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European HVAC Journal

Special issue for ACREX India 2019 exhibition
Energy, Smart building

technology and Indoor
Environmental Quality are
common grounds
PAGE 4
Development of
Psychrometric diagram for
the energy efficiency of
Air Handling Units
PAGE 5
On the history of indoor

environment and it’s relation
to health and wellbeings
PAGE 13
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Contents
European HVAC Journal Download the articles from www.rehva.eu -> REHVA Journal
Special issue for ACREX India 2019 exhibition
Editor-in-Chief: Jaap Hogeling

EDITORIAL 47 Have your say on EPB standards’
[email protected]
roll-out and join the practitioner’s
Associate Editor: Stefano Corgnati, Italy
4 Energy, Smart building technology community!
[email protected] and Indoor Environmental Quality are
Jaap Hogeling, Dick van Dijk
common grounds
Editorial Assistant: Rebeka Maršnjak, & Anita Derjanecz
Jaap Hogeling
[email protected]
50 Quality Management and
General Executive: Ismail Ceyhan, Turkey Digitalization for Building
ARTICLES Performance
REHVA BOARD Stefan Plesser & Ole Teisen
5 Development of Psychrometric
President: Stefano Corgnati diagram for the energy efficiency of
Vice Presidents: Air Handling Units
Atze Boerstra Kiyan Vadoudi & Sandrine Marinhas
PRODUCT CERTIFICATION
Frank Hovorka 57 European Certification of HVAC&R
Jarek Kurnitski 13 On the history of indoor environment products
Milos Lain and it’s relation to health and
Catalin Lungu
Erick Melquiond
wellbeing
Manuel Carlos Gameiro da Silva
Lada Hensen Centnerová 60 Certification Programmes for
domestic, commercial and industrial
EDITORIAL BOARD - 2019 20 CEN Standard EN 16798-3:2017 facilities
Francis Allard, France
on ventilation for non-residential
Ahmet Arisoy, Turkey
buildings: PERFORMANCE
Marianna Brodatch, Russia
Vincenc Butala, Slovenia
REQUIREMENTS EVENTS & FAIRS IN 2019
Stefano P. Corgnati, Italy Livio Mazzarella & Jaap Hogeling
Francesca R. d’Ambrosio, Italy
81 Exhibitions, Conferences and seminars
Ioan Silviu Dobosi, Romania 27 Energy efficiency of Remote in 2019
Andy Ford, United Kingdom Refrigerated Display Cabinets beyond
82 REHVA is attending Futurebuild:
Jaap Hogeling, the Netherlands the implementation of the Ecodesign
join us in London
Karel Kabele, Czech Republic and Energy Labelling Directives
Jarek Kurnitski, Estonia Kiyan Vadoudi, Dan Bibalou & 83 REHVA-ISHRAE Seminar on
Livio Mazzarella, Italy
Sandrine Marinhas “High Performance Educational
Renato Merati, Italy
Buildings and their Indoor
Birgit Müller, Germany 34 Certified commissioning of new &
Natasa Nord, Norway
Environmental Quality” at ACREX 2019
existing buildings
Branimir Pavkovic, Croatia
Ryan Cormac 84 REHVA-ISHRAE workshops
Dusan Petras, Slovakia
Olli Seppänen, Finland 87 ISH 2019: the world’s leading trade
Branislav Todorovic, Serbia
37 Ventilation Ductwork Systems
Certification for a Better Air Tightness fair focusing on the responsible
Peter Wouters, Belgium
management of water and energy in
Marie-Clémence Briffaud
buildings
ADVERTISEMENTS 42 Certifying the Fan Performance in
89 REHVA 13th HVAC WORLD CONGRESS
Giulia Marenghi, [email protected] Air Handling Units with a Wire-to-Air
approach 91 The first set of CLIMA 2019 Workshops
SUBSCRIPTIONS and Marie-Clémence Briffaud announced!
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Editorial
Energy, Smart building technology

and Indoor Environmental Quality
are common grounds
The ACREX special of the REHVA Journal is a great opportunity to contact the ISHRAE
professional community. REHVA welcomes this opportunity to share ideas and technical
issues.
E
nergy, Indoor Environmental sources. Smart building technology
Quality and Quality Assurance/ stabilises and drives a faster decarbon-
Commissioning are common isation of the energy system through
focus points we share. In this edito- energy storage and demand-side flex-
rial we want to share information on ibility. Smart building technology
these issues, about actions and policies empowers its users and occupants
developing in Europe. with control over the energy flows
JAAP HOGELING and recognises and reacts to user and
We communicated in 2018 about the Editor-in-Chief occupant needs in terms of comfort,
set of Energy Performance Buildings REHVA Journal health, indoor air quality, safety, as
standards that have been published well as operational requirements.
in Europe (as European standards)
and globally (as ISO standards in the Indoor environmental quality is an
52000 series). A reference to this set of EPB standards urgent issue worldwide. Poor buildings and poorly
can be found at www.epb.center. These EPB standards designed or maintained building HVAC systems and
are currently being implemented in Europe. The use of improper energy saving measures in buildings jeop-
this set of harmonised, transparent and unambiguous ardise our indoor environment. Poor outdoor air
energy performance assessment procedures, as laid quality, as more and more occurring in dense populated
down in these standards, will stimulate innovation on areas, will require us to clean our buildings air intake
energy using products and services in Europe and even carefully. Being able to identify these adverse indoor
beyond. REHVA welcomes cooperation and sharing environmental quality issues using simple but reliable
the experience with the use of these EPB standards with measurement equipment, will motivate building users/
the ISHRAE professional community (Please see article owners to act to improve their situation. Reliable sensor
about EPB Center on page 47). technology will support the building user to take the
correct actions and have great potential to achieve our
Additional to this standardisation work in Europe, the IEQ targets. These issues are as important in Europe
important concept of smart building technology is now as in India. Cooperation in this field is expected to be
developing. A smart building is a building which is highly beneficial for all building users around the globe, from
energy efficient and covers its very low energy demand simple housing situations to complex buildings and
by on-site or district-system-driven renewable energy work environments.
4 REHVA European HVAC Journal – Special issue for ACREX India 2019 exhibition
Articles
Development of Psychrometric
diagram for the energy efficiency
of Air Handling Units
KIYAN VADOUDI SANDRINE MARINHAS

Eurovent Certita Certification Eurovent Certita Certification
50 Rue de la Victoire 50 Rue de la Victoire
Paris, France Paris, France
[email protected]
Air Handling Unit (AHU), as a system for space heating and cooling is one of the most
relevant causes of energy consumption in both residential and tertiary sector buildings. As
the energy efficiency of AHU is closely linked to the climate conditions, a special attention
should be given about varying yearly climate conditions in different geographical locations.
This paper presents an approach for calculating the energy efficiency by using the
Psychrometric diagram which has been divided into five zones based on different functions
of AHU; for each zone outside climatic has a particular status with yearly weight that is
corresponds for specific AHU’s operation. To achieve this, different combination of outdoor
climatic parameters (Dry and wet bulb temperature and humidity ratio) has been considered
as varieties for defining zones. Sum of AHU’s energy consumption in different zones based
on related weighting factor will result in the total annual consumption of energy.
Keywords: Air Handling Units (AHU), Energy efficiency, Psychrometric diagram
T
he residential buildings represent about 40% - elements that use energy in AHU, have a significant
50% of the total energy consumption and the effect on both energy needs of a building and the energy
major part of this consumption is used for Air efficiency of a system. AHU’s energy consumption can
Handling Units (AHU) to prepare the thermal comfort be calculated in two ways. In the case of working air
(Council 2013). The amount of required energy handling units the actual consumption data can be
depends on outdoor condition fluctuations, interaction exactly determined by measurement. But according to
between natural gravity and air tightness of the building, Directive 2002/91/EC (Union 2009) on the energy
heat exchangers, efficiency of other equipment, and performance of buildings (EPBD) it is also important
operation modes of AHU systems (Misevičiūtė et al. to determine the expected energy consumption in the
2017). Fans, heat exchangers and heaters as the main designing phase. However, the calculation of the energy
REHVA European HVAC Journal – Special issue for ACREX India 2019 exhibition 5
Articles
consumption of air handling units is still problematic, The application of Givoni’s psychrometric chart in
especially when the climate condition differs. energy efficiency of air conditioning is studied in some
studies. Zhang and Niu studied the applicability of
The energy efficiency of AHU system is closely linked heat and moisture recovery systems in Hong Kong
to geographical location (Trojanova et al. 2009), by classifying the psychometric chart into six regions
especially to the outdoor climatic parameters such as based on outdoor temperature and humidity (Zhang
dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative and Niu 2001). Mohammad Rasouli, proposed
humidity and enthalpy. But, there is too little attention different scenarios for Energy Recovery Ventilators
paid to the evaluation of the exact climate that is the (ERV)’s function, whether it should be operated or
core in AHU application and related energy analysis. stopped depends on several factors such as, the indoor
Therefore, there is a need to investigate methods that and outdoor conditions by dividing the psychrometric
are being used to climatic parameters in relation to chart into sub-regions that establish the conditions
AHU operation. This paper aims at demonstrating when the ERV needs to be controlled (Rasouli,
the application of the different climatic parameters for Simonson, and Besant 2010). In other study, Stefano
the evaluation AHU’s energy consumption. Special Schiavon presented a new web application (Schiavon,
attention is given to the proposition of Psychrometric Hoyt, and Piccioli 2014) for thermal comfort visu-
diagram for AHU based on different operations and alization and calculation according to ASHRAE
calculating the yearly energy efficiency based on it. Standard 55-2013 (ASHRAE 2013). Simonson et
al. experimentally validated two strategies to control
Psychrometric diagram energy wheels by applying an operating condition
An important pioneer of thermal comfort representations factor which presented the ratio of latent to sensible
was Victor Olgyay, who introduced the “Bioclimatic energy potential of inlet airstreams (Simonson and
Chart” (Olgyay, 1963). However, the thermal comfort Besant 1999). Since use of this methodology is investi-
area reported in his chart was not consistent with gated for the operational efficiency of air conditioning
ASHRAE 55 thermal comfort areas. Givoni, partially systems and buildings energy efficiency, the use of
converted the Olgyay’s representation to the psychro- this chart could also be useful in energy efficiency
metric chart (Figure 1) and added rules about passive calculation of AHU.
heating and cooling strategies (Givoni, 1969).
Figure 1. Psychrometric chart (Givoni 1992).
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AHU energy efficiency
The COP is therefore a measurement of efficiency; the
The treatment of the air in AHU requires different types higher the number, the more efficient the system is.
of energy, depending on the utilized systems and compo- The COP is dimensionless because the input power and
nents which causes specific operation (Eurovent, 2005): output power are measured in Watt. The COP is also an
instantaneous measurement in that the units are power
Heating: By means of thermal energy (heat exchangers which can be measured at one point in time.
fed with hot water) or by means of electrical energy
(electrical heat exchangers). In addition, electrical Electrical energy calculation
energy is demanded to run the utilized pumps. In our calculation, we only consider the fan’s electrical
consumption. The absorbed power supplied from the
Cooling: By means of cooling systems based on compres- mains to each individual fan can be expressed as follows
sion cycles using electrical energy for running the system, ((EU) No 327/2011):
or based on absorption cycles using thermal energy for
operating the absorption cycle process or based on evapora- Pel = qv ·Δpfan / ɳe · 1000 (2)
tion processes like adiabatic cooling. In addition, electrical
energy is demanded to run the utilized pumps. Pel = Absorbed electrical power supplied from the mains
(W)
Humidification: By water (evaporation humidifica- qV = Air volume flow through the fan (m³/s)
tion) or vapor (steam humidification). In case of Δpfan = Total pressure rise from the fan inlet to the outlet
steam humidification, thermal energy is required for (Pa)
the generation of the steam. In case of evaporation Pshaft = Mechanical power supplied to the fan shaft (W)
humidification, electrical energy is demanded to run ɳe = Overall efficiency of the fan and motor system
the injection pumps. Evaporation heat is withdrawn = ɳshaft · ɳtr · ɳm · ɳaceq
from the passing air (thermal energy).
All values are applicable to an air density of ρair =
Dehumidification: The delivery air stream after passing 1.2 kg/m³
the heat or humidity recovery unit is cooled in the cooling
coil to the dew point temperature and then the additional
cooling power for dehumidification is calculated. Thermal energy calculation
The thermal energy consumption of a sensible
Ventilation: In AHU air is transported by means of heating/cooling coil and heat exchanger is calculated
fans, using electrical energy. with the equation (Eurovent, 2005):
Auxiliary devices: To operate AHU properly, a number Qs = qv ⋅ ρ ⋅ cp ⋅ (tout – tin) (3)

of auxiliary devices such as damper motors, control
equipment, lighting systems and pumps are needed. All Qs = Sensible energy consumption
of these devices require electrical energy. qv = Air flow rate in m³/s
ρ = Density of the considered air flow rate in kg/m³ =
Therefore, the overall demand of energy for AHU can 1.2 kg/m³
be summarized into two classes of electrical energy and cp = Specific heat of the air in kJ/kg·k = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K)
thermal energy. A realistic indication of energy efficiency tout = Temperature of the air leaving the coil in °C
over an entire year can be achieved by using Coefficient tin = Temperature of the air entering the coil in °C
of Performance (COP) which indicates on how efficient
AHU operates over an entire cooling or heating season The momentary thermal energy consumption for
(Ertesvåg 2011). A ratio of the thermal capacity is in sensible cooling/heating of air when the moisture of
watts and the electricity input values is in watts. air changing is calculated with the equation:
COP = Q/P (1) Qs = qv ⋅ ρ ⋅ (hin – hout) (4)
Q = Useful heat supplied or removed by the considered Qs = Sensible energy consumption when the moisture of
system (W). air changing
P = Work (electricity) required by the considered qv = air flow rate in m³/s
system (W). ρ = density of the considered air flow rate in kg/m³ =
Articles
1.2 kg/m³
An air handling unit contains two main groups of
hin = enthalpy of the air at the inlet of the coil in kJ/kg
elements: supply and exhaust units. The main parts
hout = enthalpy of the air at the outlet of the coil in kJ/kg of these groups are including filter, heat recovery unit,
cooling and heating coils, by-pass, adiabatic humidi-
The momentary energy consumption for latent fier and fans, which based on different climatic condi-
heating/cooling coil and heat exchanger (dehumidifi- tions could conclude different operations; ventilation,
cation/humidification of air in a cooling coil) is estab- cooling, cooling and humidification, cooling and
lished with the formula (Eurovent, 2005): dehumidification, heating and heating and humidi-
fication. Calculations of these parameters are really
Ql = qv ⋅ ρ ⋅ (xin – xout) ⋅ 2500 (5) complicated by variable efficiency operation of air
handling units due to fluctuation of outdoor condi-
Ql = Latent energy consumption tion (Kajtár and Kassai 2010). Therefore, calculating
qv = Air flow rate in m³/s the energy efficiency based on different scenarios
ρ= Density of the considered air flow rate in kg/m³ = regarding the operational conditions of AHU could
1.2 kg/m³ simplifier the process. These different scenarios are
xin = Moisture content of the air at the inlet of the coil presented by dividing the psychrometric chart into
in kg/kg five sub-zones (Figure 2).
xout = Moisture content of the air at the outlet of the coil
in kg/kg By selecting the summer indoor comfort condition
2500 = Condensation (evaporation) heat of water as a reference condition (Comfort Zone, Figure 2),
vapor at moderate coil outlet temperatures in the psychrometric chart can be divided into five areas
kJ/kg based on the temperature and humidity ratio. For
thermal energy calculation, the center of comfort
zone (Dry bulb temperature 22°C and 50% relative
Total thermal energy (Q t) consumption of a humidity) is selected as a reference indoor condi-
cooling/heating coil is the sum of the energy consumption. The area with higher outdoor temperature and
tion for sensible and latent cooling/heating (Eurovent, humidity ratio than the comfort zone (Zone 1) corre-
2005). Hence: sponds to yearly horses that AHU should operate as
cooling and dehumidification, the area with higher
Qt = Ql + Qs (6) temperature and same humidity ratio (Zone 2) that
needs cooling and the area with higher temperature
and less humidity ratio (Zone 5) that should be cooled
Methodology and humidified. Furthermore, the area with lower
The distribution functions of outdoor air param- outdoor temperatures than the comfort zone can be
eters can be applied for determine the actual energy also divided into two zones: heating (Zone 3), heating
consumption of AHU (Kajtár and Vörös 2007). and humidification (Zone 4).
Temperature is commonly used as the thermal
comfort control objective in early HVAC systems. GCOP = ∑COPi Wi (7)
But, temperature alone does not ensure a person’s
thermal comfort (Kajtár and Kassai 2010). From GCOP = Geographical Coefficient of Performance
the perspective of air conditioning technology, the COPi = COP of each zones
climatic parameters of outdoor air (Dry bulb tempera- Wi = Weight of each zone
ture, Wet bulb temperature, humidity ratio, relative
humidity and enthalpy) that vary in daily and season Therefore, based on the function of AHU in each zones,
period (Kazuhiro 2005.), could couple with each COP, could differ. Multiplying COP of each zone
other for effective planning and operation. However, with weight of hourly data over an entire year results
it is difficult to control factors when each has its own Geographical COP (Equation 7) that is a new way of
strict set point. measuring the true energy efficiency of AHU. This new
measure gives a more realistic indication of the energy
efficiency and environmental impact of a system.
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Figure 2. Climatic zones based on AHU’s function.
Energy efficiency calculation ratio remains constant since no moisture is condensed

