Experiment 1 (Lecture)

Couse no.
: EEE 4154
Course title: Power System II Lab

Digital Clamp Meter
 Power types:
1. Average power/real power,P= 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃 [watt]
2. Reactive power,Q= 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 sin 𝜃𝜃 [VAR]
3. Apparent power, S = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 [VA]
For resistor, For inductor, For capacitor,

real power=? real power=? real power=?
Reactive power=? Reactive power=? Reactive power=?
Apparent power=? Apparent power=? Apparent power=?
Resistor
Inductor
Capacitor
The power factor of a circuit, is the ratio if
the average power to the apparent power.
𝑃𝑃
∴ power factor=P.F=cos 𝜃𝜃 = (𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢)
𝑆𝑆
Or, The mathematical relationship
‘power factor’ is the ratio of power absorbed by an between these components in
arbitrary load and power absorbed by a purely resistive complex form,
load for same sinusoidal voltage and current with same
magnitude peak. It is measured by the cosine of the angle
between voltage and current (cos 𝜃𝜃) .
Power triangle
Lagging and leading power factors
Power factor is described as leading if the current waveform is advanced in phase with respect to
voltage, or lagging when the current waveform is behind the voltage waveform. A lagging power factor
signifies that the load is inductive, as the load will “consume” reactive power. The reactive component Q
is positive as reactive power travels through the circuit and is “consumed” by the inductive load.
A leading power factor signifies that the load is capacitive, as the load “supplies” reactive power, and
therefore the reactive component Q is negative as reactive power is being supplied to the circuit.
Increasing the power factor As the power factor (i.e. cos θ)
increases, the ratio of real power to
apparent power (which = cos θ),
increases and approaches unity (1),
while the angle θ decreases and the
reactive power decreases. [As
cos θ → 1, its maximum possible
value, θ → 0 and so Q → 0, as the
load becomes less reactive and more
purely resistive].
Decreasing the power factor
As the power factor decreases, the

ratio of real power to apparent
power also decreases, as the angle
θ increases and reactive power
increases.
Disadvantages of low power factor:
1. Large kVA rating required for machines.
 kVA = kW/cos ɸ. This makes the machine larger and more expensive.
2. Larger conductor size required.
 For same power transfer, greater current is required at lower power factor.
 This requires larger conductors.
3. Higher copper loss.
 The larger current at lower power factor causes greater 𝐼𝐼 2 𝑅𝑅 loss.
4. Poor voltage regulation.
 Higher current produced a large voltage drop in the apparatus. This results in the poor voltage
regulation.
𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 −𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
Voltage regulation =
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
 Lower power factor causes voltage drop in the power system.

 In order to keep voltage stable, extra equipment are required.
5. Consecutive voltage drops can eventually cause black-out.
6. Harmonic currents
Causes of low power factor:
1. Inductive loads with low lagging power factor.
2. Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps and industrial heating furnaces
which operate at low lagging power factor.
3. Increased magnetizing current at off-peak hours (low load period)
when supply voltage increases. This results in decreased power factor.
Power Factor Improvement equipment:

1. Static Capacitor Banks – connected in parallel with load at lagging
power factor.
2. Synchronous condenser (over-excited synchronous AC motor running
on no load) – takes leading current and behaves as a capacitor.
3. Phase advancers – AC exciter which improves power factor of
induction motors.
Static Capacitor
Banks
Most of the industries and power system loads
are inductive that take lagging current which
decrease the system power factor.
Static capacitors are connected in parallel
with those devices which work on low power
Suppose, here is a single phase In fig-ii, a Capacitor (C) has been
factor which provides leading current and inductive load which is taking connected in parallel with load. Now a
neutralize the lagging inductive component of lagging current (I) and the load current (Ic) is flowing through Capacitor
which lead 90° from the supply
load current thus power factor of the load power factor is Cos𝜑𝜑 as shown voltage.The load current is (I).
in fig-i.
circuit is improved.
After the power factor improvement, the
circuit current would be less than from the low The Vectors combination of (I) and
power factor circuit current. (Ic) is (I’) which is lagging from
voltage at 𝜑𝜑2 as shown in fig 3.
Also, before and after the power factor It can be seen from fig 3 that angle
improvement, the active component of of 𝜑𝜑2 <𝜑𝜑1 i.e. angle of 𝜑𝜑2 is less than
current would be same in that circuit because from angle of𝜑𝜑2 . Therefore Cos𝜑𝜑2 is
less than from Cos𝜑𝜑1 (Cos𝜑𝜑2 > Cos𝜑𝜑1 ).
capacitor eliminates only the re-active Hence the load power factor is
component of current. Also, the Active power improved by capacitor.
(in Watts) would be same after and before
power factor improvement.
Static Capacitor Banks
Advantages: (Capacitor bank offers several advantages
over other methods of power factor improvement.)
 Losses are low in static capacitors
 There is no moving part, therefore need low maintenance
 It can work in normal conditions (i.e. ordinary atmospheric
conditions)
 Do not require a foundation for installation
 They are lightweight so it is can be easy to installed
Disadvantages:
 The age of static capacitor bank is less (8 – 10 years)
 With changing load, we have to ON or OFF the capacitor
bank, which causes switching surges on the system
 If the rated voltage increases, then it causes damage
 Once the capacitors spoiled, then repairing is costly
Synchronous Condenser
 When a Synchronous motor operates at No-Load and over-
exited then it’s called a synchronous Condenser. Whenever
a Synchronous motor is over-exited then it provides leading
current and works like a capacitor.
 When a synchronous condenser is connected across supply
voltage (in parallel) then it draws leading current and
partially eliminates the re-active component and this way,
power factor is improved. Generally, synchronous condenser
is used to improve the power factor in large industries.
Disadvantages:
Advantages:
•It is expensive (maintenance
•Long life (almost 25 years)
cost is also high) and therefore
•High Reliability
mostly used by large power
•Step-less adjustment of power factor.
users.
•No generation of harmonics of maintenance
•An auxiliary device has to be
•The faults can be removed easily
used for this operation because
•It’s not affected by harmonics.
synchronous motor has no self
•Require Low maintenance (only periodic
starting torque
bearing greasing is necessary)
•It produces noise
Phase Advancer
 Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main shaft
of the motor and operates with the motor’s rotor circuit for power factor
improvement. Phase advancer is used to improve the power factor of
induction motor in industries.
 As the stator windings of induction motor takes lagging current 90° out of
phase with Voltage, therefore the power factor of induction motor is low. If
the exciting ampere-turns are excited by external AC source, then there
would be no effect of exciting current on stator windings. Therefore the
power factor of induction motor will be improved. This process is done by
Phase advancer.
Advantages: Disadvantage:
•Lagging kVAR (Reactive component of Power or •Using Phase
reactive power) drawn by the motor is sufficiently advancer is not
reduced because the exciting ampere turns are
economical for motors
supplied at slip frequency (fs).
below 200 H.P. (about
•The phase advancer can be easily used where the
use of synchronous motors is Unacceptable 150kW)
(for experiment 1 from lab manual)
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝑃𝑃
∴𝐼𝐼 =
𝑉𝑉 cos 𝜃𝜃
1
Since 𝑃𝑃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡, 𝐼𝐼 ∝
cos 𝜃𝜃
Circuit
diagram
4. Plot a graph of p.f vs C.
5. What is nominal capacitor?
Thank you

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Couse no.

Course title: Power System II Lab

For resistor, For inductor, For capacitor,

As the power factor decreases, the

 Lower power factor causes voltage drop in the power system.

Power Factor Improvement equipment:

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