four .................................................................................................................................. 59
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation .......................................................................................... 59
4.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 59
4.2Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 59
References ..................................................................................................................................... 61
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 62
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List of figures
Figure 1Organizational structure of the hosting company ......................................................................... 14
Figure 2: beam reinforcement ..................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3: moment diagram for fixed support beam .................................................................................... 19
Figure 4: slab reinforcement ....................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 5 column reinforcement ................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 6: column formwork ........................................................................................................................ 25
Figure 7: Beam formwork ........................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 8 slab formwork ............................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 9: shear wall formwork .................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 10 steel scaffolding.......................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 11: timber scaffolding...................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 12: concrete work ............................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 13: placing and compaction of concrete .......................................................................................... 33
Figure 14 beam ........................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 15: slab............................................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 16: stair ............................................................................................................................................ 37
Figure 17 lift .............................................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 18 batch operator ............................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 19: concrete batch plan .................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 20: spacer ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 21: tower crane ................................................................................................................................ 48
Figure 22: loader ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 23: power source/generator ............................................................................................................. 49
Figure 24 mix trucker.................................................................................................................................. 49
Figure 25 excavator.................................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 26: dump truck................................................................................................................................. 50
Figure 27: bar bender machine.................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 28 concrete pump ............................................................................................................................ 50
Figure 29: vibrator ...................................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 30: concrete mixer ........................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 31: bar grinder ................................................................................................................................. 51
Figure 32: leveling ...................................................................................................................................... 52
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Page
List of tables
Table 1: rebar cutting order......................................................................................................................... 16
Table 2 Formwork stripping period when the concretes have admixture ................................................... 28
Table 3: Amount of materials in Kg per cubic meter of concrete grade of C-30....................................... 38
Table 4 format used to define the quantity of reinforcements bars. ............................................................ 41
Table 5 bar schedule preparation for slab: .................................................................................................. 42
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CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Student Internship is practical course taken by students of the university in their field of study.
For example, civil engineering students take the internship course practically in civil engineering
structures like road &transport, bridge &dam construction, airport, building structures, railway
construction, industrial building construction and so on. In the internship period, students have to
understand practically what they have learnt theoretically. Internship is given for every student of
the university in areas where field of the study of the student is practically applied and is given
for a period of one semester.it is taken after the students learn almost more than 80% of the
program during their stay in the university. It is obvious that most students become creative and
problem solver during internship period since they actually observe everything what they have
learnt theoretically. Students must announce their progress for their advisor assigned by the
university in a fixed period until they complete the internship period. Finally, students have to
write, present and submit the report.
1.2 Objective
1.2.1 Main objective

The main objective of the internship is to grow up the practical knowledge of students. Besides,
it helps students to integrate the theoretical knowledge with the practical knowledge. Taking the
main objective as mentioned above, the following specific objectives are expected to be
achieved.
1.2.2 Specific objective
 To increase the creativity and problem-solving skill of students

 To increase the employment opportunity of students after graduation
 To integrate the university with industry
 It helps industries and companies get creative, skill full, problem solver and entrepreneur
person.
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I started my internship after the substructure work was completed. Hence; I have seen
superstructure work. During my stay in the construction company, I have worked both in site and
office. I have also tried to know how different parts of the project integrated to complete the
project. I have understood many things in the project area that I didn‟t know well in the class.
1.3 Profile of the hosting company
1.3.1 History of the company
YOTEK construction PLC is a general contractor for civil engineering structures and established
in 1991e.c. YOHANIS TEKLAY is the owner of the company and the name “YOTEK” is
formed by taking the first two letters from his name i.e. “YO” from “YOHANIS” and taking the
remaining letters from his father‟s name i.e. “TEK” “TEKLAY”. Since its engagement in the
construction sector, the company is involved in a wide range of civil engineering construction
such as high rise buildings and complex educational establishments inter urban asphalt road
machine foundation for factories and many other engineering constructions
1.3.2 End User of the Company

The service to be provided from completion of these projects is for people, i.e. directly or
indirectly the main customers or end users of the products are all people of the country. Based on
the direct service the end users can be generalized as;
 Governmental institution likes: universities, colleges, high schools and elementary
schools, health centers, Ethiopian road association etc.
 Individuals: residential building, Investment like to construct industry factory, hotels
Shopping malls etc.
1.3.3 Mission of the company
YOTEK Construction PLC is an indigenous enterprise whose mission is to flourish thorough

rendering and multifaceted services to the public with a high degree of competence and
reliability; and thereby carry on towards enhancing the achievement of socio-economic growth
and development of Ethiopia. As a company, YOTEK construction PLC seeks to be a high

quality innovative and enduring builder by applying attention to detail hand on project
management, safety, technology and strong cost containment methods to benefit our clients and
end users.
Generally the company seeks
 to construct quality building, roads, bridges and other with competency and at currently
required standard.
 Create strong linkage with various construction industries in order to get quality products for
the building construction, for national and international market.
To provide thorough man power, material capacity and organization to win construction project
bids.
1.3.4 Visions of the company
YOTEK Construction PLC. Aspires to further strengthen and expand out new established
position and continue being the first choice for clients.
The company‟s vision can be summarized as follows:
competent in the construction and other similar sectors understanding to have better
contribution in the area
To see the country free from poverty and backwardness and becoming internationally
competent contractor and an active leading inventor in the economy.
Ensure that our client get the best service competitive prices and the best on time
accomplishment of their projects.
 Participate in development activities through provision of employment and training for
youth in the construction industry
1.3.5 Objective of the company
Play a major role in the construction sector. Create employment opportunity during pre and post
construction periods. The strategic direction competences at level and at the same time gain and
establish trust and confidence among the public as well as state organizations. Thereby gain full

access to relevant information regarding new development trends locally and globally in order to
make organizational adjustment, and to identify future potential areas of investment.
1.3.6 Goals of the company

 Get the job on time, on budget.
 Build superior structures and highways.
 Listen well, communicate often.
 Focus on the basics.
1.3.7 Project Detail

 Project: Research & Technology Center (Lot-I)
 Location: Kilinto, Addis Ababa
 Client: Addis Ababa science and technology university
 Contractor: YOTEK construction PLC
 Consultant: YOHANIS ABAY Consulting, Architects & Engineers
 Total construction cost: 2.4 billion ETB
 Duration: 18 working months
The construction of the Research & Technology Center is given to two contractors. The building
is constructed in two parts. The first part is constructed by YOTEK construction P.L.C. the
second part is given to Chinese contractor. The Research & Technology Center (Lot-I) has 3
blocks (block -A, Block-D and Block-E). Block-E is the lowest in elevation. Block-E is the
reflection of Block-D.
1.3.8 Organizational structure of the company
The organization of the company fulfills class I contractor rules. According to its organization, it
enjoys a remarkable reputation in the construction industry. Having started with regular staff
members, it has now been able to create job opportunity for many permanent skilled personals
and daily laborers.
The general manager has chief power among different employment. He controls all activities in
the company and makes decision in consultant with management and technical advisors.