from the air. Reducing the temperature of air without
Zone 1; Cooling – Dehumidification (Humidity changing the quantity of water in the air is called
ratio ≥ 13 [g/kg], Wet Bulb ≥ 18.5°C) sensible cooling. The movement of a dot from this zone
to comfort zone is possible by sensible cooling.
When air is cooled below the dew point temperature,
condensation occurs and moisture is removed from the COPZ2 = [(QCC + QHRS) / Pel] ⋅ W2
air stream. The exiting air stream is at a lower tempera- = [(Eq.3 + Eq.4) / Eq.2] ⋅ W2 (9)
ture and humidity ratio than the incoming air stream.
The cooling to condense water from the air is called Zone 3; Heating (Humidity ratio ≤ 13 [g/kg],
latent cooling or dehumidification. Thus, the move- Humidity ratio ≥ 3 [g/kg], Dry Bulb < 20°C)
ment of a dot from this zone to comfort zone includes In HVAC systems, air is typically heated by passing it
both sensible and latent cooling. over a heating coil or use of electrical strip heaters. A
schematic of a cooling coil is shown below. Since the
COPZ1 = [(QCC + QDHU + QHRS) / Pel] ⋅ W1 humidity ratio remains unchanged, and so we use a
= [(Eq.3 + Eq.5 + Eq.4)/ Eq.2] ⋅ W1 (8) horizontal line on the psychrometric chart to repre-
sent this process. Heating will result in lower relative
QCC = Cooling coil thermal energy humidity.
QDH = Dehumidification thermal energy
COPZ3 = [(QHC + QHRS) / (Pel + PAux)] ⋅ W3
Zone 2; Cooling (Humidity ratio < 13 [g/kg], = [(Eq.3 + Eq.4) / (Eq.2+ PAux)] ⋅ W3 (10)
Humidity ratio ≥ 3 [g/kg], Dry Bulb ≥ 24°C)
On a psychrometric chart, the exiting air is at a lower PAux = Electrical energy consumption for heating coil
temperature than the incoming air while the humidity (In case of using electrical heater)
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Zone 4; Heating – Humidification (Humidity ratio initial to the final condition can be broken into sensible
< 3 [g/kg], Dry Bulb < 20°C) and latent cooling portions.
Heating and Humidifying is the process of simultane-
ously increasing both the dry-bulb temperature and COPZ5 = [(QCC + QHU+ QHRS) / (Eq.2 + PAux)] ⋅ W5
humidity ratio of the air. The total heat gained (Q) = [(Eq.3 + Eq.5 + Eq.4)) / (Eq.2 + PAux)] ⋅ W5
in going from the initial to the final condition can (12)
be broken into sensible and latent heat portions. The
humidity ratio is constant for the horizontal movement Calculation of COP for each zone and sum of them
(sensible) and the dry-bulb temperature is constant for together conclude a specific SCOP for each geographical
the vertical movement (latent). Humidification process location, which is a base for AHU’s energy efficiency.
is done by humidifiers that can be classified to; steam or The much specific AHU’s COP closer to GCOP,
water and/or depending on the principle of operation. the more it is efficient. Case study by analyzing five
For heating, in case of using electricity, PAux adds to different geographical location is proposed in the next
electrical energy calculation. section to present the concept in real case.
COPZ4 = [(QHC + QHU+ QHRS) / (Pel + PAux)] ⋅ W4= Case study

[(Eq.3 + Eq.5 + Eq.4)) / (Eq.2 + PAux)] ⋅ W4 For plotting the hourly climatic data during a year for
(11) each geographical location, there are three tools that
QHU = Humidification thermal energy perform thermal comfort calculations, two of which
PAux = Electrical energy consumption for humidifi- are also able to visualize comfort conditions: Climate
cation (In case of using electrical steamer) Consultant (Milne 2016), Autodesk Ecotect Weather
Tool and the ASHRAE Thermal Comfort Tool. In
Zone 5; Cooling – Humidification (Humidity ratio this paper, Climate Consultant is chosen that is an
< 3 [g/kg], Dry Bulb ≥ 20°C) excellent graphics-based, free, stand-alone computer
Cooling and Humidifying is the process of decreasing program that helps users understand weather data used
the dry-bulb temperature and increasing humidity ratio for building performance software. The program reads
of the air. The total heat gained (Q) in going from the a weather file and presents a summary of the weather
Figure 3. Psychrometric chart with zones based on AHU’s function.
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data as an overview of the selected climate, where each calculation. A certified AHU with energy grade A+, which
dot represents the temperature and humidity for each is certified by Eurovent Certita Certification is chosen as
hour of the year. It uses standardized weather data for the case. The data related with thermal energy calculation
energy simulation software. To have a diverse climatic and electrical energy consumptions are obtained from
situation, Copenhagen, Athens, New Delhi and Riyadh performance calculation software. The software calculates
are chosen for GCOP calculation. in and out air temperature, temperature ratio, pressure
drops, the fans capacity and electrical consumption and
The yearly climatic data for each city is extracted electrical consumptions of other devises. We conclude the
from Energy Plus website and imported to Climate example by calculating the COPi, using the above equa-
Consultant 6.0 software to illustrate the data on tions, summarized in Table 2. The supply and exhaust
psychrometric chart. Based on yearly data for each airflows are assumed 9000 m³/h.
city, the percentage of hourly spots for each zone is
calculated and presented in Table 1. GCOP =
38 ⋅ 0.23% + 31.33 ⋅ 40.49% + 16 ⋅ 21.93% +
The next step of methodology is to calculate the COP of 10.22 ⋅ 7.15% + 15.33 ⋅ 22% =
each zones for each city, in order to find the GCOP for 0.088 + 12.68 + 3.51 + 0.73 + 3.37 = 20.38
AHU. Due to the limits of pages for submission process,
we have chosen one city (Riyadh) to show the rest of
Table 1. Zone weights for different cities.
City Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Comfort Zone
Riyadh 0.23% 40.49% 21.93% 7.15% 22.00% 8.22%
New Delhi 36.69% 23.32% 29.43% 0% 0.16% 10.41%
Athens 6.27% 19.52% 57.52% 1.83% 0% 14.87%
Copenhagen 0.13% 0.58% 85.52% 11.12% 0% 2.66%
Table 2. Output of software and calculation results based on above equations.
Symbol Value
QCC = QS 31 kW
QHC = QS 28 kW
QHRS = QS (Moisture change) − Summer 63 kW
QHRS = QS (Moisture change) − Winter 20 kW
QHU = Ql 44 kW
QDHU = Ql 20 kW
Pel 3 kW
PHumidification 6 kW
COPZ1 (31+20+63)/3 = 38
COPZ2 (31+63)/3 = 31.33
COPZ3 (28+20)/3 = 16
COPZ4 (28+44+20)/ (3+6) = 10.22
COPZ5 (31+44+63)/ (3+6) = 15.33
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This amount of GCOP with some tolerances could be an index for energy efficiency of AHU is different
a reference number for energy efficiency of AHU that climatic situations.
are going to use in Riyadh and other cities with similar
climatic condition. Due to de complexity of AHU’s function and climatic
parameters, the methodology needs improvements in
Conclusions terms of zones definition, AHU criteria such as unbal-
The result of dividing yearly energy consumption anced are flows and different case design and including
of AHU based on different operations for climatic wet bulb temperature in some equations. This study will
zones, was studied in this paper. The objective was continue with promoting zones, in order to have precise
to propose a methodology for both warm and cold simulation for function of AHU. Moreover, a perfor-
climates with different humidity rates. This meth- mance factor will add to GCOP formula to include
odology results a number which could be used as different functional parameters in future studies.
References
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Misevičiūtė, V., Kęstutis V., Violeta M., and Genrika R. (2017). “Analysis of Exergy Demand for Air Heating of an Air Handling Unit.”
Energy Efficiency 10(4):989–98.
Olgyay, V. (2015). Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton University Press.
Rasouli, M., Carey J. S., and Robert W. B. (2010). “Applicability and Optimum Control Strategy of Energy Recovery Ventilators in
Different Climatic Conditions.” Energy and Buildings 42(9):1376–85.
Schiavon, S., Tyler H., and Alberto P. (2014). “Web Application for Thermal Comfort Visualization and Calculation According to
ASHRAE Standard 55.” Pp. 321–34 in Building Simulation, vol. 7. Springer.
Trojanova, J., Jiri V., Karel M., J. R., and Petr S. (2009). “Fault Diagnosis of Air Handling Units.” IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42(8):366–71.
Union, Europäische. (2009). “Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the
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http://www.eurovent-certification.com/index.php?lg=en.
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Articles
On the history of indoor

environment and it’s relation to
health and wellbeing
This article describes research and devel-
opments in the past that had influence on
how people thought and now think about
indoor environment. The emphasis is on in-
door air quality and thermal comfort.
LADA HENSEN CENTNEROVÁ
Keywords: Indoor Environment, Thermal
Ing. PhD., Eindhoven University
Comfort, Indoor Air Quality, History
of Technology, The Netherlands,
[email protected]
From ancient times until the 18th
century
tions that were experienced in poorly ventilated rooms.
Thermal Comfort - Heating Around 1700, the general idea was that breathing was
The history of indoor environment begins 1,5 million primarily a way of cooling the heart. But it was also
years ago when early humans began using campfires. At common knowledge that expired air was unfit for
some point the campfire was brought inside caves and breathing until it had been refreshed. [2]
huts. The oldest arrangement was a central fire and a
central roof opening for smoke to escape. Later the fire The role of oxygen in breathing was pointed out by
was moved to different parts of a dwelling and various Lavoisier (1781), even though Boyle (1627–1691),
schemes were tried to improve the efficiency of the fire and Hooke (1635–1703) 100 years earlier (1667) had
by using stones. However, even the best open fire was found that the supply of air to the lungs was essential
only 20% efficient considering that most of the heat for life. The work of Antoine Lavoisier (1743– 1794)
escaped with the smoke. Open fireplace heating was was especially important for understanding the human
used as early as the 800s BC and became widespread metabolism, including the quantitative association
across Europe by the 13th century. Romans already between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide
had underfloor heating to make the indoor climate in (CO2) release. During the following half century it was
their palaces and spas comfortable (Figure 1). The next accepted that the concentration of CO2 was a measure
important advance in heating which had influence on of whether the air was fresh or stale. [2]
thermal comfort was the invention of the chimney in
the 15th century. It took the next 200 years to be widely 19th century
adopted. The first freestanding warm air stoves were Indoor Air Quality - Ventilation
produced in the 17th century.[1] In 1853 Max J. Pettenkofer (1818–1901) – the
first professor in hygiene in Munich - noted that the
Indoor Air Quality - Ventilation unpleasant sensations of stale air were not due merely
Throughout history, man understood that polluted to warmth or humidity or CO2 or oxygen deficiency,
air could be harmful to health. Greeks and Romans but rather to the presence of trace quantities of organic
were aware of the adverse effects of polluted air in, e.g., material exhaled from the skin and the lungs. He stated
crowded cities and mines (Hippocrates, 460–377 BC). that ‘bad’ indoor air did not necessarily make people
Throughout the medieval era, small steps forward have sick but that such air weakened the human resistance
been done in this field. Bad air was held responsible against agents causing illness. In Pettenkofer’s view
for the spread of diseases and for the unpleasant sensa- CO2 was not important but was an indicator of the
Articles
amount of other noxious substances produced by man. Indoor Air Quality & Thermal Comfort
Pettenkofer stated that air was not fit for breathing if Possibly the most complete overview of the relationship
the CO2 concentration (with man as the source) was between indoor environment & health had Florence
above 1000 ppm and that good indoor air in rooms Nightingale (1820–1910). According to Wikipedia she
where people stay for a long time should not exceed was ‘an English social reformer and statistician, and the
700 ppm, in order to keep the people comfortable. [2] founder of modern nursing’. According to Chris Iddon
she was ‘nurse & structural engineer’ [4]. Nightingale
The first estimate of the required minimum amount (Figure 2) wrote the first modern handbook for the
of ventilation air was published in 1836 by a Cornish nursing of sick ‘Notes on Nursing, What It Is, and
mining engineer Thomas Tredgold. He calculated that What It Is Not’ [5]. In her foreword she wrote that her
one person needed 2 l/s of fresh air for breathing and book was meant as ‘tips for women who are personally
candle burning. [3] responsible for the
health of others’.
ASHRAE recommended in 1895 as a minimum rate
for ventilation 15 l/s per person. This ventilation rate The first chapter
was based on the work of John Billings (1836-1913), of her book focuses
medical doctor and the American authority in the field of not on patient care,
ventilation at that time. but on ventilation.
She wrote: ‘The
For several centuries, there were two schools of thought first task of nursing:
with respect to ventilation. Architects and engineers to keep the air that
were concerned with providing comfort, absence breathes the patient
of noxious odors and carbon dioxide accumulation. as pure as the
Physicians, on the other hand, were concerned with outside air, without
minimizing the spread of disease. [3] cooling them.’ In the
second chapter she Figure 2. Florence Nightingale.
Figure 1. The Hypocaustum. Romains system of underfloor heating.
Articles
mentioned five essential points to ensure the health air-conditioning. Since then, air-conditioning has been
of houses: defined as a system that must have four basic functions:
•• Pure air •• Temperature regulation

