Arc3031 Lecture Notes

ARC3031 LECTURE NOTES – up to Midterm Examination
Contemporary materials and stuctures
Nowadays;
▪ The image of a building many times is more important than the building itself.
▪ The surface of a building places a dominant role in building’s character.
▪ The architecture is perceived through the surfaces that we see and touch.
▪ Buildings’ colors, textures and auras dominate their characters.
Contemporary structures;
➢ The surface and appearance is more important than the building itself.
➢ Separation between loadbearing structure and building envelope increases.
➢ Computer technology gives possibility and new options of different building appearances such as
printing on glass and plastics, or the reproduction of patterns.
➢ Emphasizing the surface directs attention to the material itself.
➢ The material becomes visible at its surface and its specific properties dominate its appearance.
Comparison with traditional building constructions;
In earlier times building projects could only make use of the materials available locally,
Today, an unprecedented diversity of building materials from the four corners of the globe are
accessible.
Simple shelter or grand enclosed space no matter is shaped that it should resist natural forces like
gravity, wind, etc.
Humankind had to consider, consciously or not, load paths, behaviour of materials (even in simple
shelters).
In ancient times building structures were made by conglomeration of natural stone or bricks (stapled to
walls columns or lintls).
In time keystone principle was discovered and effective construction elements like arches and domes
were invented.
So that effective transferring of lateral loads and creating of bigger openings was possible and planning
freedom was increased.
The history of building art is also paralell to the development of the ability to transfer forces.
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There is still a competition to build taller and wider. In larger buildings it is almost impossible to ignore
the structural systems -> major influence on design.
It is no more possible to understand and design everything by a simple constructor.
The Architect is not directly responsible for technical stability, stiffness and strength of a building, but
he/she is responsible for the structure in order to design and define the space.
Understanding of structures in architecture is importanat for:
-Communication with consultants
-Integrating technical recommendations in overall design
-Considering technical issues in early stages of design
This understanding should be used parallel to creativity so that the idea of design is supported and
underlined.
An architect should be able to decide about the type and approximately dimension of structural
members (columns, beams, frames,…) in early design stages so that the architectural design become
more convincing and space design more realistic .
FRAMED SYSTEMS
transfer loads to the ground by horizontal members – such as beams and slabs – and vertical members –
such as columns and bearing walls – which are resistant to bending and buckling as a result of their
internal moment reactions.
Vertical structural elements
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Horizontal structural elements
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Braced Frames
Braced frames consist of column – beam frames made rigid with a system of diagonal members that
create stable triangular configurations. Examples of the great variety of bracing systems in use are:
• Knee bracing
• Diagonal bracing
• Cross bracing
• V – bracing
• K – bracing
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TRUSSED STRUCTURES
Trussed structures are assemblies of TIES (acting in tension) and STRUTS (acting in compression)
arranged in pin-connected triangles, so that all internal forces are axial (in direct compression or tension
with no bending or shear).
This general category of triangular structures includes;
▪ CABLES
▪ TRUSSES
▪ SPACE FRAMES
▪ GEODESIC FRAMES
▪ Triangular geometry is fundamental to truss behavior because the triangle is the only polygon
that has an inherently stable geometry. According to this, with hinged joints, the sides of a
triangle need only resist tension or compression, not bending, in order to preserve the shape.
▪ Other polygons require one or more rigid joints to maintain their shape (i. e. framed systems).
CABLE STAYS
▪ The tensile force in the cable is determined by the load and the slope of the cable.
▪ The tensile force in the cable is always equal the resultant of the vertical and horizontal reaction
components.
▪ The vertical reaction component at each support remains the same regardless of the cable slope.
It will always be equal to the vertical load.
▪ The horizontal reaction component varies with the slope of the cable; as the slope changes from
vertical to nearly horizontal, the horizontal reaction component will change from zero to
approaching infinity.
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TRUSSES
▪ A truss is a triangulated assembly that distributes loads to supports through a combination of pin
connected members arranged in triangles so that ideally all are in either pure compression or
tension, there is no bending or shear and all thrust forces are resolved internally.
▪ The triangle is the basic geometric unit of the truss.
▪ The triangle is a unique stable form, all other hinged polygons are unstable.
GEODESIC DOMES
A geodesic dome is a spherical space frame which distributes loads to supports through a system of linear
members arranged in a spherical dome where all members are in direct stress (tension or compression).
Typically, a thin infill material (of metal or plastic) is used to make the dome into a shelter.
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ARC3031 LECTURE NOTES – up to Midterm Examination

Contemporary materials and stuctures

▪ The surface of a building places a dominant role in building’s character.

▪ Buildings’ colors, textures and auras dominate their characters.

➢ Separation between loadbearing structure and building envelope increases.

➢ Emphasizing the surface directs attention to the material itself.

Comparison with traditional building constructions;

It is no more possible to understand and design everything by a simple constructor.

Understanding of structures in architecture is importanat for:

-Communication with consultants

-Integrating technical recommendations in overall design

-Considering technical issues in early stages of design

Vertical structural elements

This general category of triangular structures includes;

▪ The triangle is the basic geometric unit of the truss.

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