Figure 1Organizational structure of the hosting company

CHAPTER TWO
2. Overall internship experience
2.1 Works I have done on site

During my stay on the company especially on site work, I have seen the following works:
Construction of formwork for different structural elements like beam, slab, column, stair, shear
wall, lift, power source station etc.…
 Removal of formwork for each structural element after concrete is filled. Besides, I have
also observed that the duration of removal of formwork for each structural element.
 Checking the dimensions based on the drawing.
 Adjusting members until the correct dimension is obtained.
 Reading structural drawings and checking it with the real work.
 Observing reinforcement for beams, slabs, columns, shear wall and stair and checking
the diameter, spacing, length, development length
 Observing negative and positive bars.
 Bar bending for beam, slab, column, stair and shear wall
 Removal of formwork for each structural element within certain period of time
 Water curing for fresh concrete.
2.1.1. Bar bending and sectioning

We use reinforced concrete structures for several purposes like building, bridge, airport, water
tank, dam, road…Reinforced concrete structures are structures that are product of reinforcement
bar and concrete. The rebar which is taken from the industry production site is not directly used
for reinforcement. First it has to be bent or cut based on the dimension on the design for different
structural elements and on different positions. The rebar taken to the site from the production site
is in berga. Therefore, it has to be changed in to length. It is bent in bar bending machine.
Example: the following table shows the rebar bending order for floor beam.

Table 1: rebar cutting order
Block-D (D5) floor beam

Level-4.M (+20)
Description Bar shape Ø(mm) Length(m) Cut/bar Wastage Total Total
No. Of berga
bars
FB level-5
(400W*600D)
on Axis/axis
(12-17)
Top bar 20 5.04 2.00 1.93 3.00 2.00
Top bar 20 8.95 1.0 3.05 3.0 3.0

Top bar 20 9.09 1.0 2.92 3.0 3.0
Top bar 20 8.80 1.0 3.20 6.0 6.0
Top bar 20 7.43 1.0 4.58 3.0 3.0
Middle bar 20 3.44 Wastage 3.0
Middle bar 20 5.33 2.0 1.34 12.0 6.0
Middle bar 20 5.69 2.0 0.62 3.0 2.0
Bottom bar 20 8.90 1.0 3.10 4.0 4.0
Bottom bar 20 9.37 1.0 2.63 4.0 4.0
Bottom bar 20 8.80 1.0 3.2 8.0 8.0
Bottom bar 20 11.43 1.0 0.57 4.0 4.0
Stirrup
section(A-A)
(1)A 10 1.90 6.0 0.60 332.0 56.00
(2)A 10 1.47 8.0 0.24 332.0 42.00
NOTE: in the actual work, the length of each straight line for each bar shape in each row is
written with a line itself. The sum of length of lines per bar shape is written on column-4.

2.1.2 Bar reinforcement

The steel used in reinforced concrete structures are of different types such as plain round bars of
circular cross section, deformed bars or ribbed steel bars having spiral ribs in the surface of
circular cross section, thermo mechanically treated bars (TMT bars), and steel wire fabrics. The
round bars generally called as mild steel have lesser strength than the deformed bars and TMT
bars. Steels should have rounded or deformed shape to increase bondage with concrete
-have an excellent tensile strength
-have good ductile property
-used for zones having tensile flexural stress
The type of rebar used in these site was deformed TMT bar.Reinforced bar is designed for
different structural elements i.e. It is designed for beam, slab, column, stair, footing, shear wall
and so on.
2.1.2.1 Reinforcement for beam

Beams are subjected to shear and flexure. A beam is a structural member carrying transverse
load and/or moment contained in the centroid plane, cause bending moment and shear force
along the span. In the design theories, it is assumed that the entire tensile stress developed in the
tensile zone is resisted by the reinforcements alone as the concrete is weak in tension. The effect
of loads applied on the structural beam is resisted using longitudinal bar and stirrup.
The reinforcement on the beam are classified into three based on their place of use. They are;
A. Positive bars: these kinds of bars are mainly used to resist the positive moment. This
moment is mostly developed at the mid span on the beams and those positive bars are
placed at the mid span. The top and bottom positive bars are provided at the top and
bottom of beam respectively. The overlapping of bars are at compression zone with four
times the diameters of bars.
B. Negative bars: these are bars used to resist negative moment. Most of the time they are
found at the support of the beams. They are placed at one third of the span length since the
negative moment becomes zero at one-third of the center to center length/span length.
C. Stirrups: they are placed to provide diagonal shear resistance.

Longitudinal bar is designed for flexure and stirrup is designed for shear. Beams resist
loads by means of internal moment and shear force. Longitudinal reinforcement is provided
based on bending moment and shear reinforcement is provided based on shear force. Shear
force is significantly present in beams where there is a changing in bending moment along
a span. Shear force is the rate of change of bending moment
Common types of shear reinforcement are:
1) Vertical stirrups
2) Inclined stirrups at angle 45 or more from longitudinal axis of beam
3) Bent-up bars of longitudinal reinforcement bent at angle of 45 or more from longitudinal axis
Of beam
4) Combination of 1 or 2 with 3
Top positive/main bar
Bottom positive/main bar
Stirrups/Staffa
Figure 2: beam reinforcement

Since the shear force near the column is maximum the spacing between stirrups around the
column is small in relative to the center of the span.as we go from the column to the center of the
span, the spacing increase since shear force is going to decrease. In general, the spacing of
stirrups should be increased as the shear force decrease and vice versa.
The top positive bars of a beam are overlapped at the center of the beam. The overlapping
distance is four times the diameter of the bar where as the bottom bars are continuous up to the
column. If there is discontinuity at bottom bar failures will happen because of maximum

downward bending moment/maximum tension force. The bottom beam bar from one span
overlaps with the bottom beam bar from the next span. At the end column the top and bottom
bars are bent towards the center of the beam. The dimensions are based on the drawing.
L/3 L/3
L
Figure 3: moment diagram for fixed support beam
2.1.2.2 Reinforcement for slab

Slabs are mostly analyzed and designed for itself weight and live load. Slabs are shell or panel
structural elements that are subjected to flexural stress. They are also used to transfer total loads
to the supporting beam. Slabs have a curvature that is developed from its self-weight and live
load. The curvature of the slabs may be single or double depending on the ratio of its dimension.
These curvatures may be prevented by providing the reinforcements in two directions if the slabs
have double curvature. However; if the slabs have one curvature the reinforcement is provided in
one direction.
Slabs are classified in to three based on construction and design aspect. These are;
A. Solid slab
B. Ribbed slab
C. Flat slab
On the site, I observed solid slab.
A) Solid slabs are slabs that - have not voids or holes, are beam supported slab, are
composed of reinforced concrete, are classified as one way and two-way slab
Depending of the ratio of longer dimension to shorter dimension, solid slabs are classified
as one way and two-way slab. If the ratio of longer dimension to shorter dimension is
greater than 2, then slab is called one-way slab. If the ratio of longer dimension to shorter
dimension is less than or equal to 2, then the slab is called two-way slab.