•• Clear water •• Humidity control
•• Efficient waste water drainage •• Air circulation and/or ventilation
•• Hygiene •• Air purification (filtration)
•• Light
Carrier designed in 1904 a spray-type air-conditioner,
Nightingale has seen and approached the problems of a very sophisticated air washer, with which he could
the indoor environment in its entirety. Other recom- control the absolute humidity of the air leaving the
mendations from her, which are being rediscovered conditioner and, ultimately, the relative humidity of
today, are: the conditioned space. In January 1906, he obtained
the patent called ‘Apparatus for Treating Air’ [7]. (The
•• Bring air from outside. Open your windows and term ‘air-conditioning’ was first coined by the American
close your doors. textile engineer Stuart Cramer).
•• (Natural) air temperature fluctuations are necessary
to stay healthy. In 1911 Carrier presented his ‘Rationale Psychrometric
•• Light is essential for both health and recovery. Formulae’ at a meeting of ASHRAE. This became the
•• The body and mind degenerate without sunlight. basis for the fundamental calculations in the air-condi-
tioning industry. His work helps to determine the precise
In the beginning, thinking about the indoor environ- relationship between temperature and humidity in order
ment was in the realm of philosophy. Much later, in to be able to regulate the indoor climate throughout
the 19th century, indoor environment concerns were the year. With his scientific work, his vision of a new
covered by two separate disciplines: medicine and industry – air-conditioning - and with his entrepre-
engineering. neurial activities, Carrier has had a very strong influence
on the indoor environment field (Figure 3). However,
20th century he was never really involved in comfort-related issues.
In the 20th century researchers were increasingly
convinced that ventilation is mainly a matter of comfort
and not of health. There was a growing resistance to
heating the large amounts of outside air prescribed for
ventilation.
Air Conditioning – Thermal Comfort

The beginning of the 20th century marks also the birth
of air-conditioning, an invention that turned out to
have a major impact on the indoor environment.
Probably the first building with cooling (without
using ice) is the Stock Exchange building in New
York, USA. Alfred Wolff (1859–1909) designed the
cooling system that used three ammonia absorption
chillers, with a cooling capacity of 1,582 kW [6]. Yet Figure 3. An example of air conditioning industry.
he did not become the best-known air-conditioning
engineer.
Indoor Air Quality
Willis H. Carrier (1876–1950) is known as the inventor Leonard Hill (1866–1952) dedicated his life and work
(or father) of modern air-conditioning. Carrier designed to research improving the physical well-being of people.
his first system in 1902 to control temperature and He didn’t find any evidence that high concentrations of
humidity in a printing plant in Brooklyn (New York, CO2 can cause discomfort and, therefore, he concluded
USA). Unfortunately, this system did not work well and that heat and odor (caused by physical emissions) are
the design conditions couldn’t be maintained. However, the main sources of uneasiness in rooms with poor
this design is generally marked as the first application of ventilation [8].
Articles
Using an instrument known as the ‘kata thermometer’, Thermal Comfort

he determined the cooling capacity of air movement Adolf P. Gagge (1908-1993) introduced his ‘Two-node
on the human body. This was used to monitor work- model’ in 1936. It calculates the thermal response by
place conditions in the United Kingdom, including means of two energy balance equations, one for the
the House of Commons, where Hill was concerned core node and one for the skin node. This model
that ‘cold feet and stuffy heads result - just the wrong (sometimes called Pierce model because Gagge made it
conditions for legislators’ [9]. together with his colleagues at JB Pierce Laboratories
of Yale University) assumes that the sum of the heat
In 1923, ASHRAE Journal published the article exchange between humans and their environment
‘Determination of the comfort zone’ (Houghten & through metabolism, activity, evaporation, radiation
Yaglou) [10], in which the conditions for comfort were and conduction is zero. [13] With his model Gagge
presented on a psychrometric diagram. They used the applied the first law of thermodynamics (conservation
index ‘Effective Temperature’ (ET), which was used of energy) on man and his environment. [14] This
extensively over the next 50 years [11]. ET is defined as model was expanded later (after World War II.).
the dry bulb temperature (DBT) of a uniform environ-
ment with a relative air humidity of 50%, which would Gagge’s work helped define the study area of energy
have the same heat exchange, by radiation, convection and exchange between the human body and the immediate
evaporation, as the environment in question (Figure 4). environment. It’s application had an impact on health
and safety at work, in the military, in space exploration
and in the design and operation of buildings [14].
From the early 1960s there were many researchers

working in the field of thermal comfort. The most well-
known and influential was Povl Ole Fanger (1934–
2006). Fanger (Figure 5) focused on the relationship
between the physical parameters of the environment,
the physiological parameters of people and the percep-
tion of comfort expressed by people themselves. In
1970, he published his dissertation ‘Thermal Comfort’
[15] in which he defined a new discipline: the study
of the condition of comfort and well-being in indoor
environments. [14] The conceptual leap introduced by
Fanger, compared to previous studies, is the introduc-
tion of the judgment scale by people themselves.
Figure 4. Effective Temperature nomogram (Yaglou). Using Fanger’s comfort theory, it is possible to predict to
what extent a certain indoor environment will be expe-
rienced by building users as ‘cold’, ‘neutral’ or ‘warm’.
The prediction of the mean thermal sensation, which is
Constantin Yaglou1 (1897–1960) also studied the
relationship between body odor and ventilation flow.
He concluded that these odors are not really harmful to
building users and that CO2 concentration cannot be
a good indicator of the air quality in buildings. Yaglou
noted that odors are probably related to temperature
and humidity[12]. Ventilation requirements were
measured by using the human nose as a sensor.
In 1936 ASHRAE recommended 7.5 l/s per person on the

basis of work of C. Yaglou.
1
Yaglou’s original name was Yagloglou but in 1947 he shortened his surname. Figure 5. P. O. Fanger.
Articles
associated with a combination of six environmental and Environmental movement

personal parameters (air temperature, mean-radiant Environmental aspects largely focused on indoor air
temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, activity quality until the 1960s. In 1962, Rachel L. Carson
level and thermal resistance of the clothing), is given as (1907–1964) wrote her book ‘Silent Spring’. In this
‘Predicted Mean Vote’ (PMV-index). The PMV-index book she describes the harmful effects of pesticides on
indicates the predicted opinion of a group of people the environment. It is widely credited with helping
with identical metabolism and clothing regarding launch the environmental movement. Environment
their thermal sensation. It does not predict the accept- was suddenly synonymous with outside air and indus-
ability of the environmental conditions (Table 1). As trial environment. Environmental protection received
a follow-up to the PMV-index, Fanger introduced the worldwide attention but IAQ (indoor air quality) in
PPD-index (Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) that non-industrial indoor environments was not on the list
does predict the acceptability (Figure 6). Fanger’s model of environmental problems.
was developed for the applications in air-conditioned
buildings but, from the 1980s, it was also used for other In 1973, ASHRAE published its first Standard 62 with
applications (non-air-conditioned rooms). In other the recommended amount of supplied air of 7.5 l/s per
words, the interpretation of Fanger’s work in practice person.
is not entirely correct [16].
In 1981, ASHRAE divided the recommended amount of
fresh supply air into two categories. For non-smoking rooms
2 l/s per person and for rooms where smoking was allowed
10 l/s per person.
Table 1. Scale of the PMV index.
Many different studies have shown that indoor air
[Source: NEN-EN-ISO 7730]
quality is influenced by the quantity and quality of
+3 Hot
the supplied fresh air, pollution by people themselves
and emissions of the materials used in buildings. More
+2 Warm
and more specific studies have been carried out with
+1 Slightly warm regards to radon, tobacco smoke, VOC (volatile organic
0 Neutral compounds), formaldehyde, (fine) dust, asbestos, dust
-1 Slightly cool mites and other agents that influence the indoor air
-2 Cool quality.
-3 Cold
Sick Building Syndrome
With the amount of fresh supply air minimized to 2 l/s
per person (as a result of the energy crisis in the 1970s),
there were more and more problems with the indoor
environment, especially in office buildings (Figure 7).
Many different terms were used to indicate the phenom-
enon of reported high occurrences of health problems
and diseases. From 1982, the World Health Organization
(WHO) used the term Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
and this became the most commonly used term. SBS
relates to a number of symptoms that are experienced by
several building occupants when they are in a building
and which reduce or disappear completely when they
leave the building. Since 1989, Healthy Buildings
congresses have been organized to bring researchers from
medical sciences together with engineers and technicians
from practice to solve the problems that cause SBS.
A major challenge is that research and practice mostly

Figure 6. The relationship between PMV and PPD (Fanger) focus on individual components. It is only during
Articles
Thermal Adaptation
The 1980s saw the start of the discussion about adap-
tive principles related to thermal comfort. The initiator
was Michael A. Humphreys. An English physicist
who does a lot of research into thermal adaptation of
building occupants. In 1998, he wrote together with J.
Fergus Nicol, an article ‘Understanding the Adaptive
Approach to Thermal Comfort [19]. The starting point
of their discussion was: ‘If a change occurs such as to
produce discomfort, people react in way that tend to
restore their comfort’. They explain adaptation as ‘all
those physiological, psychological, social, technological,
cultural, or behavioral strategies people might use to try
to secure their comfort’. Some other researchers confine
Figure 7. The overview of the recommended amount the term adaptation to that kind of physiological or
of air supply in ASHARE standards (Source: Olesen, psychological acclimatization through which a person
2011: PowerPoint-How much ventilation and how to might come to prefer or accept a different set of skin
ventilate in the future) temperature or sweat rates for comfort. [19]
Gail S. Brager and Richard J. de Dear published in

1997 a literature study on thermal adaptation in the
the last decades of the twentieth century that the first built environment [20] and developed an adaptive
attempts towards more holistic approaches to indoor model of thermal comfort [21] (Figure 8). This research
environmental problems were made [17]. With the was subsequently included in ASHRAE Standard 55.
holistic approach of the indoor environment, ‘soft’ The field studies made it clear that Fanger’s PMV-index
factors are also taken into account. After the decades might be too strict for non-air-conditioned buildings
in which medical doctors and engineers had investi- where users themselves could have control over the
gated the problem separately, these disciplines began to indoor environment. In other words, where people
learn from each other. In the research on Sick Building have the possibility to influence their environment (for
Syndrome many psychological studies were conducted example by opening windows).
which focused on the perception of people. Many
buildings are designed in a way that does not connect
with evolutionary old ‘software’ in our brain; i.e., the
basic laws that govern our behavior. [18] The relevant
laws are:
•• People and animals need change. This applies in

particular to thermal comfort. A homogeneous envi-
ronment means that people feel less comfortable.
•• Man wants to constantly intervene in his environ-
ment. This law also applies mainly to the thermal
comfort but also to ergonomics (furniture).
•• A meaning must be given to stimuli. For example, a
smell that is present in the building and that cannot
be recognized, leads to a state of chronic alarm.
•• Man always strives to have his own territory. This
becomes a problem, for example, in open plan
offices.
•• Man has been living in artifacts for only several Figure 8. The shift in attention to the three health aims
centuries and this has broken his contact with the of building services that constitute complete health
natural environment. That’s why the view to outside (Source: reference 22)
is very important. [18]
Articles
Before the 21st century
From the indoor environment developments during the
past three centuries it can be concluded that health had
priority in the beginning. In the 18th century people
wanted to have a healthy environment in buildings in
order to prevent the spread of diseases. Later, the indoor
environment problems were dominated by comfort
issues [22] (Figure 9). People wanted to be able to
realize comfortable indoor conditions throughout the
year. After the oil crisis in the 1970s, the main goal
was to save as much energy as possible on indoor envi-
ronment conditioning. Towards the end of the 20th
century, sustainability became very important. In the
Netherlands, sustainability was primarily seen in the Figure 9. Indoor environment problems dominated by
form of fossil energy. For example, Trias Energetica with comfort issues.
special attention for energy saving (isolation of buildings)
and generation of sustainable energy (use of solar boilers environment are being discussed, such as influence of
and later PV panels). Only a few years ago (beginning the indoor environment on productivity or supporting
of the 21st century) people regained interest in health health and well-being of building occupants. These are
in the build environment. New topics regarding indoor nowadays topics which don’t belong to history yet.
References
[1] B. Nagengast, “An Early History Of Comfort Heating,” ACHRNEWS.com, 2001.
[2] J. Sundell, “On the history of indoor air quality and health,” Indoor Air, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 51–58, 2004.
[3] J. E. Janssen, “The History of ventilation and Temperature Control,” ASHRAE J., vol. October, pp. 48–70, 1999.
[4] C. Iddon, “Florence Nightingale: nurse and building engineer,” 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.cibsejournal.com/
general/florence-nightingale-nurse-and-building-engineer/.
[5] F. Nightingale, Notes on Nursing, What It Is, and What It Is Not. 1859.
[6] B. Roberts, “ALFRED WOLFF AIR CONDITIONING PIONEER,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.hevac-heritage.org/built_
environment/pioneers_revisited/wolff.pdf.
[7] B. Nagengast, “Early Twentieth Century Air-Conditioning Engineering,” ASHRAE J., no. March, pp. 55–62, 1999.
[8] L. Hill, M. W. Flack, J. McIntosh, R. A. Rowlands, and H. B. Walker, “The Influence of the atmosphere on our health and
comfort in confined and crowded places,” Smithson. Misc. Collect., vol. 60(23), 1913.
[9] J. Clayton, “Behind the picture: Leonard Hill and the divers,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.insight.mrc.
ac.uk/2014/08/13/behind-the-picture-leonard-hill-and-the-divers/.
[10] F. Houghten and C. Yaglou, “Determination of the comfort zone,” ASHVE Trans 29, vol. 29, pp. 165–176, 1923.
[11] A. Auliciems and S. V Szokolay, “Thermal comfort,” PLEA Notes, p. 66, 2007.
[12] C. P. Yaglou, “Ventilation Requirements,” ASHVE Trans., vol. 42, 1936.
[13] A. Gagge, “The linearity criterion as applied to partitional calorimetry,” Am. Physiol. Soc., vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 656–668, 1936.
[14] K. Fabbri, “A Brief History of Thermal Comfort: From Effective Temperature to Adaptive Thermal Comfort,” in Indoor Thermal
Comfort Perception: A Questionnaire Approach Focusing on Children, 2015, pp. 1–302.
[15] P. Fanger, “Thermal comfort. Analysis and applications in environmental engineering.,” Therm. Comf. Anal. Appl. …, 1970.
[16] J. Van Hoof, “Forty years of Fanger’s model of thermal comfort: Comfort for all?,” Indoor Air, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 182–201, 2008.
[17] P. M. Bluyssen, The Indoor Environment Handbook, vol. 165, no. 3. 2012.
[18] P. A. Vroom, Psychologische aspecten van ziekmakende gebouwen. ISOR, 1990.
[19] M. A. Humphreys and J. F. Nicol, “Understanding the adaptive approach to thermal comfort,” in ASHRAE Transactions, 1998,
vol. 104, no. Pt 1B, pp. 991–1004.
[20] G. S. Brager and R. J. De Dear, “Thermal adaptation in the built environment : a literature review,” Energy Build., vol. 27, pp.
83–96, 1998.
[21] R. De Dear, G. Brager, and C. Donna, “Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference,” ASHRAE Trans., vol.
104, no. Part 1, pp. 1–18, 1998.
[22] F. Franchimon, “Healthy building services for the 21st century,” doctoral dissertation, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2009.
Articles
CEN Standard EN 16798-3:2017 on

