C

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
I - Structural analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given
structure under prescribed loads and/or other external effects, such as
V support movements and temperature changes.
I
L - science and art of planning, designing, and constructing safe and
economical structures that will serve their intended purposes

E
N TOPICS
G Types of structures and loads
I Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures
N Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses
E Internal Loadings
E Cable and Arches
R Influence Lines
I Approximate Analysis
N Deflections
G
Types of Loads
DeadLoad

LiveLoad

WindLoad

SnowLoad
Wind
Pressure Soil Pressure
Hydrostatic
Pressure
Other Loads
Hydrostatic Thermal Loads
Pressure Earthquake Loads
Soil Vibration Loads
Pressure
Types of Loads

DeadLoads weights of various structural members, weights of any

objects that are permanently attached to the structure.
LiveLoads or imposed loads are variables loads resulting from
intetended use of the structure. Weights of any moving object.
Environmental Loads are loads from environment such as wind,
snow, earthquake and so on
Types of Structures
Structurerefers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.

1. Buildings
2. Bridges
3. Towers
4. Tunnels
5. Roads
6. In other branches of Engineering, ship and
aircraft frames, tanks, pressure vessels,
mechanical systems and electrical supporting
structures.
When designing a structure to serve a specified function
for public use, the engineer must account for its

1. SERVICEABILITY
2. AESTHETICS
3. SAFETY
4. TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSTRAINTS
Different functions of Buildings

RESIDENTIAL: housing, which includes low-rise(up to 2-3 floors), mid-

rise(up to 6-8 floors) and high-rise buildings.
COMMERCIAL: Offices, retail stores, shopping centers, hotels and
restaurants.
INDUSTRIAL: warehouses, manufacturing.
INSTITUTIONAL: Schools, hospitals, prisons, church, government
buildings.
SPECIAL: Towers, stadium, parking, airport etc.
Structural Elements
1. TIE RODS

Structural members subjected to tensile force are

often referred to as tie rods or bracing struts.

Due to the nature of this load, these members are

rather slender and are often chosen from rods,
bars, angles, or channels.
Structural Elements
2. BEAMS

Beams are usually straight horizontal

members used primarily to carry vertical
loads.

Quite often they are classified according to

the way they are supported.
Structural Elements
Beams are primarily designed
to resist bending moment;
however, if they are short and
carry large loads, the internal
shear force may become quite
large and this force may
govern the design.
When the material used for
beam is metal , the cross-
section is most efficient when
it is shaped as shown:
Structural Elements
3. COLUMNS Members that are generally
vertical and resist axial
compressive loads are referred
to as columns.

Tubes and wide-flange cross

sections are often used for
metal columns and circular and
square cross sections with
reinforcing rods are used for
those made of concrete.
Structural Elements

Occasionally, columns are subjected to

both an axial load and a bending
moment, these members referred to as
a beam columns.
Types of Structures
The combination of structural elements and the materials from which
they are composed is referred to as structural system.
Each system is constructed of one or more of four basic types of
structures.
1. TRUSS
When the span of a structure is
required to be large and its depth is
not an important criterion for design, a
truss may be selected.
Trusses consist of slender elements,
usually arranged in triangular fashion.
Types of Structures
a. PLANAR TRUSSES- composed of
members that lie in the same plane and
are frequently used for bridge and roof
support.

b. SPACE TRUSSES- members extending

in three dimensions and are suitable for
towers.
2. CABLES
Are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.
They are commonly used to support bridges and building roofs.
When used for these purposes, the cable has an advantage over the beam
and truss, especially for spans that are greater than 46 meters.
Because they are always in tension, cables will not become unstable and
suddenly collapse, as may happen with beams or trusses.
3. ARCHS
Achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse curvature to that of the
cable.
The arch must be rigid, however, in order to maintain its shape, and this results in
secondary loadings involving shear and moment, which must be considered in its
design.
4. FRAMES
Frames are used in buildings and are composed of beams and columns that either
pin or fixed connected.
5. SURFACE STRUCTURES
Made from a material having a very small thickness compared to its other
dimension.
Sometimes this material is very flexible and can take the form of a tent or air-
inflated structure.
In both cases the material acts as a membrane.
LOADS COMPUTATIONS
The main purpose of a structure is to transfer load from one point to another: bridge
deck to pier, slab to beam, beam to girder, girder to column, column to foundation,
foundation to soil.
Thus, a building floor slab would be designed first, followed by the supporting beams,
columns, and last the foundation footings.
In order to design a structure, it is therefore necessary to first specify the loads that act
on it.
Design loading for a structure is often
specified in codes.
1. General Building Codes 2. Design Codes