I) One-way slab-if the ratio of longer dimension to shorter dimension is greater than two, it is
called one-way slab - There is a single degree of curvature
- One-way load transfer mechanism
We have two reinforcements in one-way slab. These are
 Main reinforcement and
 Distribution bar
Distribution bar are the minimum reinforcements that are provided perpendicular to the main
reinforcement.
Secondary reinforcement is used for temperature, creep, shrinkage and deflection reduction.
II) Two-way slab- if the ratio of longer dimension to shorter dimension is less than or equal to
two, then the slab is called two-way slab.
In two-way slab- there is two direction load transfer mechanism
- There is double degree of curvature
- The reinforcement is provided for two directions
B) Flat slab-The slab has uniform thickness throughout without down stand beams and with the
reinforcement more closely spaced. The reinforced slab is monolithically cast with the
supporting columns without any provision of beams. The flat slab transfers the load directly to
the supporting columns suitably spaced below the slab. Used in case of large span and heavy
loads. RC slabs supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams. The slabs may
be of constant thickness throughout or, in the area of the column it may be thickened as a drop
panel. The column may also be of constant section or it may be flared to form a column head or
capital.
For slab reinforcement the top bars are end at one-third of the span length measured from the
center. The bottom bars are continuous because of the maximum downward bending
moment/maximum tension. If bottom bars are not continuous, the slab will fall. The failures will
happen at the discontinuity/at the overlapping point. The top center of slab which is square or
rectangular in shape does not require reinforcement. Because this area is a compression zone that
the load which developed on this area is resisted by concrete. So, in this area providing

reinforcement is uneconomical. Besides, if it is provided with reinforcement unnecessary self-

weight will increase. But if it is necessary this region is provided with reinforcement with bars of
diameter 8mm. It is required due to the case of temperature. The bars end at one-third of the
column or beam are connected with the opposite bars end at one-third of the column by bars with
diameter of 8-10mm. Those bars overlap with the bars end at one-third of column are with
dimension provided with in the drawing.
Figure 4: slab reinforcement
2.1.2.3 Reinforcement for columns

A column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. The cross-sectional dimensions of a column are generally considerably less than its
height. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads to
the foundation in construction, the reinforcement and concrete for the beam and slabs in a floor
are place once the concrete has hardened; the reinforcement and concrete for the columns over
that floor are placed followed by the next higher floor. The stirrups in column are closely spaced
at both edges. The dimension of the spacing of stirrups is based on drawing, because at edge of
the columns there is maximum compression force which causes cracking. Therefore, it is
necessary to use closely spaced stirrups at edge of the column, but at the center of the column the

stirrups are widely spaced because of the minimum compression force in relative to the edge.
The overlapping length of bars in column is four times the diameter of bar. In areas where there
is large load on the building, circular columns have been constructed. Circular columns are also
used to decrease cross sectional area. The center of all the column in a given axis throughout the
building has to be at the same point. It is checked by tumbi. Cratury has been used to keep the
dimensions as it is checked. Then formwork has been done.
Figure 5 column reinforcement
2.1.3 Formwork
Form work, sometimes known casing, is the boarding or sheeting which is erected to contain and
mold the wet concrete during placing and the initial hardening period. Form work is a temporary
structure that is required to support and form concrete members. False work is the complete
structure erected to support the wet concrete
Proper selection of formwork necessary for:
 reducing materials and labor cost,
 improving the quality of the produced concrete and
 saving time leading to smooth running of the projects.

A good formwork is required for:

I. Quality- Desired size, shape and finish of the concrete is achieved.
II. Safety- Capable of supporting all dead and live loads without collapsing or danger to
workmen and to the concrete structure.
III. Economy- Efficient, saving time and money for contractor and owner
A good formwork should satisfy the following:
I. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads such as: Self weight,
Weight of reinforcement, Weight of wet concrete, Loads due to workmen, Construction
equipment,
Other incidental loads and forces caused by placement and consolidation of concrete imposed
upon it during and after casting of concrete.
II. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically so as to retain its shape without undue deflection.
III. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
IV. It should be constructed in such a manner that it may permit the removal of various parts in
desired sequence without damaging the concrete.
V. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for
reuse several times.
VI. It should be set accurately to the desired line and levels and should have plain surfaces.
VII. It should be as light as possible.
VIII. The material of formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to sun, rain or
water during concreting.
IX. All joints of the formwork should be stiff so that lateral deformation under loads to be
minimum. Also, the joints should be leak proof.
A good formwork should satisfy the following: Containment, Strength, Rigidity, Tightness,
Good alignment, Surface finish, Durability, Resistance to leakage, Accuracy, Ease of handling,
Finish and re-use potential, Access for concrete, Economy and Ease of stripping and economy.
Formwork can be mainly made up of: Timber, Plywood, Steel, Aluminum, Precast concrete or
fiberglass, used separately or in combination.

On this site, I observed plywood and steel form work type.

A) Plywood formwork: is a light weight, durable and a connection system that provide high
quality concrete cast surface. It is a wide range of construction form work system that is
economical and manufactured easily. It is especially recommended in works where large
exposed areas of the concrete are to be constructed such as floor slab, faces of retaining walls,
etc.
B) Steel formwork:
 This consists of panels fabricated out thin steel angles.
 The panels can be fabricated in large numbers in any desired modular shape or size.
 Although steel shuttering costs more initially, it may work out to be economical in the
long run due to its large number of reuses of the same shuttering.
Construction of formwork
The construction of formwork normally involves the following operations
I. Propping and centering
 The props used for centering may be of steel or timber plates.
 In case of wooden posts are used as props, they should rest squarely on wooden sole
plates.
 The wooden plates should have an area of at least 0.1m2 and 40mm thickness.
II. Shuttering
 The shuttering can be made up of timber planks, or it may be in the form of panel unit
made by either by fixing plywood to timber frames or by welding steel plates to angle
framing.
 The shuttering joints should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
III. Provision of camber and cleaning
 It is desirable to give an upward camber in the horizontal member of the concrete
structure, especially in members having long span, to counteract the effect of deflection.
 The provision of desired camber should be in the formwork itself during its erection.
IV. Surface treatment

 The shuttering can be made up of timber planks, or it may be in the form of panel unit
made by either by fixing plywood to timber frames or by welding steel plates to angle
framing.
 Before lying concrete, the formwork should be cleaned of all rubbish particles.
 All surface of timber shuttering that are to come in contact with concrete should be well
wetted with water.
 All surface of shuttering should be given a good coating of a releasing agent.
2.1.3.1 Formwork for column

 Columns are usually square or circular in section.
 The shuttering must be able to withstand the hydraulic pressure exerted on it by the
poured concrete. For this reason, the column shutter supports near the base of the form
should be closer.
mold
kerebat
modini
metesekia
tumbi
Figure 6: column formwork Krachery
2.1.3.2 Formwork for beam
This is basically a three-sided box supported and propped in the correct position and to the
desired level.
 The beam formwork sides have to retain the wet concrete in the required shape and be
able to withstand the initial hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete,

 Whereas the formwork soffit apart from retaining the concrete has to support the initial
load of the wet concrete and finally the set concrete until it has gained sufficient strength
to be self-supporting.
 It is essential that all joints in the formwork are constructed to prevent the escape of grout
which could result in honeycombing and/or feather edging in the cast beam.
 The design of the shuttering should allow the slab and beam side forms to be removed
while the beam soffit remains supported.
 The formwork is 2mm thick.
 This dimension is considered in design.
 It can be reused if it is used properly.
fondo
Esponda/Side
formwork
Figure 7: Beam formwork
2.1.3.3 Formwork for slab

Formwork to suspended slabs is similar to that for beams, except that the soffit shuttering is far
wider. Large quantity of formwork is used for slab in relative to other structural elements. It is
2mm thick. This dimension is considered in design. It can be reused if it is used properly.