ventilation for non-residential buildings:
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
LIVIO MAZZARELLA standard shall be given the status of a national standard
Prof of Building Physics and at the latest by February 2018.1
HVAC Systems Full Professor
at Politecnico di Milano This European Standard is part of a series of standards
– Department of Energy – aiming at international harmonization of the meth-
Milan – Italy odology for the assessment of the energy performance
AiCARR Vice president – of buildings under a mandate given to CEN by the
REHVA Fellow European Commission, called ‘recast EPBD’ standards
[email protected] or just EPB standards. These standards have a new
common format: two documents for each standard-
ized item, a true standard EN xxxx and a supporting
technical report CEN/TR xxxx. The former reports a
set of normative rules, while, the latter explains how to
apply the related EN standard and gives informative
additional rules and data. Because the EPB standards
have been produced with the aim of supporting the
recast EPBD and its application at national level, a
JAAP HOGELING certain degree of freedom in their application was a
EPB Center, mandatory request. Thus, these standards provide a
[email protected] certain flexibility regarding the methods, the required
1
Meanwhile CENTC156WG20 works on an update of this standard. This to
Introduction optimise the convergence with other EPB standard and the future TS’s
regarding natural and hybrid ventilation systems (see article in RJ 2018-01).
This update may also include a better aligning with the filter standards and ErP
August 2017, CEN published the new standard standards on ventilators.
EN 16798-3:2017 “Energy performance of build- The purpose of this revision is to consider further developments in the
ings - Ventilation for buildings – Part 3: For non- framework for this standard
residential buildings – Performance requirements for – Revision of filtration aspects considering ISO 16890 in particular: (Chapter 9.7
ventilation and room-conditioning systems (Modules and Annex a 4.2. and B.4.2.)
M5-1, M5-4)”, which supersedes the EN 13779:2007. – Possible conflict between FprEN 16798-3 and EN 15287-1 (which might have
This standard has been produced to meet the require- consequences TR 16798-4)
ments of Directive 2010/31/EU 19 May 2010 on the – Check of mandatory requirements on conflicts with national EPBD
energy performance of buildings (recast), referred to as requirements (including the recast version of 2018), relevant for Annex A and
B and the clearly split between EPBD and general design aspects)
“recast EPDB”, while the substituted EN 13779:2007
– Editorial improvements.
was produced to meet the requirements of previous
– Links in to new work on natural ventilation shall be clarified (including TR
Directive 2002/91/EC 16 December 2002 on energy 16798-4 if needed).
performance of buildings referred to as “EPBD”. Today, – Aspects considering climate change in particular the design temperatures for
a new recast of the energy performance buildings direc- ventilation and cooling (Chapter 8).
tive is ongoing and should be finalized on April 2018, – Clarification regarding ongoing work on EN 13053 and EN 308.
but that should not have a significant influence on – Check possibilities to add informative (non EPBD related) Annexes based on
this specific standard at least for other ten years. This TR 16798-4 information.
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input data and references to other EPB standards, by Coordination with prEN 16798-1:2015
the introduction of a normative template in Annex A Apparently, the major issue related to this review is the
and Annex B with informative default choices. The “clear coordination with prEN 16798-1:2015”, the revi-
normative annex A is just an empty format that has to sion of the EN 15251:2017 dealing with indoor envi-
be filled at the national level to customize the standard ronmental input parameters didn’t pass the formal vote
in a way of complying to national legal requirements. and is under editorial revision (i.e. not yet available)2.
Thus, the default standard outdoor air volume flows,
Nevertheless, the main goal of this standard is the energy not any more included in the EN 16798-3:2017, are
performance of ventilation systems, EN 16798-3 also not defined until the revised prEN 16798:2015 will
provides requirements especially for designers, installers, become a standard (probably after summer 2018). Of
manufacturers, building owners and users, on ventila- course, this could not be a problem if we recall the
tion, air-conditioning and room-conditioning systems sentence reported in the superseded EN 13779:2007
in order to achieve a comfortable and healthy indoor at paragraph 7.4.1, “The design shall be based whenever
environment in all seasons with acceptable installation possible on the real data for the project”. But, “However,
and running costs. It focuses on the system-aspects for if no values are declared, the default values given in Table
typical applications and covers the following: 12 shall be applied.” That means that we have a lack
of standardized information only when the standard
•• Important aspects to achieve and maintain a good is used for design purposes, while, when assessing the
energy performance in the systems without any energy performance flow rate, design values should be
negative impact on the quality of the indoor envi- already defined and available, i.e. declared. Anyhow,
ronment. some information can be taken from the still in force
•• Definitions of design and performances data. EN 15251:2007, informative Annex B, until the revised
prEN 16798-1:2015 will be approved and published.
Changes respect to EN 13779
The new EN 16798-3:2017, and its supporting technical What has been lost in this revision is the basic classifica-
report: CEN/TR 16798-4:2017, is just the revision of tion of the indoor air quality (from IDA 1 to IDA 4,
EN 13779:2007, which covers exactly the same items; table 5 of EN 13779:2007). This is not included in the
this revision concerns mainly the following aspects: prEN 16798-1:2015, while, in all table dealing with
indoor air quality, both in normative and informative
•• The document was split in a normative part, annexes, the flow rates are referred to undefined I, II,
containing all the normative aspects and a supple- III and IV classes. Hopefully, its revision can include
mentary technical report containing additional this lost definition.
information and informative annexes, i.e. CEN/TR
16798-4:2017; Actually, the major issue is the delay on the approval
•• The standard allows a normative national annex; of the prEN 16798-1:2015 itself, because this standard
•• New structure to clarify designing and calculation defines the target parameters for designing a high
aspects; quality indoor environmental building, other than for
•• Clear coordination with prEN 16798-1:2015, assessing its yearly energy performance. This affects not
outdoor air volume flows have been shifted to only some input to EN 16798-3:2017 but to the whole
prEN 16798-1:2015; EPB package of standards. Again, this delay can be
•• All indoor air quality aspects have been deleted and fruitful used to improve that standard, which does not
reference is made to prEN 16798-1:2015, supply air clearly define how the quality class of each aspect of the
quality have been introduced; indoor environment (thermal, air quality, humidity,
•• Update of definitions of systems; acoustics and lighting) is weighted or not to define
•• Update of SFP definitions and links to EU 327/2014 the IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality) class of the
regulation; building. In addition, some indoor environmental
•• Update of heat recovery aspects; aspects are qualified with three classes, some with four
•• Update of filtration aspects; classes, and again no rules are given how to combine
•• Update of leakages aspects; them to obtain the IEQ class.
•• Aspects of energy performance have been updated;
•• The standard was supposed to be updated to cover
hourly/monthly/seasonal time-step, but this is not 2
It is expected that the second formal vote on FprEN16798-1 is expected around
really done. May 2018.
Articles
Update of definitions of systems airflow rate is given as function of the supply airflow
In the 16798-3:2017 the ventilation system para- rate and the air balance class needed.
graph has been improved including definitions for
basic system types of ventilation systems (Table 1) as Another comprehensive table (Table 2) is added to clas-
unidirectional ventilation system (UVU), bidirectional sify ventilation or air-conditioning systems based on
ventilation systems (BVU), natural ventilation system ventilation and thermal functions.
and hybrid ventilation systems.
A clear definition of cooling is also given as “any
The EN 13779:2007 “pressure conditions in the room” component in the unit or the room lowering the
paragraph is now more clearly renamed as “design air supply air or room air enthalpy (for example cooling
flow balance” and explicitly refers to balanced mechan- coil with chilled water, cooling water or ground source
ical ventilation system (BUV type), where the extract water or brine)”.
Table 1. Basic system types of ventilation systems.
Description Name of the system type

Ventilation system with a fan assisted air volume flow in only one direction (either Unidirectional ventilation system (UVU)
supply or exhaust) which is balanced by air transfer devices in the building envelope.
Ventilation system with a fan assisted air volume flow in both direction (supply and Bidirectional ventilation system (BVU)
exhaust)
Ventilation relying on utilization of natural driving forces Natural ventilation system
Ventilation relying to both natural and mechanical ventilation in the same part of Hybrid ventilation system
a building, subject to control selecting the ventilation principle appropriate for the
given situation (either natural or mechanical driving forces or a combination thereof ).
Table 2. Types of Ventilation-, Air-conditioning-, and Room Conditioning-Systems based on functions.
Dehumidification
Waste heat pump
X equipped with;
Humidification
Secondary Fan
(x) equipped with, but function

Extract Air Fan
Supply Air Fan
Heat Recovery
might be limited;
System – not equipped with;
Filtration
Heating
Cooling
o may or may not be equipped with

depending on requirements.
Unidirectional supply air ventilation system

x - - - - o o - - -
(Positive pressure ventilation)
Unidirectional exhaust air ventilation system - x - - o - - - - -
Bidirectional ventilation system x x - x o x o - - -
Bidirectional ventilation system with

x x - x o x o - x -
humidification
Bidirectional air-conditioning system x x - x o x o (x) o (x)
Full air-conditioning system x x - x o x x x x x
Room air conditioning system (Fan-Coil, DX-Split-

- - x - - o o x - (x)
Systems, VRF, local water loop heat pumps, etc.)
Room air heating systems - - x - - o x - - -
Room conditioning system - - - - - - o x - -
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Update of SFP definitions Update of heat recovery aspects

The specific fan power classification has been extended The heat recovery paragraph has been completely
respect to EN 13779:2007 adding a SPF 0 category for rewritten, updated and extended. The “dry” recovery
less than 300 W/(m³/s)) and its definition is now clearly efficiency has been introduced, as stated in EN 308
stated through a formula: and EN 13053, but, unfortunately, a wrong symbol has
been used: Φt instead of ηt. Some information is then
reported on transfer of humidity, icing and defrosting,
𝑃𝑃 ∆𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 W transfer of pollutants.
𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = = = [ 3 ]
𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣 𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 m ⁄s
Update of filtration aspects
The filtration paragraph3 is entirely new and gives guid-
ance in filters selection. In fact, depending on outdoor
(for the meaning of the symbols refer to the standard). particle pollution level and desired supply air quality,
different levels of filtration are required. The filtering of
Paragraphs have been added to give as normative outdoor air shall be chosen to meet the requirements of
formulas and calculation methodologies for calculating: the indoor air in the building, taking into consideration
the category of outdoor air. Tables are given to define
•• the power demand of the fan; the minimum required filtration efficiency according to
•• Specific Fan Power of an entire building; the selected outdoor air (ODA) quality and the supply
•• Specific Fan Power of Individual Air Handling Units air (SUP) class (Table 3) and to indicate when optional
(I-AHU); gas filtration is recommended or required (Table 4).
•• AHU related PSFP values.
Similar formulas and calculation methodologies were

also reported in the superseded EN 13779-2007, but 3
All specifications are based on EN 779 which currently is replaced by ISO 16890.
only as informative options in the informative Annex D. The ongoing review on EN 16798-3 will revise this paragraph keeping the basic
principle.
Table 3. Minimum filtration efficiency based on particle outdoor air quality.
Outdoor air Supply air class

quality SUP 1 SUP 2 SUP 3 SUP 4 SUP 5
a a a a
ODA (P) 1 88% 80% 80% 80% Not specified
ODA (P) 2 96%a 88%a 80%a 80%a 60%
a a a a
ODA (P) 3 99% 96% 92% 80% 80%
a
Combined average filtration efficiency over a single or multiple stage filtration in accordance to average filtration efficiency specified in EN 779.
Table 4. Application of gas filter as complement to particle filtration based on gaseous outdoor air quality,
Outdoor air Supply air class

quality SUP 1 SUP 2 SUP 3 SUP 4 SUP 5
ODA (G) 1 recommended
ODA (G) 2 required recommended
ODA (G) 3 required required recommended
G = Gas filtration; should be considered if design SUP quality category is above design ODA quality category.
Dimensioning should be done in accordance with EN ISO 10121-1 and EN ISO 10121-2.
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The formula to calculate the combined filtration effi- With these two values, the leakage situation is fully
ciency when different filters are used in series is given as: defined. EATR and OACF shall be calculated by the
heat recovery manufacturer for the nominal design
condition of the air handling unit.
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠,1 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠,2 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠,𝑛𝑛+1
𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡 = 100 ∙ (1 − ((1 − ) ∙ (1 − ) ∙ …. ∙ (1 − )))
100 100 100
Based on the OAC Factor a classification is given as
reported in Table 5.
where
Et is the total filter efficiency
Table 5. Classification of outdoor air correction factor
Es,j is the efficiency of each j filter step
– Internal leakages.
OACF
Update of leakages aspects
The leakages in ventilation system paragraph is Class Outdoor to exhaust air Extract to supply air
completely new. This paragraph was added because 1 1,03 0,97
leakages of the air distribution or the AHU casing
2 1,05 0,95
affect energy efficiency and function, as well as hygiene
aspects (e.g. condensation). Thus, it is important to 3 1,07 0,93
minimize leakages. 4 1,01 0,90
5 Not classified
This paragraph specifically deals with leakages in heat
recovery section (HRS) (internal leakages), leakages of
the AHU casing (external leakages) and leakages of the
air distribution (ducts) including components.
For leakages of the AHU casing, reference is made to
For leakages in heat recovery section, two new quanti- EN 1886:2007 - Ventilation for buildings. Air handling
ties are defined to quantify them: units. Mechanical performance, which specifies test
methods, test requirements and classifications for air
•• Exhaust Air Transfer ratio (EATR) [%]: handling units.
ratio of the supply air mass flow rate leaving the HRS
originated by air internal recirculation due to HRS For leakages of the air distribution, ducts mainly, a clas-
internal leakages and the supply air mass flow rate sification is given based on EN 12599 - Ventilation for
leaving the HRS; buildings - Test procedures and measurement methods
•• Outdoor Air Correction Factor (OACF) [-]: to hand over air conditioning and ventilation systems,
ratio of the entering supply mass airflow rate and the as reported in Table 6.
leaving supply mass airflow rate.
Table 6. Classification of system air tightness class.
Air tightness class Air leakage limit (fmax)

Old New m3 s-1 · m-2
ATC 7 not classified
ATC 6 0,0675 x pt0,65 x 10-3
A ATC 5 0,027 x pt0,65 x 10-3
B ATC 4 0,009 x pt0,65 x 10-3
C ATC 3 0,003 x pt0,65 x 10-3
D ATC 2 0,001 x pt0,65 x 10-3
ATC 1 0,00033 x pt0,65 x 10-3
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Some information on system air tightness was given quantities herewith introduced, but already defined in
also in the superseded EN 13779-2007, but only as the EN 13053 standard in a bit different way (in terms
informative option in the informative Annex A. of powers instead of annual energies), are:
Update of energy performance aspects •• Annual heat recovery efficiency,

