DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION LAB Experiment: 4 Experiment name: Performance study of different types of substation and trip circuit for a protected line. Introduction: A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Transmission substation
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems.
Distribution substation
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution. The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub-transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 132 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV, depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either
Page 1 of 9 the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line.
Switching station
A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage level. Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. A switching station may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station. An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Switching events may be planned or unplanned. A transmission line or other component may need to be de- energized for maintenance or for new construction, for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, companies aim at keeping the system up and running while performing maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, should be done while keeping the whole system running.
Power System Protection – Main Functions
1. To safeguard the entire system to maintain continuity of supply. 2. To minimize damage and repair costs. 3. To ensure safety of personnel. Power System Protection – Basic Requirements 1. Selectivity: To detect and isolate the faulty item only. 2. Stability: To leave all healthy circuits intact to ensure continuity of supply. 3. Speed: To operate as fast as possible when called upon, to minimize damage, production downtime and ensure safety to personnel. 4. Sensitivity: To detect even the smallest fault, current or system abnormalities and operate correctly at its setting.
Page 2 of 9 Power System Protection – Basic Components 1. Voltage transformers and current transformers: To monitor and give accurate feedback about the healthiness of a system. 2. Relays: To convert the signals from the monitoring devices, and give instructions to open a circuit under faulty conditions or to give alarms when the equipment being protected, is approaching towards possible destruction. 3. Fuses: Self-destructing to save the downstream equipment being protected. 4. Circuit breakers: These are used to make circuits carrying enormous currents, and also to break the circuit carrying the fault currents for a few cycles based on feedback from the relays. 5. DC batteries: These give uninterrupted power source to the relays and breakers that is independent of the main power source being protected. The sequence of operation during abnormal condition: 1. Fault occurs. 2. Relay sense the fault and close the trip circuit. 3. Energize the trip coil unlatch the spring. 4. Contacts start to apart and arc is drawn between the contacts of CB. 5. Arc is extinguished at the instant when fault ac current becomes zero. 6. Fault interruption is completed i.e. fault is cleared. Objective: Observe and draw the one line diagram of 132kV/33kV step down substation and switching substation model, connection diagram, and power flow and trip circuit operation during faulty condition. Apparatus:
1. Circuit breaker----------33kV BUS Side
2. Protected line----------- 33kV BUS 3. Battery------------------- 110V DC 4. CT------------------------ 600/1 5. VAMP 50--------------- O/C IDMT Relay
Page 3 of 9 Circuit Diagram:
CB CT
Protected line PT Solenoid coil
Relay Auxiliary contact
Battery
Figure 4.1: Trip Circuit
Observation: Observe different types of relays in substation I and substation II, their configuration & how they operate during fault condition. Procedure: 1. Switch ON Substation I and II. 2. Switch ON every breaker of the substations by turning the breaker control switch. 3. Observe the current flow on the over current relay display by switching 100 Amp Load only. 4. Draw the one line diagram of the substations. 5. Observe the BUS trip circuit carefully and draw the diagram of this trip circuit. 6. Connect VAMP50-I relay with the communication cable to the computer. 7. Open the relay software, and assign output relay T1 to trip the breaker for earth fault on the 33kV incoming bus, and assign fault LED to show E/F trip from matrix menu. 8. On the scaling menu give CT ratio 600:1. 9. Activate Earth fault Protection. Assign definite time (DT) 3sec and current setting 0.1In of the relay. 10. Observe the connection diagram of the relay. 11. Now create fault on the 33kv incoming BUS and observe tripping operation of the breaker. 12. Find magnitude of the fault current on the earth fault recording menu.
Page 4 of 9 O/C -I 132KV/33KV FAULT CB1 150:1 600:1 33 KV Bus
Page 5 of 9 NOTE: TO RESET ALL LATCHE OF O/C RELAY PRESS HOME KEY AND THEN PRESS OK BUTTON. Power Supply: 1. 3 phase 400 V/132 V Transformer. 2. 110 V DC for relay biasing. Differential relay comprising of: 1. Primary CT 150:1 [132 KV side] 2. Secondary CT 600:1 [33 KV side ] 3. BT : Bucholz Trip 4. PRD: Pressure release device 5. WT: Winding Temperature. 6. BA : Bucholz Alarm 7. TA : Temperature Alarm 8. TT : Temperature Trip 9. Neutral CT secondary 600:1 for restricted earth fault protection. 10. 132 KV/ 33 KV 3 Phase DY connected transformer which is to be protected. IDMT O/C relay-I for over load protection of transformer & backup protection of Feeder comprising of: 1. CT 600:1 [33 KV side] IDMT O/C relay-II for protection of feeder I comprising of 1. CT 300:1 [33 KV side] IDMT O/C relay-III for protection of feeder II comprising of 1. CT 300:1 [33 KV side] Directional O/C relay-I for protection of feeder I of substation -2comprising of 1. CT 300:1 [33 KV side] 2. PT 33 KV/110 V Directional O/C relay-II for protection of feeder II of substation -2comprising of 1. CT 300:1 [33 KV side] 2. PT 33 KV/110 V
Page 6 of 9 Figure 4.3: O/C relay.
Page 7 of 9 Figure 4.4: Block Diagram of O/C relay.
Page 8 of 9 Figure 4.5: Connection example Report: 1. Why do you need a trip circuit for the power system? 2. Explain the objective of different sub-station. 3. What is the function of auxiliary contact in the trip circuit? 4. Mention the name and usage of the equipment that is used in the substation.