Figure 8 slab formwork
2.1.3.4 Formwork for wall

This type of form work consists of timber sheeting supported by vertical studs or posts and
horizontal struts or walls.
Figure 9: shear wall formwork
2.1.3.5 Formwork for stair

The landing is first set in position. The process for constructing the landing is the same as that of
floors. After the landing has been set, the flight will be constructed.

2.1.3.6 Formwork striking

It is the process of Removal of formwork. Before formwork can be removed the concrete must
have sufficient:
 Strength to support itself
 Surface hardness to resist damage
 Curing.
Table 2 Formwork stripping period when the concretes have admixture
Formwork Stripping time

Formwork for column 7-12hrs
Formwork for slab 14-21days
Formwork for beam 14-21days
Sometimes, Chemicals/admixtures are used for concrete to get its strength in short period of
time. Consequently, formwork can be removed after short period in referring with concrete
placing time if chemicals are used. For example, if admixtures are used for slab concrete
formwork is removed after 14-21 days. But, if chemicals are not used, formwork is removed
after 28 days.
For column formwork is removed after 12hrs if chemical is used where as if chemical is not used
it is removed after 24 hours.
2.1.3.7 Method of removing formwork

Formwork should be planned and constructed in such a manner that it is possible to remove the
different components in the following order of sequence:
I. Shuttering forming vertical faces of walls, of beams and columns sides, which bear no load but
are used only to retain the concrete, should be removed first.
II. Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next, and
III. Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.
2.1.3.8 Loads on formwork

Wind loading

 Vertical elements must be fully braced

 Wind loading will vary depending on: Size of form, Nature of the form, Speed, Wind
direction.
Concrete Loading: The force exerted by concrete is complex, because concrete starts off acting
as though it were a fluid
2.1.3.9 Failure of formwork
The failure of formwork is always embarrassing and expensive for everyone involved in the
project. Failure may be collapse of entire formwork or part of it.
Some of the reasons for the failure of formwork are given below:
A) Improper or inadequate shoring
B) Inadequate bracing of members
C) Lack of control of placement of concrete
D) Improper connection
E) Premature striping of formwork
F) Improper design
G) Negligence of workers or supervisors
In order to prevent failure of formwork the following precautions
Should be taken:
I. The formwork should be designed properly
II. Erection and stripping should be done only under engineering supervision
2.1.4 Scaffolding and false formwork

Where work cannot safely be done on or from the ground or from part of a building or other
permanent structure, a safe and suitable scaffold shall be provided and maintained or other
equally safe and suitable provisions should be made.
2.1.4.1 Material used for scaffolding

 In the construction of scaffolds, sufficient, suitable and sound materials should be used.
 Where timber is used in the construction of scaffolds, it should be straight grained, sound,
and free from large knots, worm holes and other defects likely to affect its strength.

 The mechanical properties of fastening on wooden scaffolds should conform to the

national regulations and code of practices or be approved by the concerned authority.
crunch
truss
sahn
Tooth socket
short standard(0.7m)
standard
bolt
Short leture (1.5m)
ring long standard(2.4m)
Long leture(2.4m)
sho
e
leture tooth
Figure 10 steel scaffolding
Crunch : - it is a ladder like structure
- It is used to hold sahn
- It is used to transfer the load to the standard
- It is used perpendicular the sahn
Sahn :- it is perpendicular to the crunch
- The spacing between sahn is uniform

- It holds the slab load i.e. it has a direct contact with soffit of the slab.
- It transfers all the loads and the self-weight of the slab to the crunch.
Truss: -used to connect the two crunch and it has pin which fixes the two crunch in two position.
Tooth socket: - it is connected at the end of the top standard.
- Its main function is to adjust the depth of slab in such a way that it moves itself
up and down by rotating its ring. On its top, it is connected with truss.
Smooth socket: - it is used to connect two standards, It has hole where bolt is placed to keep
itself, hence the standards in position, It can be moved up and down by plugging the bolt in
holes.
Ring: - it is used to tighten the letures , It is designed with standard, it can be rotated.
Leture :- it is a horizontal member in scaffolding construction
-in this site, there are two types of letures based on dimension
A) 1.5 leture
B) 2.40 leture
- They are used in combination.
Standard: - it is vertical members in scaffolding construction
- It holds the crunch and it transfers the load to the ground.
They can be used in combination; this is based on the depth of the slab. When they are used in
combination, they are connected by smooth socket.
Shoe: -it is bottom end of the standard, It is connected with the long standard
- It is used to keep the perpendicularity of the standard since it has a flat square shoe.
- It can be also used to move the standard up and down to adjust the depth of the floor. In
this case, the entire four shoes have to be move equally
Figure 11: timber scaffolding

2.1.5 Concrete work

Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials.
Concrete is a composite material made from several readily available constituents (aggregates,
sand, cement, water and admixtures (if required). Concrete is a versatile material that can easily
be mixed to meet a variety of special needs and formed to virtually any shape.
2.1.5.1 Concrete Constituents

 Cement
 Fine aggregate(sand)
 Coarse aggregate
 Water
 Admixture (if necessary)
2.1.5.2 Use of concrete

 For building construction
 For road construction especially in bridge and rigid pavement(Portland Cement
Concrete Pavement)
 For construction of reinforced concrete dam
 As a bedding material of different substructures
2.1.5.3 Concrete quality should be:-

Achieve the required strength / grade, Workable; durable, Free from defects after formwork
is removed (Uniform appearance of hardened concrete)
2.1.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of concrete

Concrete is a versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety of uses.
Advantages of concrete: - high compression strength, high stiffness (rigidity), ability to be cast,
low thermal and conductivity, economical, durable, fire resistant, energy efficient and others.
Disadvantage of concrete: - low tensile strength, limited ductility, little resistance to cracking.
2.1.5.5 Mixing, transporting, placing and compaction of concrete
In YOTEK Construction PLC. Concrete has been mixed in concrete mix plant and it has been
transported to the site by mixer tracker.

Figure 12: concrete work

Concrete should immediately be placed in the structure. During placing of concrete, if it has been
impossible to fill a slab on that day, the placing must end at one-third of the slab or two-third of
the slab in opposite side before going to the next day. Because at one-third of the slab the
moment is zero. Therefore, it has no an effect on the slab stability. It should be compacted before
placing the next layer. Purpose of compaction is to remove air from the concrete so that concrete
is less permeable and good bond between reinforcement and concrete is achieved. It has been
compacted internally by vibrating rod. If the filling of slab is not finished on one-third of slab
due to different reason, we should be use chemicals. The chemical that used to create bondage
between wet and dry concrete is known as pond.
Chemical
(pond)
Figure 13: placing and compaction of concrete

2.1.6 Curing
It is the process of hydration of placed concrete of structural elements to strengthen the concrete.
It is the process of keeping the fresh concrete under moist condition and favorable temperatures
so that hydration may continue till concrete gains strength. Curing starts after final set.
The concrete for column is cured for 7 days in morning and evening even if chemical is used or
not. The concrete for slab is cured for 14 days.
2.1.6.1 Methods of curing

 Ponding (for flat surface e.g. Slab, pavement),Build earth or sand dikes around the
perimeter of concrete slab to retain a pond of water.
 Spraying water or sealant - a chemical that forms a layer of membrane (film) that
prevents evaporation, Method of curing using on this site is spraying of water.
2.1.7 Building structural elements

Structural systems of a building support all loads and resist all constraining forces that may be
reasonably expected to be imposed on them during their expected service life, without:
 Hazard to users,
 Dangerous deformations,
 Excessive side sway (drift) or
 Annoying vibrations.
The structural systems could be either concrete, steel, timber, prefabricated element or a
combination. Reinforced concrete (RCC) is a concrete in which steel reinforcement bars have
been incorporated to eliminate the major weakness of concrete (tensile strength).
A reinforced concrete structure is made up of many types of reinforced structural
members/elements, including: Footings, Columns, Beams, Walls, Stair, Lift
2.1.7.1 Footing
Footings support the entire structure and distribute the load to the ground. The size and shape of
a footing depend upon the design of the structure.