The calculation and energy rating paragraph deals with 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻;𝑉𝑉;𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖;𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
the air volume flows calculations, which was partially 𝜂𝜂𝑒𝑒 = 1 −
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻;𝑉𝑉;𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
included in EN 13779:2007 in the supply airflow rate
section, and a new part devoted to the energy rating of •• Annual coefficient of performance
the ventilation systems. 𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑟𝑟
𝜀𝜀𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 =
𝐸𝐸𝑉𝑉;ℎ𝑟𝑟;𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔;𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖;𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
The major update to the air volume flows calculations
is the explicit introduction of the ventilation effective- where
ness, 𝜖𝜖𝑉𝑉 , when calculating the ventilation air volume QH;V;in,req is annual heating energy of ventilation
flow (i.e. outdoor air flow to dilute indoor contami- supply (or/and intake) air including
nants) starting from normalized standard requirements defrosting, in kWh
as in the referred prEN 16798-1:2015. QH;V;tot is annual heating energy of supply (or/and
intake) air without heat recovery, in kWh
Another update is the calculation of the required venti- Qhr is annual heat transferred by heat recovery,
lation rate for humidifying or dehumidifying, if such in kWh
services are provided by the ventilation systems. EV;hr;gen,in;elis annual electric energy of the heat recovery
section required by fans and auxiliaries, in
What is not reported is a procedure or a criterion for kWh.
selecting the effective supply airflow rate, when the
ventilation air volume flow, the air volume flow required It should be noted that a wrong symbol is used in the
for balancing heating and cooling loads and, eventually, standard for the heat recovery efficiency compared to the
required ventilation rate for humidifying or dehumidi- EN 13053 symbols (εSUP instead of ηe) and wrong unit
fying have to be contemporary or not satisfied. symbol and in the wrong position appears in the Qhr and
EV;hr;gen;in;el explanation (kW instead of kWh). In addi-
The new paragraph is on the energy rating of ventilation, the annual attribute is lost in such explanations.
tion system, which starts with a wrong internal refer-
ence to sub-paragraph 8.8.2 to 8.8.4 (which is a typo, Finally, a section is added that deals with primary
they do not exist and should be 9.8.2 and 9.8.4; the energy use of ventilation in kWh/(m³/h)/a. A formula
same in clause 10.3.2 where the references should be to calculate this primary energy use is given but it is
9.5.4 and 9.5.6 ); while probably, that should be just useless because of some undefined and unreferenced
points 3, 4, 5 and 11 of 8.8 and 8.9 paragraph. The new terms (see below).
(𝐸𝐸𝑉𝑉 + 𝑊𝑊𝑉𝑉,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑊𝑊𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃,𝐸𝐸 + 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃,𝐻𝐻 ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝐻𝐻 + (𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 + 𝑄𝑄𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ) ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃,𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶 + 𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃,𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 ∙ 𝑓𝑓𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃,𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =
𝑞𝑞𝑉𝑉;𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆;𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴;𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
where
fP,E, fP,H, fP,C, and fP,HU, are primary energy factors, respectively, for electricity, heating, cooling and humidifica-
tion; ( EV + WV,aux + WHU,aux ), QH, ( QC + QDH ) and EHU the related energies required as input to the air
handling unit, and fH , fC , and fHU are reported to be “delivered energy factor for” respectively heat, cold and
humidification “(taking into consideration distribution and generation). Such factors are not defined in any
place of the standard and there is no reference to any other standards where their definition can be found. It
is opinion of the authors that such delivered energy factor has the meaning of ratio of required energy carrier
delivered to the building for such service (Heating, Cooling, and Humidification) and the required energy
input to the AHU for the same service. With this definition it automatically accounts for distribution and
generation losses, as mentioned in the description.
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Is it able to cover hourly/monthly/seasonal tion time step, in other standards like EN 16798-5-
time-step as declared? 1:2017 or EN 16798-5-2:2017.
In the European Foreword to these standards is
mentioned that “the standard was updated to cover Supporting technical report, CEN/TR
hourly/monthly/seasonal time-step”. Instead, there is no 16798-4:2017
mention of this update or possibility that the energy The technical report, CEN/TR 16798-4:2017, is the
performance parameters are defined on annual basis. supporting report of EN 16798-3:2017. As stated at
Nevertheless, this standard is useful as it is because the beginning, the technical report includes additional
its main goal is to define design flow rates complying non-normative information and application examples.
with ventilation, heating, cooling and humidification
requirements and to size the ventilation unit or AHU In this case, almost all the materials included in the
ventilation section according to the design require- superseded EN 13779:2007 as informative appen-
ments. The energy performance calculation is instead dixes have been moved to this reports, updated and
carried out, taking into consideration different calcula- expanded.
References
CEN. 1997. “Heat exchangers - Test procedures for establishing performance of air to air and flue gases heat recovery devices”.
European Standard EN 308:1997. Brussels.
CEN. 2007. “Ventilation for buildings. Air handling units. Mechanical performance, which specifies test methods, test
requirements and classifications for air handling units”. European Standard EN 1886:2007. Brussels.
CEN. 2007. “Ventilation for non-residential buildings – Performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems”.
European Standard EN 13779:2007. Brussels.
CEN. 2007. “Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing
indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics”. European Standard EN 15251:2007. Brussels.
CEN. 2011. “Ventilation for buildings – Air handling units - Rating and performance for units, components and sections”.
European Standard EN 13053:2006+A1:2011. Brussels.
CEN. 2013. “Ventilation for buildings - Test procedures and measurement methods to hand over air conditioning and ventilation
systems”. European Standard EN 12599:2013. Brussels.
CEN. 2015. “Energy performance of buildings - Part 1: Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of
energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics - Module M1-6”.
European Standard prEN 16798-1:2015. Brussels.
CEN. 2017. “Energy performance of buildings - Ventilation for buildings - Part 3: For non-residential buildings – Performance
requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems (Modules M5-1, M5-4). European Standard EN 16798-3:2017.
Brussels.
CEN. 2017. “Energy performance of buildings - Ventilation for buildings - Part 4: Interpretation of the requirements in EN 16798- 3
- For non-residential buildings – Performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems (Modules M5-1, M5-
4)”. Technical Report CEN/TR 16798-4:2017. Brussels.
CEN. 2017. “Energy performance of buildings - Ventilation for buildings - Part 5-1: Calculation methods for energy requirements
of ventilation and air conditioning systems (Modules M5-6, M5-8, M6-5, M6-8, M7-5, M7-8) - Method 1: Distribution and
generation”. European Standard EN 16798-5-1:2017. Brussels.
CEN. 2017. “Energy performance of buildings - Ventilation for buildings - Part 5-2: Calculation methods for energy requirements
of ventilation systems (Modules M5-6, M5-8, M6-5, M7-5, M7-8) - Method 2: Distribution and generation”. European Standard
EN 16798-5-2:2017. Brussels.
Articles
Energy efficiency of Remote Refrigerated

Display Cabinets beyond the implementation of
the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Directives
KIYAN VADOUDI DAN BIBALOU SANDRINE MARINHAS

Eurovent Certita Eurovent Certita Eurovent Certita
Certification Certification Certification
50 Rue de la Victoire 50 Rue de la Victoire 50 Rue de la Victoire
Paris, France Paris, France Paris, France
[email protected]
This article discusses the impact of energy labelling on the energy performance distribution
of Remote Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RRDC’s). We compared the distribution derived
from the energy classes developed in a previous study by Marinhas (2012) to that derived
from the draft Energy Labelling regulation from the European Commission (EC). Our
comparisons are based on a sample of 3,000 certified data points covering all the “standard”
geometries/types of RRDCs available on the European market. Our headline conclusion
suggests that the impact of these schemes will be extremely positive. That is, the average
performance of a given RRDC is very likely to be higher than it was prior to the introductions
of those ratings because of the rolling minimum energy performance and the exigence of the
market for a more stringent energy classes. Indeed, using the proposed EU energy labelling
regulation method more than 74% of the sample will receive the label “E” or worse, the lower
end of the scale ranging from “A” to “G”.
Keywords: Remote Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RRDC’s), Ecodesign, Energy Labelling,
Energy Efficiency, Refrigeration
S
upermarkets are one of the most energy-intensive product has a high energy efficient, whereas the letter
building groups in the commercial sector and up to “G” indicates the contrary.
half of this energy is consumed by the Refrigerated
Display Cabinets (RDC’s) [1]. Energy performance of Eurovent Certita Certification (ECC) supports European
these products are directly related to the refrigeration consumers in their selection of the most energy efficient
load which is depends on case type (see later Table 2). Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning (HVAC) and
Currently, standardised testing methods [2, 3, 4, 5] refrigeration equipment [7]. ECC programmes for
are used to determine the energy label/class of RDC’s, RRDC covers 100 pre-defined categories of cabinets. In
a policy which is expected to foster improvement in total, ECC conducts more than 500 audits performed
the energy performance of the RDC market. Energy per year for 41 certification programmes. Those
labels are designed to provide supermarket buyers with programmes are underpinned by both factory audits
graphical and easy scale representing the energy perfor- and independent laboratory testing. At this stage, ECC’s
mance of a given RDC and as a result the purchase of energy labelling scheme is only applicable for remote
those display cases is likely to be easier and lead to that refrigerated display cabinets (i.e. units with remote
a reduction of their energy cost over the life span of condensing units placed in a machinery room) [8].
the equipment [6]. European energy labelling uses a
system with letters printed on the physical plate/label. The integrity of the certification programme is ensured
In this rating system, the letter “A++” indicates that a with an annual audit of production facilities as well
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as testing in independent laboratories. The purpose of size and type of units. The average price for a given
those audits is to ensure that the products sold by the RRDC is shown in Table 1.
factories perfectly match the declared component and
performance characteristics of the models provided According to the projections made by Eurovent Market
to Eurovent. During the visit, the auditor checks the Intelligence (EMI) for the EC back in 2014 more than
production line and reviews recent orders to verify 560k RRDC units were sold for a value of € 1.6 billion,
their compliance. By regularly testing the finished units that is a cumulative increase of 50% and 45% over the
according to ISO standard 23953[5], it is ensured that levels of 2004 for sales volume and value respectively.
the efficiency levels are in phase with those indicated This trend is largely driven by the dynamism of the
in the catalogues. In other words, this process is an RRDC market which account for more than 70% of
effective means of guaranteeing that a declared “B” sales value since 2004. In addition, more than 70% of
labelled cabinet will not actually deliver performance RRDC’s have been sold to replace the existing installed
data equivalent to those of a “D”. base. In 2018, this rate reached 86%, a proportion that
provides the market with weak but steady growth.
RRDC market is steadily growing in
EU-28 The evolution of the sales value and volume for remote
RRDC’s are available in different sizes and
4% geometries RDCs between 2015 and 2025 in EU-28 is illustrated
and according to the breakdown shown in Figure 1, in Figure 2 highlights the increase of both sale volume
13%
multidecks command a market share of 61% of the and stock of remote RDCs, where the installed base is
sales of RRDCs whilst counters account for approxi- expected to grow steadily over the course of the period
mately 16% market share [9]. presented.
16%
61% from
RRDCs have an individual selling price ranging
€ 3,000 to € 7,000, which is largely influenced by the Table 1. Average prices of RDCs by geometry in EU-28. [9]
4% EUROVENT EUROVENT Average

classification classification selling
Multidecks price
13%
Multideck & semi-
Counters vertical
RVC1 / RVC2 / RVC3 € 3,437
16% Frozen islands Counter service & RHC1 / RHC2 / RHC7 / RHC8 /
€ 3,017
self-service RHF1 /RHF7
61%
Glass door and Frozen food islands RHC3 to RHC6 & RHF3 to RHF6 € 3,966
frozen multidecks Glass doors & frozen
RVF4 & RVC4 + RVF1 & RVF2 € 5,935
multideck/SV
Combis RYC1 to RYC4 & RYF1 to RYF4 € 6,779
Figure 2.Multidecks
Sales value and volume for remote
refrigerated display cabinets in EU-28.
Counters
1,3 350 000
Frozen islands 340 000
1,3
Glass door and 330 000
Sales volume (units)
1,2 frozen multidecks 320 000

Sales value (bn € )
1,2 310 000

300 000
1,1 290 000
1,1 280 000
270 000
1,0
260 000
1,0 250 000
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Sales value remote RDCs Sales volume remote RDCs
Figure 1. Respective market share for different geometries of remote RDCs.
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Almost 70% of RRDC’s are sold directly to end users, This input, the refrigeration energy consumption (REC),
another third goes through a distributor step and 1% is represented in the energy labelling scheme by the energy
are directly via food and beverage companies [10]. consumption of an imaginary condensing unit:
Those distribution channels are shown in Figure 3.
Tc −Tmrun
=RC REC (24 − t deft )  Φ24−deft  (2)
0.34 Tmrun
RECRC Refrigeration daily electrical energy consumption

[kWh]
tdeft Defrost time - time during defrost during which
compressor is not running [h]
Φ24-deft Heat extraction rate during a whole day
excepting defrost time [kW]
Tmrun Running time - time during which compressor is
running [h]
Figure 3. Distribution/ market map for RDC in EU-28. [10] Tc Constant condensing temperature [35 °C]
To calculate at the energy efficiency of a refrigerated

Policy instruments are set to display cabinet, the cabinet’s total energy consumption
positively affect the RRDC market TEC must be divided by the display area and storage
energy consumption temperature, which are the “functional” parameters of
the cabinet. The total display area is the sum of the
Eurovent energy rating standard for RRDC product surfaces seen from a vertical and from a hori-
(RS 14/C/001-2017) zontal perspective perpendicular to the cabinet.
When applying energy labelling to RDC’s, there are
two inputs of energy to take account of when evalu-  TEC 
ating the total energy consumption (TEC); these being;  TDA 
 measured
the direct electrical consumption (DEC) for lighting, EEI= (3)
 TEC 
evaporator fans, electrical defrost circuits and other  TDA 
direct electrical consumers and the consumption of  reference
liquid refrigerant, produced by the condensing unit.
EEI Energy Efficiency Index
TECremote = DEC + REC (1) TEC Total energy consumption
TDA Total display area
TEC Total energy consumption
DEC Direct daily electrical energy consumption, in The quotient TEC/TDA gives the energy consumption
kilowatt hours per 24 h period of the cabinet per unit of area (in kWh/m2/day). Then, to
REC Refrigeration energy consumption normalise the resulting index is divided by the geometry
specific European average reference shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Reference values for definition of Energy Efficiency Index (EEI). [8]
Type of cabinets Temp. class Reference EEI Type of cabinets Temp. class Reference EEI
3H 10.1 3H 6.2
RVC1 3M2 12.3 RHC1 3M2 6.7
RVC2 3M1/3M 13.4 3M1/3M 7.2
Multideck 3M0 14.5 RHF1 3M0 21.0
and 3H 13.8 Service 3H 5.5
RVC3 RHC3
verticals 3M2 16.0 counters 3M2 5.8
RHC4
open RVF1 3L3 29.0 3L3 6.2
RVF4 3L1 28.5 3L1 15.0
RHF3
3H 6.1 3H 14.0
Semi- and RHF4
3M 7.4 3M 13.0
Verticals RVC4
3M1/3M 8.0 3M1/3M 4.3
RHC5
with doors 3M0 8.7 3M0 4.7
Island RHC6
3L2 30.0 3L2 5.0
RYF3
3L3 29.0 3L3 12.0
RHF5
Combi 3L2 28.5 3L2 11.2
RYF4 RHF6
freezers 3L3 27.6 3L3 10.4
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A low EEI indicates that a given cabinet has a high refrigeration, which was finalised in 2007, identified
energy efficiency, whereas a high value of the same the relevant environmental aspects of refrigerating
index indicates the contrary. For ease of representation, appliances with a direct sales function, and analysed
and to fall in line with other EC labelling directives, a the legislative, technical, environmental, economic
lettering system has been attached to this energy label- and behavioural aspects of commercial refrigeration.
ling methodology which translates the energy efficiency It showed that there was a significant energy savings
index into efficiency classes indicated by a single letter, potential for refrigerating appliances with a direct sales
ranging from “A” to “G” (with an “A+” for the most function. This was confirmed by an impact assessment
efficient cabinets). Table 3 shows Eurovent’s energy effi- that was conducted in the period 2008-2010.
ciency classes for remote refrigerated display cabinets.
In 2013-2014, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) updated
Table 3. Eurovent’s energy efficiency classes for the preparatory study and scenarios with different levels
remote refrigerated display cabinets. [8] of energy efficiency were assessed a second time. The
scenario with the stricter energy efficiency requirements in
Energy efficiency class Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) two tiers and an energy label was retained as the preferred
A+ <40 scenario. By 2030, this scenario is estimated to result in:
A 40≤EEI<50
B 50≤EEI<53.5 •• Electricity savings of 19 TWh/yr (48 TWh/y in
C 53.5≤EEI<60
primary energy terms) and GHG emission savings
of 7.4 MtCO2eq./a.
D 60≤EEI<90
•• Savings on annual end-user expenditure of EUR
E >90
2.9 billion and extra business revenue of EUR
0.4 billion per year.
Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Directives •• An alignment with technological progress and global
In the EU, the Ecodesign Directive [11],[14] sets a minimum energy efficiency requirements in other
framework requiring manufacturers of energy-related economies.
products to improve the environmental performance •• Contributing to EU industry’s competitiveness and
of their products by meeting minimum energy effi- leading role as high-quality manufacturers.
ciency requirements, as well as other environmental •• Safeguarding of SMEs.
criteria such as water consumption, emission levels or
minimum durability of certain components, before they The energy label requirements, currently under World
can place their products on the market. As a comple- Trade Organisation (WTO), are expected to enter into
ment, the Energy Labelling Regulation [13] enables force on 1st September 2019 onwards with the effi-
end-consumers to identify the better-performing ciency classes set out in Table 4. Those classes were
energy-related products, via an A-G/green-to-red scale. defined to ensure a normal distribution between the
The legislative framework builds upon the combined different energy classes. The A class is expected to be
effect of the two aforementioned pieces of legislation. empty in 2020. This is in line with the new Energy
Labelling Framework Regulation [13]. The full imple-
The policy initiative was launched in 2004-2005. The mentation timeline will run from September 2019 to
first preparatory study on Ecodesign for commercial January 2025, its details are shown in Figure 4.
Table 4. European energy efficiency classes for

