ASS Unit 2 Half

ADVANCE
STRUCTURAL
SERVICES
BY –
Mariam – 16131AA008
Zaheer - 16131AA016
Rabaab – 16131AA023
Samreen – 16131AA027
Zainab – 16131AA039
BEAM
 A beam is a horizontal structural member in a building to resist
the lateral loads applied to the beams axis. The structural member
which resists the forces laterally or transversely applied to the
(beam) axis is called beam.
 In it, the loads are acting transversely to the longitudinal axis, which
produces the shear forces and bending moment. The lateral load acting
on beams are the main cause bending of the beam. They are responsible to
transfer a load from the slab to the column. The load distribution pattern
is,
 Slab |> Beam |> Column |> Foundation
PURPOSE OF BEAMS
It is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load
primarily by resisting its bending forces. They are made of steel or
reinforced concrete (RCC)or steel. We use it in structure to :-
 Resist loads
 Counter bending moment and shear forces.
 Connect the structure together.
 Provide a uniform distribution of loads.
In the beam, the different reinforcements were used having different purposes such as :-
 Support bars – These bars are located in the top portion of the beam and just function to
hold the stirrups in place.
 Main Bars – Provide to carry loads (Moments).
 stirrups – To counter the shear stresses (shear force).
The standard size of the beams :-
 In a residential building is 9 ʺ × 12 ʺ or 225 mm × 300 mm according to the (IS

codes).
 The minimum size of the RCC beam should not be less than the 9 ʺ× 9 ʺ or 225mm ×
225mm with the addition of slab thickness which is 125mm.
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
A simplysupported beam is supported at both ends. These beams are
mostly used in general construction.
 Supported freely to rotate at the two ends on walls or columns.
 Have no moment resistant at support.
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
A beam which has more than two supports this kind of beam is called
continuous beams. Two or more than two supports are used between these
beams and these beams are similar to the simply supported beams.
 Supported on two or more vertical supports.
 It is considered as a more economical beam as compared to others.
FIXED BEAMS
A beam which is fixed at both ends it is called a fixed beam. Fixed beams
are not allowed the vertical movement or rotation of the beam. In this
beam, no bending moment will produce. Fixed beams are only under the
shear force and are generally used in the trusses and like other structure.
 Both ends of the beam rigidly fixed with supports.
CANTILEVER BEAMS
A beam which is fixed at one end and free on other end is called
overhanging beam. These beams carry loads of both shear stress and
bending moment. These beams are generally used in the bridge trusses
and another structural member.
 Its one end is fixed in wall or column and the other side is free.
 In cantilever, the tension zone is located at top and compression in
bottom
OVERHANGING BEAMS
A beam which is supported by two points but on the third point is hanging
or not support it is called overhanging beam. It is a combination of the
cantilever and the simply supported beam.
 Its ends extend beyond the columns or walls.
 The overhanging portion in unsupported or may locate both sides of the
beam.
TRUSSES
 A truss is an assembly of beams or other
elements that creates a rigid structure.
 A truss is essentially a triangulated system of
straight interconnected structural elements. The
most common use of trusses is in buildings,
where support to roofs, the floors and internal
loading such as services and suspended ceilings,
are readily provided.
 trusses typically comprise five or more triangular units constructed with straight members
whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.
 external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result
in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive.
WHY TRUSSES?
The main reasons for using trusses are:
 Long span
 Lightweight
 Reduced deflection (compared to plain members)
 Opportunity to support considerable loads.
USES
1. Bridges
2. Railway platform
3. Roof of a factory shade
4. Garage shed
5. Transmission tower
6. Crain truss
7. Sports stadium
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A TRUSS
Trusses are typically made up of three basic elements:
 A top chord which is usually in compression.
 A bottom chord which is usually in tension.
 Bracing between the top and bottom chords.
 The top and bottom chords of the truss provide

resistance to compression and tension and so
resistance to overall bending, whilst the bracing
resists shear forces.
 The efficiency of trusses means that they require
less material to support loads compared with
solid beams. Generally, the overall efficiency of
a truss is optimised by using less material in the
chords and more in the bracing elements.
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
 Solid bar
 Solid rod
 Hollow tube
 I – section
 Angle section
LOADS ON TRUSS
1. Dead load –
 These consist of weights of trusses, roof coverings, purlins and bracings. Usually the
dead load on the truss is expressed as the load per unit horizontal area.
2. Live load –
 Live Loads on Roof Trusses:
(i) For sloping or flat roof with slopes up to and including 10 degrees.
 The live load shall be taken as follows:
(a) When access is provided – 1500 N/m 2
(b) When access is not provided – 750 N/m 2 (except for maintenance)
(ii) Sloping roof with slope greater than 10 degrees.
The live load to be taken in this case is 750 N/m 2 less 20 N/m2 for every degree increase in
slope over 10 degrees.
3. Environment loads
(a) Wind load –
 The wind load is taken according to wind speed of the area / city.
(b) Snow load –
 The possibility of total or partial snow load should be considered.
 In the case of roofs with slopes greater than 50°, snow load may be disregarded; where,
however, there are possibilities of formation of snow pockets, these should be taken into
account.
(c) Earthquake (seismic) forces –
 Seismic loads differs for every city due to rate of seismicity of cities.
TYPES OF TRUSS
1. Simple truss – indicates a single triangular truss. These trusses are most often used as the
roof trusses.
2. Planar truss – as the name implies it is a two dimensional truss. If all the members and the
nodes are in a planar surface, then this truss is a planar truss.
3. Space frame truss – Contrast to planar truss, the members and the nodes are located in the
three dimensional space. Electrical and telecom towers are the one of the simplest example
that we are seeing in the day to day life.
PORTAL FRAMES
 Portal frames are one of the major elements of structure.
 They are two rigid frames of a beam (or rafter) supported at either end by
columns
 Portal frames are generally low-rise structures, comprising columns and
horizontal or pitched rafters
 Portal frames are very common
 They are very efficient for enclosing large volumes, therefore they are often used
for industrial, storage and commercial applications as well as for agricultural
purposes
PORTAL FRAMES
 PORTAL FRAME: The connection between the beam and the column transform the
bending moment from beam to column .. so columns in frames resist bending moment +
compression force.
 NORMAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS : The connection between the beam and the
column transform NOTHING so the beam only resist the bending moment and the
column resist the compression force only
BASIC ELEMENTS
1.Purlins
2.Roof bracing
3.Primary steel frame
4.Side rails
5.Longitudnal bracing
6.Wall cladding
PS : The secondary steelwork

supports the building envelope, but
also plays an important role in
restraining the primary steelwork.
TYPES OF PORTAL FRAMES
Pitched roof symmetric portal frame
Mono-pitch portal frame
Crane portal frame with column brackets
Tied portal frame
WHERE ARE THEY USED?
 Factories
 Shopping Centers
 Warehouses
 Functions
 Single story buildings
LOADS
 Portal frames bare the most basic loads
 1. wind load
 2. roof load

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ADVANCE

The standard size of the beams :-

 In a residential building is 9 ʺ × 12 ʺ or 225 mm × 300 mm according to the (IS

 The top and bottom chords of the truss provide

PS : The secondary steelwork

Pitched roof symmetric portal frame

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