2.1.7.2 Column
These are the vertical load bearing members of the structural frame which transmits the vertical
loads from beam, floor and roofs down to the foundation. A column is a vertical structural
member transmitting axial compression loads with or without moments. The cross-sectional
dimensions of a column are generally considerably less than its height.
2.1.7.3 Beam
These are horizontal load bearing members which are classified as either:
 Main beams which transmit floor and secondary beam loads to the columns or
 Secondary beams which transmit floor loads to the main beams.
Figure 14 beam
2.1.7.4 Slabs
Carry the live loads of the building and transfer them to the beams.
Figure 15: slab
2.1.7.5 Stair
Access in buildings can be classified into categories:

Moving- An elevator, escalator, a staircase or a belt that moves by using different kinds of
electrical or hydraulic driving motors. For example: An elevator or lift, Escalator, Conveyor, For
the case of handicaps there are moving chairs
Stationary- Most widely used access in buildings. There is no any motor that drive the system,
rather it is fixed such us Stairs, different kinds of ladders ,Ramps, Corridors.
Stairs are set of steps leading from one floor to another and are provided in building to afford a
means of Communication between the various floors.
Steps- arranged in series and placed in an enclosure is called Stair Case.
Stairs should be designed properly to provide proper: ventilation, Light (Natural),
Location: Near Main Entrance for Public Buildings and Centrally for easy access and privacy in
Residential Buildings.
Primary function of stairs
Provide a means of circulation between floor level, Establish a safe means of travel between
floor level, Provide an easy means of travel between floor levels, Provide a means of
conveying fittings and furniture between floor levels.
Parts of stair
Step: is a portion of stair which permits ascent or descent. It is comprised of a tread and a riser.
A stair is composed of a set of steps.
Tread: is the horizontal member of stair. The tread of public buildings must be wide enough to
provide safe footing.
Going : is the horizontal distance b/n the nosing or front edges of two consecutive steps. It is
usually 30cm for public buildings so that it is wide enough to provide safe footings.
Riser: is the vertical member of a stair.
Rise: Is the vertical distance b/n the upper surface of two consecutive steps. The rise of public
building is about15cm while a higher value can be used for private buildings.
Nosing: it is the projecting part of the tread beyond the face of the riser. It is usually rounded off
from the architectural point of view.
Flight: is a continuous set of steps b/n floors and/or landing.
Landing: is a platform b/n two flights.

String or stringer: is the structural member which supports the steps and act as inclined beams.
Hand rail: is a rounded or molded member of wood or metal fixed on the top of balusters.
Head room: is the minimum clear vertical distance b/n the tread and overhead structure.
Soffit: It is the underside of the stair.
Figure 16: stair
2.1.7.6 Lift
Elevators travel vertically to carry passengers, equipment‟s and freight from one level of the
building to another.
Figure 17 lift
2.3 concrete batch or mix plant

The various stages of manufacture of concrete are: Batching, Mixing, Transporting, placing,
Compacting, Curing and finishing. However; among those stages batching and mixing are done
on the batch plant.

A) Batching: The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as batching. There
are two methods of batching: volume and weigh batching.
Volume batching: Volume batching is not a good method for proportioning the material
Because of the fact that the quantity of solid materials in a container very much depends on its
degree of compaction.
Weight batching: in this method of batching, the proportion of the concrete materials is
measured in weight. Weight batching is the correct method of measuring materials.
In this site, the constituents of the concrete are: 01&02 aggregate, Fine aggregate/ sand, OPC&
PPC , Pure mixing water, Chemicals/admixtures
All constituent of the concrete mix is measured by mass (Kg). The mix proportion is done for
cubic meter of box, but in YOTEK construction project found in AASTU, the mixing machine
mixes concrete of half cube. Consequently, to mix concrete of one cube, the mixing is done
twice.
Table 3: Amount of materials in Kg per cubic meter of concrete grade of C-30.
C-30 C-35
Material Amount in Kg Material Amount in Kg
Aggregate 02 765 Aggregate 02 765
Aggregate 01 328 Aggregate 01 328
Fine aggregate 798 Fine aggregate 798
Cement 400 Cement 430
Water 170 Water 170
B) Mixing: is the process of combining materials for the production of concrete. The rough
mixing of the materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete. The mixing should
ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in color, and consistency. There are two
Methods adopted for mixing concrete.
I. Hand mixing
Ii. Mechanical mixing (machine mixing)

I) hand mixing: Hand mixing is practiced for small scale unimportant concrete works.
Ii) Machine mixing: it is the process of mixing concrete constituents with machine. Machine
mixing is obviously it gives better and uniform mixes than hand mixing. It is generally preferred
and recommended for reinforced concrete work and for medium or large-scale mass concrete
work.
Machine mixing is not only efficient, but also economical, when the quantity of concreted to be
produced is large. Many types of mixers are available for mixing concrete. They can be
classified as batch-mixers and continuous mixers.
A) Batch mixers: - produce concrete, batch by batch with time interval. For example, the batch
mixer in the site where I was engaged in mixes five cubic meter of concrete in two minutes.
However, the mixer mixes concrete of half of cubic meter of box at a time. Hence, it makes
ten rotations with constant time interval within two minutes to complete five cubic meters of
concrete.
B) Continuous mixers: - produce concrete continuously without stoppage till such time the
plant is working. Continuous type is used for large works whereas in normal concrete work,
it is the batch mixers which are used.
Batch Operator: - control the mixing process and check the batch against specifications and
regulation on the requirement of each concrete type. The operator control by computer and
the Computer works automatically.

Figure 18 batch operator
Sand Chemical/a Mixing
Cillo(contain
dmixture
cement)
machine
01 aggregate
02
aggregate
Water Aggregate
Figure 19: concrete batch plan Mixing
trucker

2.4 works I have done on office
During my internship period at YOTEK Construction PLC, I‟ve been working in different
sections of the company both in the site and in the office. I have mainly focused on bar schedule
preparation.
Bar schedule is a tabular format that is specially used to estimate the quantity of reinforcement
bars required for a given project. A complete set of structural drawing is necessary to take sizes
and shapes of bars for different member‟s RC structure.
Table 4 format used to define the quantity of reinforcements bars.
Project:
Client:
Consultant:
Contractor:
Rebar for:
N Descript Sha Ø Leng C/C Spaci No No.of Ʃ.No.b Ʃ 6 8 1 1 1 1 2 2

o. ion pe th ng . memb ars L 0 2 4 6 0 4
(m (m.
Of ers
m) (m) m) (mm)
ba
rs

Table 5 bar schedule preparation for slab:
Project Research & Technology Center (Lot-I)