commercial refrigeration equipment. [13]
Energy efficiency class Energy Efficiency Index (EEI)
A EEI <10
B 10≤EEI<20
C 20≤EEI<35
D 35≤EEI<50
E 50≤EEI<65
F 65≤EEI<80
G EEI≤80 Figure 4. Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Directive timeline.
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Our comparative method is based on
For all refrigerating appliances with a direct sales func-
a sample of 3,000 data points
tion, the EEI, expressed in % and rounded to the first
decimal place, compares the Annual Energy consump- The comparison between the Eurovent and the European
tion (AE) expressed in kWh/a with the reference energy class distributions is based on a sample of 3,000
Standard Annual Energy consumption (SAE) expressed certified data points which are used to derive their respec-
in kWh/a and is calculated as: tive Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) using the last two
versions of the EN ISO 23953 test standard (2005 and
2015). The resulting performance indicators are used to
365 E daily (4) determine the energy classes of the 3,000 cabinets using
EEI =
SAE the methods defined by Eurovent and that used by the
EC. Finally, those energy classes are amalgamated to create
Edaily = The energy consumption of the cabinet over two performance distributions that will be the basis of the
24 hours (rounded to three decimal places). comparison. This process is shown in Figure 5.
Note that Edaily= TEC from the 2005 version
of the 23953.
The Standard Annual Energy consumption (SAE),

expressed in kWh/a (rounded to two decimal places),
is calculated as follows:
SAE = ( M+ N×Y ) ×365×C×P (5)
All the parameters required to calculate the EEI

according to the new version of the ISO standard
23953 are shown in Table 5.
Figure 5. Methods for the comparison between the

energy performance distribution based on the energy
Table 5. Temperature coefficient values for C, M and N. labels from ECC and European Energy Labelling Directive.
[13]
Geometry T° class Colder Warmer Package Value Value M Value N

than / than / colder for C
equal to equal to than /
equal to
M2 +7 °C −1°C 1
Vertical, semi-vertical and combined
H1/H2 +10°C −1°C N/A 0.82 9.1 9.1
supermarket refrigerator cabinets
M1 +5°C −1°C 1.15
M2 +7°C −1°C 1
Horizontal supermarket refrigerator
H1/H2 +10°C −1°C N/A 0.92 3.7 3.5
cabinets
M1 +5°C −1°C 1.08
L1 −15°C −1°C −18°C 1

Vertical, semi-vertical and combined
L2 −12°C −1°C −18°C 0.9 7.5 19.3
supermarket freezer cabinets
L3 −12°C −1°C −15°C 0.9
L1 −15°C −1°C −18°C 1

Horizontal supermarket freezer
L2 −12°C −1°C −18°C 0.92 4.0 10.3
cabinets
L3 −12°C −1°C −15°C 0.92
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In our study the sample includes the performance data with that from the European Energy Labelling Directive
for 3,000 products certified between 2012 and 2018. [14] and to gauge the impact of this change. To this
ECC’s method gives the label A+ to the best and the end, we looked at a sample of more than 3,000 data
label E to the worst and all labels/classes are determined and should the latest draft of both regulations be imple-
with the calculation of the EEI which is then used with mented in its current state for the MEPS, EEI formula
ECC’s energy efficiency classification for remote refrig- and the energy classes, one can argue that the EC is
erated display cabinets (see Table 3). Our results show likely to be on course to meet its explicit objective of
that 47% of the products certified have a “D” energy reducing the average energy consumption of RRDC’s.
class/label and merely 2% falls to the class “E”. In addi- This reduction is important since we have seen that
tion, out of our sample of 3,000 RRDCs, 450 units the RRDCs is expected to grow steadily at a rate of
(15%) qualify as high energy efficiency units (classes 2% per year through 2030. However, should EC’s text
“A+” and classes “A”). That is, about 240 units (8%) be amended, we anticipate seeing those changes in the
reached the class “A+” and a further 210 units (7%) reference values for C, M and/or N parameters.
reached the energy class “A”. The resulting energy class
distribution is shown in Figure 6. Based on this comparison of two energy classes distri-
butions, the label of the “average” RRDCs will worsen:
To evaluate the impact of the Energy Labelling in ECC’s methods, this unit was likely to be rated/
Regulation [13] on ECC’s energy classes distribution, classed “D” or “C” whilst using EC’s methods those
we recalculated the EEI using both equation (4) and ratings/classes are more likely to be “F” or “G”. In addi-
equation (5) with data from Table 5, that is despite the tion, MEPS will result in the ban of all “G” labelled
difference in scale between the two energy label ranges units in 2023, so in market worth more than a billion
(ECC’s ranges “A+ to E” whilst EC’s ranges “A to G”). euro a year, one can expect manufacturers to intensify
Our results show that 39% of the sample has an energy their research and development efforts to avoid having
class of “E”. At this stage, as expected by EC [13], no too many RRDCs units rated in the lower end of the
RRDCs have the label “A” but 1% or 30 units have of distribution and to compete of the upper end of the
the label “B”. A further 25% of the sample reached the distribution where the label “A” is likely to become the
labels “B” and “C” with respective share of 16% and new energy efficiency frontier for RRDCs.
9%. The resulting energy class distribution is shown
in Figure 7. The remainder of the sample reached the Future work will take our comparison further to include
labels “F” and “G”, a category of products that will more parameters such as the standardised designation
be affected when the requirements for the Ecodesign of a given RRDC’s (See Table D.1 p.82 of EN ISO
Directive in terms of Minimum Energy Performance 23953-2:2015) and/or an attempt at measuring manu-
Standards (MEPS) enter into force in 2023 (see facturers sentiment after MEPS implementation. More
Figure 4 where it can be seen that all RRDC’s with details will also be provided regarding historical data. In
an energy label “G”, or an EEI of 80 or worse, will be the meantime, ECC also looks at the development of a
banned from entry into the European market). dedicated certification program for Plug-in Refrigerated
Display Cabinets. In addition, ECC’s RRDC certifi-
Conclusion cation programme will align its requirements (see
The objective of this article has been to compare the Rating Standard - RS−14C001) with those from both
existing ECC’s methodology for energy labelling [7] Ecodesign and Energy Labelling Directives.
Figure 6. Energy classes distribution based on Figure 7. Energy classes distribution based on the
Eurovent’s methods. methods set in the Energy Labelling Directive.
Articles
References
[1] E. Geilinger and E. Bush, “Commercial and Professional Refrigeration Products: Promoting Energy Efficiency with Legislation,
Empowered Stakeholders and Rebates.”
[2] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 72-2018, Method of Testing Open and Closed Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers.
[3] A. 1200 (I-P/2013), “Performance Rating of Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets.”
[4] ISO standard 23953-2:2015, Refrigerated Display Cabinets.
[5] ISO standard 23953:2005, Refrigerated Display Cabinets.
[6] D. H. Walker, “Investigation of energy-efficient supermarket display cases,” ORNL, 2005.
[7] http://www.Eurovent-certification.com/index.php?lg=en, “Eurovent Certita Certification.”
[8] S. Marinhas, “Performance Certification of Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RDC),” REHVA J., vol. 62, 2012.
[9] H. Moons et al., “Ecodesign for Commercial Refrigeration-Preparatory study update-Final report. Joint Research Centre,
Science and Policy Report. 2014,” ISBN 978-92-79-39543-7.
[10] Mudgal, S., Tinetti, B., Bain, J., Cervantes, C. and De Prado Trigo, A., (2007). Preparatory Study for Eco Requirements of EuPs
Refrigerating and freezing Service cabinets, blast cabinets, walk-in cold rooms, chillers, water dispensers, ice-makers, dessert.
[11] E. C. Directive, “Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a
framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products,” Off. J. Eur. Communities, 2009.
[12] L. Economics, “Study on the impact of the energy label-and potential changes to it-on consumer understanding and on
purchase decisions,” London Econ. Ipsos Eur. Comm. Brussels, 2014.
[13] Regulation (EU) 2017/1369 OF The European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2017 setting a framework for energy
labelling and repealing Directive 2010/30/EU.
[14] G/TBT/N/EU/620 - Draft Commission Regulation laying down ecodesign requirements for refrigerating appliances with a
direct sales function pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (10 pages + Annexes
13 pages, in English) ICS: 97.130.20.
REHVA European Guidebook No.26
Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings
These guidelines provide information to evaluate and

improve the energy performance of historic buildings, fully
respecting their significance as well as their cultural heritage
and aesthetic qualities. The guidelines are intended for both
design engineers and government agencies. They provide
design engineers with a tool for energy auditing the historic
building and offer a framework for the design of possible
energy upgrades, which are conceptually similar to those
provided for non-protected buildings, but appropriately
tailored to the needs and peculiarities of cultural heritage.
These guidelines also provide the institutions responsible for
protecting the building, the opportunity to objectively decide
on the level of energy efficiency achieved as a result of the
rehabilitation in accordance with the conservation criteria.
Articles
Certified commissioning of new &

existing buildings
Commissioning is a process to enhance
building quality and performance. It gener-
ates huge cost savings by identifying qual- RYAN CORMAC
ity problems in real-time. Certified com- Project Director
missioning offers third party confidence in Building Commissioning Solutions
project quality and allows clients to rely on a COPILOT
standardized approach across projects and [email protected]
markets. COPILOT Building Commissioning www.copilot-building.com
Solutions uses protocols specially developed
with REHVA experts to certify the com-
missioning of new and existing buildings.
Commissioning Managers can enrich their The process focuses on verifying and documenting that
offer by proposing COPILOT certification. all commissioned systems and assemblies are planned,
designed, installed, tested, operated and maintained to
Keywords: commissioning,
meet Client’s Objectives.
commissioning engineer, technical
monitoring, HVAC performance,
Commissioning of HVAC systems brings numerous
HVAC comfort, certified commissioning
advantages:
•• Identify & solve problems in real-time, thereby
OT Process avoiding high costs and time delays of later re-work
Why commission HVAC systems? •• Achieve required performance levels which means
drive the process
HVAC systems are complicated technical systems, and the building will be comfortable and occupants can
building automation constantly increases complexity. work productively
This results in a performance gap: buildings do not •• Add value as the tenants want to occupy functional
work as intended and miss their performance targets. buildings
by qualifiedThis
& experienced
is doubly costly: first, design and construction •• Reduce costs including energy, maintenance, equip-
QIBI 1910 incause
France)
additional cost and then, later, operation cost are ment replacement and insurance
higher than expected.
Perhaps the most important advantage is that commis-
The solution is commissioning, a quality-focused sioning reassures the client that his objectives, whatever
process for enhancing the delivery of projects. they may be, have been respected.
Commissioning Process
Quality process to enhance delivery of a project
and meet the client’s objectives
An experienced Commissioning Manager verifies

work undertaken by multiple trades
Figure 1. The commissioning process.
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COPILOT is a joint venture of Eurovent and REHVA.
France Germany Turkey Spain Latvia

AICVF TTMD ATECYR LATVAC
COPILOT Commissioning Managers apply best-practice

protocols developed by REHVA members and independent Netherlands Denmark Hungary Portugal Italy
international commissioning experts for COPILOT. DBCA ETE ODE AiCARR
Figure 2. REHVA contribution to COPILOT protocols.
Why certify your commissioning?

permits Commissioning Managers to work with
Certification attests that the commissioning process multiple trades, to commission the project and to
has been correctly undertaken and documented. document progress.
Certification schemes formalize a step-by-step process
methodology. Projects must comply with formal
requirements and demonstrate compliance via appro-
priate sign-offs and documentation. Formal identifica-
tion of quality controls at each stage keeps the project on
target as it travels through different trades and phases.
Third party certification defines protocols independent

of the actors in a process. Certification of commis-
sioning guarantees independence and strengthens the
legitimacy of the commissioning process. It reinforces
the position of the Commissioning Manager as it rein-
forces his authority.
What certified commissioning
solutions does COPILOT propose?
COPILOT Building Commissioning Solutions certi-
fies commissioning. Experienced & independent
Commissioning Managers commission projects
onsite using COPILOT protocols. Clients can use their
normal Commissioning Manager on validation of his Figure 3. COPILOT’s APP.
experience & competence and completion of a short
training programme.
The Commissioning Manager workshops with clients
COPILOT proposes contract templates which include to help them clarify and formalize client objectives. He
Designer & Contractor contract clauses to facilitate then proposes appropriate KPI indicators which can be
a smooth commissioning process. COPILOT’s APP checked at each stage to ensure the project complies with
COPILOT Process
Client’s KPI drive the process
Onsite commissioning by qualified & experienced

experts (ex. OPQIBI 1910 in France)
Figure 4. COPILOT certified commissioning process.
Commissioning
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Figure 5. COPILOT projects.
the owner’s objectives. The certification process covers Certified projects are registered and archived in
the project life-cycle from pre-design to post-delivery. COPILOT’s secure database. Project owners have
Commissioning rigour modulates according to priori- access to all their projects filed in a standardized
ties established by the client. A laboratory could, for manner. This facilitates building portfolio compar-
example, view air quality and hence ventilation as a high ison across projects & markets, life-cycle traceability,
priority but heating as a low priority. Commissioning building maintenance & monitoring over time, and
work like sample testing is adjusted accordingly. transfer of ownership.
Articles
Ventilation Ductwork Systems