Specify the requirements Provide detailed

of governmental bodies technical standards and
for minimum design are used to establish
loads on structures and the requirements for
minimum standards for
construction. the actual structural
design.
BUILDING CODES
1. DEADLOAD COMPUTATIONS
Gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act
permanently on the structure.

For example the dead loads for a building structure include the
weights of frames, framing and bracing systems, floors, roofs,
ceilings, walls, stairways, heating and air-conditioning systems,
plumbing, electrical systems and so forth.

Once the materials sizes of the various components of the

structure are determined, their weights can be found from that
lists their densities.
1. DEADLOAD COMPUTATIONS

Normally, the dead load is not large compared to the

design load for simple structures such as beam or a single
story frame; however, for multistory buildings it is
important to have an accurate accounting of all the dead
loads in order to properly design the columns, especially
for the lower floors.
1. DEADLOAD COMPUTATIONS
SITUATION 1. The floor beam is used to
support the 6 ft width of a lightweight
plain concrete slab having a thickness
of 4in. The slab serves as a portion of
the ceiling for the floor below, and
therefore its bottom is coated with
plaster. Furthermore, an 8-ft-high, 12-
in-thick lightweight solid concrete
block wall is directly over the top
flange of the beam. Determine the
loading on the beam measured per
foot length of the beam
SITUATION 2
The second floor of a light manufacturing building is constructed from
a 4-in-thick stone concrete slab with an added 3-in cinder concrete fill
shown. If the suspended ceiling of the first floor consists of metal lath
and gympsum plaster, determine the dead load for design in pounds
per square foot of floor area.
SITUATION 3
The pre-cast T-beam has the
cross-section shown.
Determine its weight per foot
of length if it is made from
reinforced stone concrete and
eight inch cold formed steel
reinforcing rods.
2. LIVELOAD COMPUTATIONS
Are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the use
of the structure.
Sometimes, the term live loads is used to refer to all loads on the
structure that are not dead loads such as snow load and wind load.
However, since the probabilities of occurrence for environmental
loads are different fro those due to the use of structures, the current
codes use the term live loads to refer only to those variable loads
caused by the use of structures.
Live loads for buildings are usually specified as
uniformly distributed surface loads in pounds per
square foot or kilopascals.
Minimum floor live loads for some common types of
buildings are given in NSCP.
2. LIVELOAD COMPUTATIONS
For some types of buildings having very large floor areas, codes will allow a
reduction in the uniform live load for a floor
Reduction of live load on a member having an influence area (KLL AT ) of
(400 sq. ft) 37.2 sq. m. or more.
L=Reduced design live load per area
supported by the member
Lo= Unreduced design live load per area
supported by member

KLL= Live load element factor

for columns =4, and for beams=2

AT= Tributary area in square meters

 The reduced live loads is limited to not less than 50 % of Lo
for members supporting one floor, or not less than 40 % of
Lo for members supporting more than one floor.

No reduction is allowed for loads exceeding 4.79 kN/sq.m, or

for structures used for public garages or roofs.
SITUATION 4

A two story office building shown

has interior columns that are
spaced 22 ft apart in two
perpendicular directions. If the
(flat) roof loadings is 20 lb/sq.ft.,
determine the reduced live loads
supported by a typical interior
column located at ground level.
SITUATION 5

The T-beam used in a heavy

storage warehouse is made of
concrete having a specific
weight of 125 lb/cu.ft.
Determine the dead load per
foot length of beam, and the
live load on the top of the
beam per foot length of the
beam.