Client Addis Ababa science & technology university
Consultant Yohannes Abay Consulting, Architects & Engineers
Contractor Yotek construction PLC.
Rebar for Solid slab D5 At level +16.00
Ø
Descripti Bar Ø L Clear Spac No. No. No. ƩL 10 12 14 16
on shape (m (m) span( ing Of Of Of (m)
m) mm) (mm bars mem bars
) bers
10 2.71 2035 150 15 1 15 40.58 40.5
8
12 8.42 2360 100 25 1 25 210.6 210.6
12 11.66 2925 100 30 1 30 349.8 349.86

6
12 7.32 2905 100 30 1 30 219.4 219.45
5
12 9.94 3349 100 34 1 34 337.8 337.86
6
14 4.37 3349 100 34 1 34 148.5 148.58
8
12 1.68 2000 100 21 1 21 35.28 35.28
14 1.68 2000 100 21 1 21 35.28 35.28
12 5.34 7560 100 77 1 77 411.1 411.18

8

12 11.66 3211 100 33 1 33 384.8 384.85

5
12 5.34 8960 100 91 1 91 485.9 485.94

4
12 11.66 7560 100 77 1 77 897.9 897.97
7
12 11.74 1360 100 15 1 15 176.1 176.13
3
Total length of bars(m) 40.5 3509.12 183.86
8
Unit weight (Kg/m) 0.61 0.888 1.208 1.578
7
Weight of total bar (Kg) 25.0 3116.10 222.10
4
The unit weight of bar is calculated by the equation:

W=0.00617 Ø2 where; W= unit weight of bar in kilogram per meter.
Ø= diameter of bar in millimeter length.
Therefore; the total mass of the bar is calculated by multiplying its total length by its unit weight.
I.e. WT= W x LT where; WT= total weight of bar.
W= unit weight of bar
LT= total length of bar
NOTE: in the actual work, the length of each straight line of a shape for each row on column-2
is written with the line itself. The sum of the lengths of those lines for each shape is written on
column-4.

2.5 Construction materials and equipment’s
2.5.1 Construction material
2.5.1.1 Concrete
It is the most widely used construction material in the world. Since concrete is made from
different materials which form different parts, it is known as a composite material. Concrete is a
product obtained artificially by hardening of the mixture of:
I. Binding material (cement),
II. Fine aggregate (sand),
III. Coarse aggregate (gravel),
IV. Admixtures in some cases, and
V. Water, in predetermined proportions.
The property of concrete depends on the characteristic of the ingredients and the proportion of
the mix.
2.5.1.2 Ingredients of concrete
1) Cement-Is to react with the water forming a plastic mass when the concrete is fresh and a
solid mass when the concrete is hard. Cement is a pulverized material that develops binding
forces due to a reaction with water.
Portland cements are hydraulic cements, meaning they react and harden chemically with the
addition of water. Cement should not be stock above six months in store (this can be done by
using the method “first in first out”). To avoid dampness cement should be stored in a
position of 10-20 cm above the store floor. The cement that has been used in this project is
Habesha and Mesebo.
The types of cement used in the project site are:
A. PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement): In the project it is used for the lean concrete
and finishing. Portland pozzolana cement is manufactured by blending 10-30% by weight of
pozzolanic material with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The most important effects
accompanying the use of PPC in Concrete Construction Work are:

 Improved workability
 Improved resistance to sulfate attack
 It has less cost than ordinary Portland cement
B. OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement): on the site this is used to construct the structural
part of the building. OPC is the most commonly used cement in construction.
2. aggregate-it Forms the inert mineral filler material which the cement paste binds together.
It also reduces the volume changes resulting from the setting and hardening process and from
moisture changes in the paste. Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed
stone or iron-blast furnace slag. Aggregate classified in to two categories based on size and
here are some qualifications
A. Coarse aggregate
 The aggregate should be clean since dirt or clay sticking to the aggregates will
weaken the bond between paste and aggregates. It should be washed by water to
increase the quality of the concrete mix.
 They need to be tested for their quality such as abrasion test and crashing value test
 It should have different size (well graded) i.e. 0.2, 0.3 . . . This well graded aggregate
in concrete mix is. It should be chemically inactive so that the aggregates don‟t react
with the cement.
 It should be also manufactured by crasher machine because; the size and the shape of
the aggregate is the key factor for the strength of the concrete.
B. Fine aggregate (sand)
Sand should be free from clay material, organic matters and other bad material. The grain
should be sharp, angular and coarse. It shall be natural or crushed gravel or stone, clean sharp
coarse grit, pit or river sand. In Ethiopia mostly, river sand is used.
3. water-it enables the chemical reactions which cause setting and hardening to proceed.
-it also lubricates the mixture of aggregates and cement in order to facilitate placing.
In the production of concrete, water is used for: chemical reaction with cement, workability
of concrete, washing aggregate and curing process of concrete. Water must be clean, fresh

and free from any dirt, unwanted chemicals or rubbish since dirty water will affect bond
strength between the paste and aggregate.
4. admixture-it is used to modify the properties of ordinary concrete so as to make it more
suitable for any situation.it is also used for changing one or more properties of fresh or
hardened concrete.
2.5.1.3 Reinforcement rebar
Reinforced concrete structures are hybrid structures made from Concrete and reinforcement
bars. Reinforcements are circular metallic bars/rods used to strengthen concrete section and
carry the incoming loads, shear and moments.
A. Beam reinforcement
the reinforcement on the beam are classified into three based on their place of use. They are;
Positive bars: these kinds of bars are mainly used to resist the positive moment. This
moment is mostly developed at the mid span on the beams and those positive bars are placed
at the mid span.
Negative bars: these are bars used to resist negative moment; Most of the time they are
found at the support of the beams. They are placed at one third of the span length.
Stirrups: they are placed to provide diagonal shear resistance. Stirrups are also used to;
Holds the longitudinal bars in position, resist shear failure of the beam that exceed shear
resistance by concrete, to restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks, to improve ductility
Bars should be overlapped at the point where moment is zero. As a result, top bars are
overlapped at the center and bottom bars are overlapped at the support for those are points of
zero moment for top and bottom bars respectively.
B. Column reinforcement
Reinforced column have longitudinal bar and stirrup. Main bars in columns are placed
vertically up along the length of the column. These bars are meant for taking the compressive
stress in the columns and also protect the column from bending moment. Stirrups are usually
designed to resist shear forces. Stirrups are denser at the base and top of the column (i.e. One
third of the height from the base and one third of the height from the top) because of shear
force is maximum at base and top. The hooks of are made on each end of stirrup.

During my internship period I have seen reinforcement works for different structural works
like beams, pads, mat, shear walls, columns and others. Reinforcement bar is placed after
formwork is completed and checked for alignment. For beam, the bottom reinforcements are
placed on the Fondo and are tied with the top reinforcements by stirrups (on site called
„Staffa‟) according to the plan.
2.5.1.4 Spacer
Concrete cover is the distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement and the outer
surface of the concrete. It is a small box like structure, having size of designed concrete cover.
The cover to reinforcement is required for the following reasons:
 To protect the reinforcement bars from environmental effects to prevent corrosion.
 To provide sufficient bond or adhesion between steel and concrete to enable
reinforcement bars stressed without slipping.
 To ensure sufficient protection of the steel in a fire. The spacer which is used for the
project is made on the site. The values of cover suggested are nominal cover as
specified in the drawings. On the site spacer for concrete cover is:
 50 mm for Footings.
 25 mm for beams, column and slabs resting on lean-concrete.
 20 mm for stairs and shear wall.
Figure 20: spacer

2.5.2 Equipment’s used on site
Tower Crane (a lifting device which can be fixed or mobile): used to transport construction
material. Tower: used to move any simple and large construction materials from one place to the
other place at any height. It is the most usable machine from starting up to ending of the
construction. As the building height increases the tower height also increases.
Figure 21: tower crane

Loader: used to move stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it in to a waiting dump
Truck. And also, it is used to Transport construction material and some equipment like Hand
compactor.
Figure 22: loader
Generator: used to generate power for the different purposes.