Certification for a Better Air Tightness
The implementation of the Energy
Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/
EU recast puts increasing pressure to MARIE-CLÉMENCE BRIFFAUD
achieve better building and ductwork Project Development Engineer
airtightness. Eurovent Certita Certification
[email protected]
Keywords: Ductwork system, Air
tightness class, Energy efficiency, Indoor
Air Quality
I
n this context, Eurovent Certita Certification steadiness. These two verifications combined ensure
decided to establish a new certification programme that the air tightness class claimed by the manufacturer
for Ventilation Ductwork Systems, opening a can indeed be reached in practice.
new chapter in the history of the Eurovent Certified
Performance (ECP) certification mark, which The first certification of ventilation ductwork systems
concerned only products, not systems, until then. was granted by Eurovent Certita Certification in
December 2017 as a new step towards good airtightness
To meet this challenge, Eurovent Certita Certification levels in buildings, contributing to the pursuit of nearly
worked for one year with a dedicated committee gath- zero-energy buildings and improving indoor air quality.
ering six major European manufacturers of ventilation
ducts and fittings. The development of the programme Introduction
also involved consultation of European testing laborato- The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
ries. The resulting requirements and rules defined for the (EPBD) recast published in 2010 (Directive 2010/31/
DUCT programme rely on Ventilation ductwork system EU) acknowledged that air tightness has an important
(typical setup) testing and production sites auditing. role to play in the building energy consumption reduc-
tion [1].With Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings as objec-
The scope of the programme covers rigid and semi- tive for new buildings, the directive is urging the whole
rigid ventilation ductwork systems divided into the building sector to consider it as a key parameter in the
following sub-programmes: building conception.
•• Rigid metallic ductwork systems with circular cross- In addition to the energy efficiency objectives, the
section (DUCT-MC); buildings airtightness is an even more challenging topic
•• Rigid metallic ductwork systems with rectangular for the construction sector professionals. Indeed, poorly
cross-section (DUCT-MR); designed, “too airtight”, buildings can compromise the
•• Semi-rigid non-metallic ductwork systems predomi- Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), contributing to what is
nantly made of plastics (DUCT-P); called the “sick-building syndrome”.
Among other verifications, the performance testing However, when the building is properly conceived
on typical set-ups enables to validate the airtightness and equipped with an appropriate ventilation system,
class declared by the manufacturer. The production site the airtightness actually leads to better IAQ levels and
auditing enables to verify the manufacturing process thermal comfort.
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Within the building construction elements, the duct- Besides, when minimum requirements for building
work system is crucial to reach proper energy consump- air-tightness exist, the rating justification is not always
tion and IAQ levels. Indeed, studies evidenced that mandatory.
excessive ductwork leakage have a huge impact on
energy use and Indoor Air Quality issues. Airtightness requirements for buildings in
European countries
Besides the qualification of installers for an improved An increasing number of countries include in their
airtightness in-situ, the ductwork system intrinsic regulations either required or recommended minimum
airtightness (resulting from the ductwork system airtightness levels (see Figure 1). Even though manda-
constituting elements conception and manufacturing) tory testing is not systematic yet, it gradually came
appears to be of prime importance. into force in countries such as France, Ireland or the
United Kingdom (see Figure 2) and the list continu-
In this context of rising awareness of Indoor Air Quality ously increases.
challenges, Eurovent Certita Certification decided
to contribute by establishing a new certification As an example, the French regulation (RT2012) intro-
programme for Ventilation Ductwork Systems. duced a minimum requirement for the building airtight-
ness of all residential buildings and made justification
Airtightness regulatory requirements of the value mandatory. For non-residential buildings,
More and more countries consider air-tightness in their a default value is implemented for each building type
national regulations, however the focus is set at the and justification is mandatory to use a better value than
building level and the ductwork contribution is rarely the default one in the energy performance (EP) calcula-
given its due weight. tion. The building airtightness level is to be justified by
Yes Yes, by systematic testing

Yes, by systematic testing or a certified approach
Not necessarily
No No
Figure 1. Do minimum building airtightness Figure 2. Does compliance to this requirement

requirements exist in EP regulation?1 need to be justified?
1
Source: Survey on building and ductwork airtightness requirements in Europe, Results obtained from 10 countries presented during TightVent Airtightness Association
Committee-TAAC of January 2017
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means of airtightness testing by a qualified tester. If a For each test pressure pt, the leakage factor f, ratio of
certified quality management approach is applied, only the air leakage rate qv (in m³/s) observed during the
a sample of buildings is to be tested, otherwise testing leakage test and the ductwork surface area A (in m2),
is required for each building [2]. shall be lower than the corresponding air leakage limit
fmax which is calculated from the test pressure pt as indi-
Airtightness requirements for ductwork systems cated in Table 1.
in European countries qv
Scandinavian countries enhance airtight ductwork f = (1)
systems since the 1950s. For instance, in Sweden, A
the AMA (General Material and Workmanship Besides no damage shall be observed on the ductwork
Specifications) specification guidelines included tight- (deflection, hole, etc.). This double verification must
ness requirements in 1966. Since then, construction be successful for ten test pressures in the pressure range
products manufacturers and installers have continu- corresponding to the class (for example that is [−750
ously cared for airtightness in their work and field Pa; +1000Pa] for class B) to consider that the tested
measurements testify that Scandinavian countries reach ductwork complies with the airtightness class rating.
very low air leakage in their ductwork installations [3].
Certifying Airtightness class ratings
In Europe, only the French (RT2012) and Belgian When it comes to ductwork systems intrinsic airtight-
(EPB) regulations consider the ductwork airtightness ness class, it is necessary to appeal to a third-party to
as an input in the energy performance calculation. get reliable ratings.
There is no minimum requirement but a good airtight-
ness level, if justified, can reduce the calculated energy Third-party certification for a fair and
use. It is to be noted that in Belgium the leakage flow objective comparison of the ratings
according to standard EN 14134:2004 [4] is applied Third-party certification purpose is to make available
whereas in France the value used in the calculation is reliable, comparable and transparent data.
the airtightness class determined according to standard
EN 12237:2003 [5]. As third-party certifier, Eurovent Certita Certification
(ECC) has to fulfil impartiality, independency and
Measuring the ductwork leakage to integrity requirements. The ISO 17065 accreditation
verify the Airtightness class by national body COFRAC2 guarantees that these
Ductwork leakage can be measured in situ according to requirements are met and provides as a solid interna-
specific standards. This paper focuses on the intrinsic tional recognition thanks to the EA3/IAF4 agreements.
airtightness of ductwork systems, i.e. resulting from
measurements conducted in a test laboratory. The certification process of a given Eurovent Certified
Performance (ECP) programme is described in the dedi-
The air-tightness classification goes from A (worst) to D cated documents which constitute a single, common
(best). For metallic ducts with circular cross-section, the baseline for the product evaluation rules and guarantee
rating criteria (see Table 1) is established in standard a fair treatment of the manufacturers. Indeed, these
EN 12237:2003 [5].
A leakage test is to be conducted according to EN 2

COFRAC certificate n°5-0517. Accreditation scope available at https://www.cofrac.fr
12237:2003 [5] or EN 1507:2006 [6] to verify the 3
European accreditation http://www.european-accreditation.org
airtightness class rating. 4
International Accreditation Forum http://www.iaf.nu
Table 1. Air tightness classification for metallic circular ducts according to EN 12237:2003 [5]
Static gauge pressure limit (ps) [Pa] Air leakage limit (fmax) [m³·s-1·m-2]
Air tightness class
Positive Negative
A (worst) 500 500 0.027 x pt0.65 x10-3
B 1000 750 0.009 x pt0.65 x10-3
C 2000 750 0.003 x pt0.65 x10-3
D (best) 2000 750 0.001 x pt65 x10-3
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documents are public, so any manufacturer can check The test is conducted in accordance with EN
that each of the certification process steps (product 12237:2003 [5] for circular and semi-circular geom-
selection, testing, auditing, etc.) is conducted in accord- etries (sub-programmes DUCT-MC and DUCT-P) or
ance with the related procedure. EN 1507:2006 [6] for ductwork systems of rectangular
geometries (sub-programme DUCT-MR).
To enhance an objective comparison, the certified data
are quantifiable values expressed in specific units which For the DUCT-P sub-programme, specific test pres-
are stipulated in the certification programme docu- sures were defined by the Launching Committee as
ments. Besides, the certified data is available on-line5 non-metallic ductwork products are not originally
24/7, to anyone, without any registration or password. covered by EN 12237:2003 [5]. The certification docu-
ments will be updated according to upcoming unique
The DUCT programme test standard under preparation by CEN TC 156.
The DUCT programme, into force since September
2016, opened a new chapter in the history of the To ensure the performance ratings accuracy and reli-
Eurovent Certified Performance (ECP) certification ability, the certification process relies upon product
mark, which concerned only products, not systems, performance testing but also on production sites
until then. auditing which enables to verify that the tested object
is representative of the whole production. Indeed,
To meet this challenge and ensure the programme during the audit the auditor proceeds to the ductwork
content relevance, Eurovent Certita Certification elements sampling and identifies them with his signa-
worked for one year with a dedicated committee gath- ture to guarantee that elements constituting the tested
ering six major European manufacturers of ventilation system are issued from regular production.
ducts and fittings. The development of the programme
also involved consultation of European testing labora- The audit is also the opportunity to verify key manu-
tories. The resulting rules are gathered in specific docu- facturing requirements defined in the certification
ments [7][8][9][10]. documents. For instance, a dimensional check shall
be performed regularly enough to guarantee a proper
The scope of the programme covers rigid and semi- matching of the elements to be assembled.
rigid ventilation ductwork systems divided into the
following sub-programmes: Audits are conducted annually on a number of local
workshops (manufacturing straight ducts only) and
•• Rigid metallic ductwork systems with circular cross- fitting factories specified in the operational manual [7]
section (DUCT-MC); to verify that the requirements are met at all times.
•• Rigid metallic ductwork systems with rectangular
cross-section (DUCT-MR);
•• Semi-rigid non-metallic ductwork systems predomi-
nantly made of plastics (DUCT-P);
The scope is restrained to ductwork systems made

of elements (straight duct or fittings) fitted with an
integrated sealing solution to guarantee a good level of
intrinsic airtightness. Sealing solutions considered as
suitable are listed in the rating standard of each sub-
programme [8][9][10].
The product performance testing is conducted annu-

ally on a typical setup, common to all manufacturers
within a given sub-programme, which varies from one
year to the other (e.g. Figure 3). This typical set-up is
defined by the DUCT project manager in accordance
with the rules defined in the certification documents
[7][8][9][10]. Figure 3. Example of typical ductwork system suitable
for DUCT-MC sub-programme testing. Source [11]
5
http://www.eurovent-certification.com
Articles
How does the DUCT programme contribute to that the international outreach of the ECP mark will
encourage better airtightness? encourage manufacturers to participate to the DUCT
The goal of the ECP mark is to verify the rating programme and thus prove their products ability to
accuracy, not to influence the market. This is why a constitute ductwork systems compliant with the adver-
ductwork system with airtightness class A can be ECP tised airtightness class.
certified just as well as a ductwork system with airtight-
ness class D. However, publishing certified ratings Conclusions
favours comparability of data so experienced showed Air tightness is a key lever towards a better energy effi-
for other certification programmes that the apparition ciency of the ventilation system and, by extension, of
of certified products on a market tends to raise the the building. Besides, it contributes in achieving better
performance level. Indoor Air Quality levels.
Annual testing of the ductwork systems and auditing of Energy regulations and energy performance programmes
production sites represent a great incentive for manu- are progressively becoming more stringent, putting
facturers to continuously improve their products, hence increasing pressure for better air tightness levels and
favouring better and better airtightness ratings. enhancing justification to prove compliance.
The Eurovent Certified Performance (ECP) mark, Certification of ventilation ductwork systems airtight-
is one the most renowned certification mark in the ness is a new step towards a better assessment of
HVAC&R fields in Europe and beyond. It is estimated airtightness levels, contributing to the pursuit of Nearly
that 66% of HVAC&R products sold on the European Zero-Energy Buildings and improvement of the Indoor
market are ECP certified6 . It is therefore expected Air Quality.
6
2014 data valid for Chillers, Heat Pumps, Fan Coil Units, Heat Exchangers and Filters within the certified scope
References
[1] Directive 2010/31/EU of the European parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of
buildings (recast)
[2] Charrier, S.; Bailly,A. and Carrié, F.R. (2015) Building Airtightness in France : regulatory context, control procedures,results in
Qualicheck factsheet 07
[3] Andersson, J.; Carrié, F.R. and Wouters, P., (1999) Improving Ductwork - A Time for Tighter Air Distribution Systems. EU Project
SAVE-DUCT, Brussels 1999.
[4] European Standard EN 14134:2004 Ventilation for buildings. Performance testing and installation checks of residential
ventilation systems
[5] European Standard EN 12237:2003 Ventilation for buildings. Ductwork. Strength and leakage of circular sheet metal ducts
[6] European Standard EN 1507:2006 Ventilation for buildings - Sheet metal air ducts with rectangular section - Requirements
for strength and leakage
[7] Eurovent Certita Certification - OM-19 (2016) - Operational Manual for the certification of Ventilation Ducts
[8] Eurovent Certita Certification - RS-2C002MC (2016) – Rating Standard for the certification of Rigid Metallic Ductwork
Systems with Circular Cross-section
[9] Eurovent Certita Certification - RS-2C003MR (2016) – Rating Standard for the certification of Rigid Metallic Ductwork
Systems with Rectangular Cross-section
[10] Eurovent Certita Certification - RS-2C004P (2016) – Rating Standard for the certification of Semi-Rigid Non-Metallic
Ductwork Systems predominantly made of Plastics
[11] Guedel, A. Barles, P., CETIAT - Etanchéité des réseaux aérauliques - Guide pratique (2012)
Articles
Certifying the Fan Performance in Air

Handling Units with a Wire-to-Air approach
The fan is known to be a key component in a
HVAC-R device. In particular, the fan-related
performances reliability is of prime interest MARIE-CLÉMENCE BRIFFAUD
for Air Handling Units (AHU) manufacturers. Project Development Engineer
In order to improve the fan performance Eurovent Certita Certification
data reliability, Eurovent Certita Certification [email protected]
launched in July 2017 a new Eurovent
Certified Performance (ECP) certification
programme for fans intended to be used
as Air Handling Units components. A “wire-
to-air” approach was used as guiding
principle to evaluate and compare fan and laboratories, a new Eurovent Certified Performance
technologies fairly and effectively. With the (ECP) certification programme dedicated to fans was
FANS certification programme, ECC expects launched in July 2017.
to improve the level of confidence on the
market as well as the insurance that ratings Laying the foundation for the ECP-
are displayed under the same conditions. AHU fan’s certification scheme
Third-party certification for a fair and
Certifying the fans for Air Handling objective comparison of the ratings
Units The FANS certification was developed under a
Eurovent Certified Performance (ECP) mark, which is
The Eurovent certification programme for Air Handling the most renowned certification mark in the HVAC&R
Units (AHU) has been running for many years now fields in Europe and beyond. It is estimated that 66%
and it unfortunately appeared that some test failures of HVAC&R products sold on the European market
resulted from fan related performances inaccuracies. are ECP certified1.
The fan is indeed a key component in an AHU. The The same procedures and rules (product selection,
fan is responsible for proper air circulation, providing testing, auditing, etc.) are applied to all manufacturers
the airflow rate and pressure required to compensate the participating to the programme, guaranteeing that the
pressure drop occurring in the AHU and related duct- products are evaluated the same way. Indeed, the FANS
work. If the fan does not perform as expected the AHU certification process is described in the certification
functioning is jeopardized and the power consumption programme documents [2][3] and these documents
can be drastically affected. are public2. Any manufacturer can therefore check that
each of the certification process steps is conducted in
In order to improve the reliability of the fan perfor- accordance with the related procedure, which guaran-
mance data, and thereby provide peace of mind to tees a fair treatment of the manufacturers.
AHU manufacturers when they declare their own fan-
related performance ratings, ECC decided to establish 1
2014 data valid for Chillers, Heat Pumps, Fan Coil Units, Heat Exchangers and
a certification scheme for fans intended to be used as Filters within the certified scope
Air Handling Units components. Thus, after one year 2
OM-22 and RS/1/C/001 available on-line at
of work comprising meetings with AHU manufacturers http://www.eurovent-certification.com
Articles
The final objective of the third-party certifier is to make “wire-to-air” approach was used as guiding principle for
available reliable, comparable and transparent data. To the FANS certification scheme.
this extent, the certification programmes are developed
in such a way that published certified data can be objec- To fulfil the “wire-to-air” principle, all the compo-
tively compared. nents that appear in the applicant/participant
product catalogue have to be included in the tested
To achieve the appropriate level of reliability, the FANS fan assembly. Whenever a given component is not
certification programme assesses the fan performance included in the catalogue a recommended complemen-
ratings accuracy and reliability thanks to product tary component is to be specified and its influence on
performance testing but also production sites auditing the certified performance values is to be assessed in
and operating software checking. This way the consist- the operating software according to specific rules. This
ency between tested data and advertised data is ensured. enables to ensure the consistency of the fully-assembled
fan performance ratings.
To enhance the comparability, the certified data are
quantifiable values expressed in specific units which are Thus, the certified data will be systematically displayed
stipulated in the certification programme documents in “wire-to-air mode”, even for not fully assembled fans
[2][3]. Moreover, the list of certified products is avail- thanks to default values specified in the FANS docu-
able on-line 24/7, to anyone, without any registration ments [2][3].
or password.
Two sub-programmes are implemented in order to
Accreditation and approval from the CPPC as distinguish basic assemblies (impeller + housing + ancil-
further guarantees laries), corresponding to the FAN-I sub-programme,
As third-party certifier, ECC has to fulfil impar- from complete assemblies (impeller + motor + drive
tiality, independency and integrity requirements. The + controller + support structure + ancillaries) corre-
ISO 17065 accreditation by national body COFRAC3 sponding to the FAN-C sub-programme. Ancillaries
guarantees that these requirements are met and provides cover inlet/outlet finger guards and inlet connection
as a solid international recognition thanks to the EA4/ (cone, ring, nozzle, etc.).
IAF5 agreements.
The certification documents [2][3] were approved by