Figure 23: power source/generator

Concrete ready mix trucker: used to transport ready mix concrete.
Figure 24 mix trucker

Excavator: used to excavate soil
Figure 25 excavator

Dump truck: used to transport material and cart away.
Figure 26: dump truck

Bar bender machine: used to bend bar.
Figure 27: bar bender machine

Concrete pump: used to transport concrete in high pressure.
Figure 28 concrete pump

Vibrator: -used in elimination of entreated air and forcing the particles in to a closer
configuration. It used to properly compact concrete.
Figure 29: vibrator

Mixer: - is used to mix concrete properly.
Figure 30: concrete mixer

Bar grinder: - it is used to grind/cut rebar.
Figure 31: bar grinder

Leveling: - used to measure the height of distance points in relation to a bench mark
Figure 32: leveling
2.6 Site work flow
A well-organized work flow is very important for the project management of any site project. A
good project management will maximize efficient resource utilization, development of effective
communication and mechanization for resolving conflicts among participants and proper
Coordination and control the entire process. To have a good quality in any kinds of construction
each member of the working section must cooperate and work together as a team. In my
Internship time I have seen well organized work flow between different working departments.
Here are some of working departments on the project
Project Manager
The project manager is the one who manages the whole project through the project site
organization. As a manager he/she divides the site in to manageable units and assigns a Forman
or an engineer in charge of the work depending on type and volume of work, giving a special
attention to avoid wastage of materials and resources while allocating resources. He/she is also
responsible for motivating individuals and teams in the construction site by communicating and
Recognizing their importance in the project and making recognition polices like certificate, cash
award, dinner invitations etc. Here are some of duties of project manager:
Approves material request
Analyses the work processes
Reviews and checks the reports made by the site/office engineer

Executes sub-contracting agreements. Activity, as planner (planning within the agreed

time), as decision-maker (representing the whole site )
Prepare meetings, with different section heads for reviewing schedules, evaluate
performances, better understanding of problems and solutions, and recollection of
resources, removal of doubts, acceleration plans etc.
Project administrator:
Settles administer problems & disputes raised in the site
Take care of the employment of new workers
Checks the working performance and punctuality of the workers with the time keeper
Passes approval grant of workers to the Project manager
Organizes and arranges salary payments etc.
Site supervisor: controls all the activities in the site. And also she/he perform the following
activities.
Make decisions in work execution processes
Checks the construction of structural, nonstructural, and finishing works are executed according
to the specifications and drawings
To make sure that the workers are implemented based on the design &specification used by the
company
Makes necessary reports to the project manager all activities on the site
Strictly follows the given time schedule to avoid any delay on the project completion time
Office engineer: She/he monitors all office activities relative to payment and also execute the
works such us Prepare & approve take off sheet, Prepare payment certificate, Prepare monthly
schedules, Prepare material lists for the project and ensuring deployment, Makes reports to the project
engineer
Data collector: Collects any data of work daily, Report the daily activities to the site/ office engineer,
Prepare monthly summary report etc.
Surveyor: is a person whose responsibility is to collect survey data and conducts work
like alignment, setting out and checking depths by using level and total station.
General Forman: Controls most of the skilled (masons, carpenters, plumber…) and unskilled

(gang leaders) labors by giving directions that he receive from the general manager or the site
engineer. He/she have long experience on the construction industry. Forman Reports any
challenges of work procedures and their execution and quantifies some materials and makes
request. Forman is the intermediate worker between the site engineer and daily laborers.
Carpenter: is a craft responsible for making wood structures for supporting different structural
components like beams and columns, formworks, and chip wood works.
Plumber: responsible for installing, repairing and maintaining pipes and other construction
materials used for water supply and waste water disposal.
Electricians: perform works required for the repair, maintenance, installation and modernization
of electrical systems.
Machine operators: operate, fix and maintain different machineries on the site like, vibrator,
mixer etc.
Metal workers: fabricate, assemble, install and repair sheet metal products and equipment.
Gang leaders; assigns and Controls a group of daily laborers in a specific activity. Gang leader
also Reports any difficulties to General Forman etc. Finance: handles monthly salary, finance
and request of purchasing materials. Store keeper controls, manages and registers all materials
which are going out /in to the store.
2.7 Methodology
In my internship time I have seen different methodologies used in the site for the construction of
column, beam shear wall, masonry etc. And also different methodologies for setting out and
storing of materials have been followed.
On some parts of this report I tried to include different methodologies for some works. Here are
Some of methodologies followed
 Setting out is performed in different sites through different techniques. For wide
Construction sites with uneven landscape using survey level and other equipment is
recommended
 To check column vertical alignment Plumb bobs were used to measure the deviations
from vertical line. The principle behind is that any weight is pulled exactly vertically by
gravity.

 Reinforcement bars shall be prepared at a bar bending to be established during

Mobilization and shall always be kept under shade on raised platform at all times to kept
It rusts.
 Concrete should be mixed with mixer to create good concrete. It should be transported,
Placed, compacted and cured properly to meet its requirements.
2.8 problems I have observed on the site
During my internship period, I have observed many problems on the site.

I have frequently observed the following problems:
Construction problems: means problems which have been happened on the project site during
construction. Example: alignment problems in column which is caused when the formwork is not
sufficiently rigid and tight during placing and compacting of concrete. Besides, there will be
shifting of members of formwork due to vibration of construction machine, temperature and
construction activity itself.
Design problems: Redesign the drawing for a lot of time can cause delay in the progress and
create confusion to workers. The reason design change is previous design error, for economy,
inaccessible of construction materials etc.
Technical problems: specially occurred due to misreading the design, dimension, measuring
instrument errors.
Some of the challenges I faced while performing my work tasks were:
Lack of knowledge on technical (site) terms: Lack of knowledge on technical (site) terms: It
had been a challenge for me to communicate with the workers, Forman, carpenters, masons &
site engineer, because the words they use on the site are new to me, and which are totally
confusing and hard to memorize during my early days at site.
Lack of office access: even if I have been focused more on the practical/site work, office work
has become required so as to integrate the office work with the actual work on site. However, I
didn‟t got my own office in my internship period in YOTEK construction and I had did with the
project office which causes interruption of the project work and I didn‟t have free space to work
freely.

Problems in understanding structural drawings: during rebar placement for

reinforcement of different structural elements like beam, slab, column, stair and shear wall, I
had misunderstood the dimension, location, reference point etc.
Lake of safety material: in the site there is not enough safety material like helmet.
Repeated works over a day or a week: Even though repeated works have their own
advantage, they have also their own disadvantage that is it has hindered from knowing
different works.

Chapter 3
3. Over all benefits I have gained from the internship
3.1 In terms of improving the practical skill
Practical skill is the ability to perform tasks effectively in practices. During my stay in the
internship program, I have been able to introduce myself with a very dynamic working
environment and this help to develop my practical skills. Some of practical skills I develop
during my internship program are construction of columns, beams, and slabs. Furthermore, I get
experience in, checking alignment of columns, reading structural drawings, preparation of bar
schedule and take off sheet.
3.2 In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge
The internship program gives me a chance to improve my theoretical Knowledge.

During my internship time at YOTEK construction PLC I have tried to refer different books and
Develop my knowhow by comparing with actual works in the site. Some of the works I‟ve done
on Site have helped me to get new knowledge about construction world. Here are some
theoretical
Knowledge I have improved during my internship period: -
 Construction of super structural elements like beam, column, slab, stair and wall.
 Construction of formwork
 Adjusting of members for fixing dimensions.
 Placement of bar on beams, slab, stair, shear wall and column.
3.3 In terms of improving our team playing skill
Construction is a group work which consist different type of professionals. Team play is a Skill
of a person to work with other peoples co-operatively. To accomplish a project as planed
Involved parties have to work together. During the internship period I get the chance to improve
team playing skill. During my internship time, I had the opportunity to team up with other
Intern students while performing different tasks at the office, by forming groups. Some of the

Tasks like data collection, preparation of bar schedule and take off sheet were done in group.
This helps me to share ideas and opinions with others that develop my team playing skill.
Generally, people with good team playing skill have the following qualification.
 Cooperates and help others, share ideas and experiences with each other openly and willingly,
show commitment to the team, respect others etc.
3.4 In terms of improving leadership skill
Leader ship skill is a very important for the successful accomplishment of the project.
Leadership is the ability to lead individuals and groups to accomplish the work task effectively
and efficiently. This internship period was also a time of improving my leadership skills. In this
internship period we observed and learned the quality of leadership skill and way of handling
problems at the site from Site engineer and Forman. The internship period helps me to know how
to be a qualified leader. A leader is a person who has strong principles, courage and deduction of
confusion to leads a clear vision. Generally, leadership skill is the art of getting People to make
together towards a goal.
3.5 Work ethics related issues
In order to execute a project based on plan worker must follow work ethics. Some of the basic
Work ethics I learned in the internship period includes honesty, Punctuality, respecting each
other, Accountability, etc. Punctuality of workers is shown by arriving on time at work place and
Accomplish a given task with in a given time. Respecting each other at work place creates a
good working environment.
Generally having good work ethics helps a company to be successful.

Chapter four
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
The internship program gives students to be familiar with the real world. This internship program
Helps me to fill the gap between what I know theoretically and actual construction work. During
three months of internship experience on YOTEK Construction PLC I have been able to observe
office works and site work. The internship period helps me to develop different skills like
Communication, team Playing, leadership skills and also it helps to be more punctual. I
understand what my role is as a civil engineer both on site and office. During the internship
program I got a chance to observe and practice many constructions activities. Some of
construction activities are excavation, setting out, beam construction, column construction and
other activities. Some of the benefits the internship offered to me on office are preparing takeoff
sheets, preparing bill of quantity, bar schedule.
In general, I have seen a lot of thing which is important for my life during my internship
program. It gave me the highlight of my future as a civil engineer.
4.2Recommendations
From what I experience in my internship time I sincerely recommend our university to focus on
practical way side to side theory part of the subject matter. More concern should be given for
developing practical skill to students during our time in the university. Since the internship
program aims to make students qualified, serious supervision should be given from the hosting
companies and the department. From my experience I recommend for civil engineering
department, it should create connection with the hosting company in order to know how
internship students are performing during the internship time.
YOTEK Construction PLC is one of well-known construction companies in Ethiopia with its
quality and satisfaction which gives for its clients. During this two-month internship period I
have seen that AASTU research and technology center project is well managed and properly
structured site lead by capable workers. But in this part of my report I would like to suggest

Some ideas to YOTEK construction PLC from problems I see in my internship period in order to
finish the project on its given completion To mention some recommendations to the Hosting
Company:
Workers should wear safety shoes and helmet to avoid injuries.
Drainage channel should be constructed properly specially before constructing sub
structureworks.
Before any construction is executed they should check the design is the latest and final.
Construction materials like cement and reinforcement bars should be stored in a good
manner.
The contractor should work with consultant to compete the project as per design.

References
S.S Bhavikatti (2010) basic civil engineering.
W.F. Chen & J.Y Rchares Liew (2011) the civil engineering hand book.
Hailemeskel Tefera, Esayas G/yohhanes, Bedilu Habtie & Yisshak Taddesse (2014) Ethiopian
Building code standard.
Alemshet G/wold (2018) technical report writing and presentation skill.
Alhamdu U. (2014) Building construction handout.
EBCS 2- 1995

Appendices
 AASTU: Addis Ababa Science & Technology University.

 OPC: Ordinary Portland Cement.
 PPC: Pozzolan Portland Cement.
 Admixture: is a chemical added to change one or more properties of fresh or hardened
concrete.
 Plum bob (TUMBI): is an apparatus used to check vertical alignments.
 Esponda: side board used as formwork for beams and slabs on vertical sides.
 Fondo: bottom board used for formwork for beams.
 Estafa (stirrup): shear resistant bar of the column, beams, and shear walls.
 Krestie: supports a formwork of a beam.
 Modini (profile board): used for setting out works.
 Berga: 12m reinforcement rebar.

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ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF CIVIL&ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURAL &CIVIL ENGINEERING DEP.OF CIVIL ENGINEERING i| P a g e

Name of student: DANIEL BAYBLE

Date: June 2022

Academic supervisor/Advisor: Mr. LEMI G.

Date: JUNE 2022

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COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURAL &CIVIL ENGINEERING DEP.OF CIVIL ENGINEERING iii| P a g e

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COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURAL &CIVIL ENGINEERING DEP.OF CIVIL ENGINEERING v| P a g e

2.1.2.2 Reinforcement for slab ........................................................................................... 19

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2.5 Construction materials and equipment‟s ............................................................................. 44

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURAL &CIVIL ENGINEERING DEP.OF CIVIL ENGINEERING vii| P a g e

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1.2.1 Main objective

1.2.2 Specific objective

 To increase the creativity and problem-solving skill of students

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1.3 Profile of the hosting company

1.3.1 History of the company

1.3.2 End User of the Company

1.3.3 Mission of the company

YOTEK Construction PLC is an indigenous enterprise whose mission is to flourish thorough

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1.3.4 Visions of the company

1.3.5 Objective of the company

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1.3.6 Goals of the company

1.3.7 Project Detail

1.3.8 Organizational structure of the company

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Figure 1Organizational structure of the hosting company

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2.1 Works I have done on site

2.1.1. Bar bending and sectioning

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Table 1: rebar cutting order

Block-D (D5) floor beam

Top bar 20 8.95 1.0 3.05 3.0 3.0

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2.1.2 Bar reinforcement

2.1.2.1 Reinforcement for beam

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURAL &CIVIL ENGINEERING DEP.OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 17| P a g e

Top positive/main bar

Bottom positive/main bar

Figure 2: beam reinforcement

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2.1.2.2 Reinforcement for slab

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COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURAL &CIVIL ENGINEERING DEP.OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 20| P a g e

reinforcement is uneconomical. Besides, if it is provided with reinforcement unnecessary self-

Figure 4: slab reinforcement

2.1.2.3 Reinforcement for columns

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Figure 5 column reinforcement

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