the Certification Programmes and Policy Commission
(CPPC) before publication. The CPPC is an inde-
pendent body composed of manufacturers, technical
and scientific experts but also end user representatives
and national authorities.
A strong certification scheme towards Figure 1. Illustration of a basic assembly. (source [4])
reliable and transparent data
A wire-to-air approach
AHU fans can be supplied as separate components to
be assembled. However, to evaluate and compare fan
technologies fairly and effectively, all the components
involved in the air stream generation that affect the fan
performance should be accounted for, whether they are
supplied separately, pre-assembled or fully-assembled.
The principle of assessing the fan performance including
all the fan components, from the electric wire to the air
discharge, is known as the “wire-to-air” approach. This
3
COFRAC certificate n°5-0517. Accreditation scope available at
https://www.cofrac.fr
4
European accreditation http://www.european-accreditation.org Figure 2. Illustration of complete assembly
5
International Accreditation Forum http://www.iaf.nu components. (source [5])
Articles
The sub-programme will appear on the certification Table 1. Purpose of the units sampled and sealed by the
diploma so that the end-user can know at a glance if auditor.
the certified value corresponds to a fully-assembled fan
or not. In any case the certified data is guaranteed to Unit Action
be conservative thanks to corrective coefficients and
default values established in the FANS certification Model A, copy 1 Sent to laboratory for regular test
rules [2][3].
Model A, copy 2 Sent to laboratory in case of
Product performance testing component failure (regular test) or unit
failure (second test) if any
Product performance testing is to be conducted annu-
ally in order to continuously check that compliance to Model B, copy 1 Sent to laboratory for regular test
the certification requirements is maintained.
Model B, copy 2 Sent to laboratory in case of
In order to ensure the comparability, consistency component failure (regular test) or unit
and impartiality of the fan performance testing, failure (second test) if any
at least two fans per range have to be tested in the
Model C, copy 1 Sent to laboratory in case of unit
independent laboratory selected and approved by
failure (penalty test) if any
Eurovent Certita Certification. Among other require-
ments, the independent laboratory must be ISO Model C, copy 2 Sent to laboratory in case of
17025 [9] accredited. component failure (penalty test) if any
A total of six units per range (two copies of three

different models) will be sampled from regular produc-
tion during the audit (production line or stock) and
Table 2. Certified data according to the sub-programme
authenticated (marked and sealed) by the auditor. The
– Aerodynamic test. (source [3])
purpose of the selected units is indicated in Table 1.
Once the test session is complete the manufacturer can
get the units back. Aerodynamic test FAN-C FAN-I
Overall pressure difference (static) [Pa]

The aerodynamic test, conducted in accordance with
ISO 5801:2007 [7], enables to verify the performance
Shaft power Pa, including bearings [W] -
ratings for 10 measuring points chosen by ECC within
the fan operating area [3]. Impeller efficiency ηr [%] -
The acoustic test, conducted for complete assemblies Maximum fan speed Nmax [rpm] -
(FAN-C sub-programme) in accordance with ISO
13347-2:2004 [8] enables to assess the acoustic behav- Motor (electrical) input power Pe [W] -
iour of the fan when it operates at nominal rotational
speed [3]. Drive/control electrical input power Ped -
[W]
The certified data for both sub-programmes is summa-
Overall efficiency ηe or ηed (static; with -
rized on Table 2 and Table 3. or without VSD) [%]
Capitalizing on existing efforts

On top of the tests in independent laboratory, the manu-
facturer shall provide to Eurovent Certita Certification Table 3. Certified data according to the sub-programme
the appropriate number of aerodynamic test reports – Acoustic test. (source [3])
(see Appendix 1 and Appendix 2).
Acoustic test FAN-C FAN-I
As fans manufacturers may have already initiated efforts Inlet and outlet sound power level by -
to improve the accuracy of their products performances octave bands between 125 Hz and
8000 Hz [dB]
(qualification of the factory test bench by an accred-
Articles
ited body, performance tests conducted by a laboratory Production sites auditing

organized according to ISO 17025:2005 [9], etc.), the Audits enable to verify that the products declared to
FANS certification scheme includes specific criteria certification are indeed the ones manufactured. The
for the evaluation of existing aerodynamic test reports manufacturing process is also assessed to ensure that the
acceptability. tested object is representative of the whole production.
Among these criteria, the aerodynamic test reports shall The auditor conducts an on-site checking of the soft-
be recent enough (less than three years for qualifica- ware/DLL consistency, proceeds to the units sampling/
tion and since last audit for surveillance) and a third- sealing and verifies that applicable requirements are
party shall be involved either in the test conduction fulfilled.
itself or in the frame of the manufacturer’s test bench
qualification. To be acceptable the test reports shall also The requirements comprise notably the proper use
comprise essential information regarding measurement of the ECP mark when displayed on the production
uncertainties and sensors calibration. units or on documentation, the consistency between
products declared for certification and observed in
If the criteria are not met, the appropriate number the sales record and/or production line and/or stock,
of aerodynamic tests is ordered to the independent the compliance of the quality management system to
laboratory. key criteria detailed in the certification documents,
etc.
Audits are conducted annually to verify that the require-

Appendix 1: Number of aerodynamic ments are met at all times.
tests reports to be provided for Software checking
qualification As it is not possible to test each and every fan configura-
tion (combinations of impeller size, motor type, drive
type, etc.) at a reasonable cost, the number of tests is
For the qualification procedure the number of reports to limited. To reach the appropriate level of confidence
be provided is calculated as follows: in the ratings for the whole range the tests are supple-
For FAN-I (basic assembly) the applicant has to provide mented by audits and software checking.
NFAN-I test reports and
N FAN -I = N impeller
For FAN-C (complete assembly) the applicant has to Appendix 2: Number of aerodynamic
provide NFAN-C test reports and
tests reports to be provided for
N FAN -C = Max (N impeller ;N motor ;N drive ) surveillance
Nimpeller is the number of impeller tip diameters available
in the range For the surveillance procedure the manufacturer has to
Nmotor: is the number of motor sizes available in the range
provide one (1) test report per production site.
Ndrive: is the number of drive types available in the range
If only part of the production sites is equipped with a vali-

Example: The range to be certified concerns centrifugal
dated test rig, the participant can either deliver the units
fans fitted with either a variable-speed drive or a multi-
to be tested to these particular sites or order the tests to
speed drive. There are nine (9) impeller tip diameters and
Eurovent Certita Certification. In both cases the tested units
six (6) motor sizes possible so
will have to be traceable so that it can be evidenced that
= =
N FAN -C Max ( 9;6;2) 9 each of them comes from a different production site.
Nine (9) models of fans will be selected in such a way that Example: If the participant has five (5) production sites
each impeller tip diameter, each motor size and each drive that manufacture the certified ranges then a total of five
type is represented at least once. (5) test reports shall be provided annually.
Articles
Specific requirements are foreseen in the FANS certi- If all the checks prove the software/DLL consistency,
fication documents [2][3] for stand-alone software on the software version is certified, appears on the certifi-
the one hand and Dynamic Link Libraries6 (DLL), on cate and is published online7 together with the certified
the other hand. range references.
The initial check, conducted remotely, enables to verify Conclusion

compliance to general requirements applicable to all A new approach was used in order to certify the perfor-
ECP programmes [10] but also that the software/DLL mances of fans integrated in AHUs: the “wire-to-air”
ratings are consistent with the operating values (test approach. This principle consists in taking into account
conditions and measured performances) observed in all the components, from the electric wire to the air
the test reports provided by the manufacturer. discharge, that influence the performances of AHU
fans. The implementation of such a “wire-to-air” prin-
The software/DLL is also verified during the audit to ciple in the FANS certification programme ensures that
check that the version sent to the certifier is the one AHU fans are evaluated under the same conditions and
indeed used for the orders treatment. To conduct this that performance ratings are indeed comparable and
consistency, check the auditor selects two (2) orders transparent.
at random from the manufacturer’s sales records and
runs the software/DLL. The design resulting from the With the FANS certification programme, Eurovent
computation must correspond to that provided to the Certita Certification expects to improve the level of
customer. confidence in the AHU fans performance ratings and
thus provide to AHU manufacturers more reliable
Finally, Eurovent Certita Certification recalculates the performance data, but also peace of mind since fans are
ratings with the software (or DLL interface) according considered as the most important component within
to the test operating conditions displayed in the test AHUs in terms of energy efficiency.
report (“test-check”) so that the test results are compared
7
to the appropriate ratings. http://www.eurovent-certification.com
Bibliography
[1] Commission regulation (EU) No 327/2011 of 30 March 2011 implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for fans driven by motors with an electric input power
between 125 W and 500 kW, 2011.
[2] Eurovent Certita Certification - OM-22 - Operational Manual for the certification of fans, 2017.
[3] Eurovent Certita Certification - RS/1/C/001 – Rating Standard for the certification of fans, 2017.
[4] AirPro Fan & Blower Company - Backward curved fans [online].
<https://airprofan.com/centrifugal-fans-blowers/backward-curved-fan>, consulted on 14/11/2017.
[5] Nicotra-Gebhardt website [online] <http://www.nicotra-gebhardt.com>, consulted on 14/11/2017.
[6] ISO 13349 - Fans-Vocabulary and Definitions of categories, 2010.
[7] ISO 5801 - Industrial fans - Performance testing using standardized airways, 2007.
[8] ISO 13347-2 - Industrial fans – Determination of fans sound power levels under standardized laboratory conditions - Part 2 :
Reverberant room method, 2004.
[9] ISO/IEC 17025 - General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, 2005.
[10] Eurovent Certita Certification - Certification Manual of the Eurovent Certified Performance mark, 13th edition, 2016.
6
i.e. a library of functions made available to the user for integration in his own
software.
Articles
Have your say on EPB standards’ roll-out

and join the practitioner’s community!
AUTHORS: JAAP HOGELING, DICK VAN DIJK , EPB Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands & ANITA DERJANECZ , REHVA, Belgium
How the EPB Center supports the dissemination and roll-out of the new
Energy Performance of Building standards
Introduction The consortium

The set of CEN and CEN ISO Energy Performance of The consortium consists of a team of EPB experts and
Buildings standards, developed under EC Mandate M/480 involved organizations, grouped around the EPB Center:
and published in 2017, provide EU Member States (MS) with
Project leader: Jaap Hogeling (ISSO / EPB Center)
a toolbox to help the implementation of the EPBD and aim
REHVA: Anita Derjanecz: Workshops, webinars,
also at higher transparency regarding the energy perfor-
communication
mance calculation methodologies. Each EPB standard has
NEN: Annet van der Horn (secr. of CEN/TC 371)
a template for a National Annex* that enables Member
States to tailor the methodology to the national situation. EPB experts:
Dick van Dijk, The Netherlands (CEN/TC 89+371 & ISO/TC
On September 21, 2018 a Service Contract was signed
163+205+TC 163/SC 2/WG15)
between DG ENER and a consortium led by ISSO to support
Dirk Van Orshoven, Belgium (CEN/TC 371 + ISO/TC
the uptake of this set of EPB standards.
163+TC 163/SC 2/WG15)
This 3-years’ Service Contract will serve its purpose by: Laurent Socal, Italy (CEN/TC 228 + 371)
Gerhard Zweifel, Switzerland (CEN/TC 156 +371 + ISO/
Providing support to Member States and National
TC 163+205)
Standardization bodies as needed when preparing the
Johann Zirngibl, France (CEN/TC 228+371 + ISO/TC 205)
National Annexes or National data sheets of the over-
Jean Daniel Napar, France (CEN/TC 247+371 + ISO/TC 205)
arching EPB standards;
Supporting the wide dissemination of the overarching Activities in the first 6 months
EPB standards and their use by Member States (including
as part of the obligations in Annex I of the revised EPBD); To quick-start the exchange process, the prime concerns of
the EU MS’s will be identified and MSs will be engaged in the
Setting up and running a public frequently asked ques-
early stage of the project so that the project team can offer
tions database on developing National Annexes or data
the best possible support that will help MSs in overcoming
sheets, practical application of the standards, etc.
barriers, like questions raised on the National Annex approach
Preparing practical case studies to support the use of EPB or regarding the interpretation of particular EPB standards.
standards (e.g. use by industry stakeholders, researchers,
international fora, financial institutions, etc.);
Developing and disseminating calculation tools for indi-
vidual EPB standards;
Setting up a large network of current and future prac-
titioners (i.e. building physics and HVAC students) and
support the uptake of standards by organising regular
hands-on workshops, webinars, online courses, etc.
The core part of the communication and dissemination is
the EPB Center website (www.epb.center) acting as inter-
face to and from the target groups, as well as a dedicated
LinkedIn group.
Figure 1. Illustration of the relation between the

* See www.epb.center/implementation/national-annexes different activities in the project.
Articles
Some outcomes of the first 6 months are: These five ‘overarching’ EPB standards have in common that
An informative report, a presentation and a brochure each of these describes an important step in the assess-
describing the state of play for the energy performance ment of the energy performance of building:
of buildings standards; Based on early feedback from the stakeholders, additional
A first version of FAQs and examples for filling the priorities are proposed by the project team. These deal with
National Annexes and examples where EPB standards are specific areas in the domain of the EPB standards describing
applied or could be used (e.g. by industry stakeholders, the performance of the technical building systems that
researchers, financial institutions, etc.); require special attention, because of their importance and
A first draft for calculation tools for selected individual complexity (see Figure 2).
EPB standards including user guide, a presentation and Task 1: Support to Member States and National
examples of first case studies; Standardization Bodies
Task 1 aims to reach out to Member States and National
Description of the tasks Standardization Bodies and support them in using the
In line with the revised EPBD (2018), priority is given to Energy Performance of Buildings standards. The main
the following ‘overarching’ standards: EN ISO 52000-1, activity is to monitor and support the preparation and
EN ISO 52003-1, EN ISO 52010-1, EN ISO 52016-1 and (intended) use of National Annexes or National datasheets
EN ISO 52018-1. to the EPB standards.
8
Weighted overall 9
(prim.) energy
performance, share Overall EP
of renewables, … indicators
6 7
Heating, ventilation,
cooling, domestic hot
water and lighting systems
4 5
Energy needs and indoor EP indicators
temperatures at building
fabric level
Building elements (thermal, solar)
Buildingautomation and control

3
Climatic data for energy calculations
Legend: Priority EPB standards in the project:

(Standard) conditions of use 1,2,8 EN ISO 52000-1
2 3 EN ISO 52010-1
4 EN ISO 52016-1
Building and space categorization
5 EN ISO 52018-1
1 6 CEN Ventilation system standards
Common EPB terms, definitions, symbols 7 CEN Heat Pump and Chiller system standards
8 EN ISO 52003-1
Figure 2. Flow chart in energy performance assessment and selected priority standards.
Articles
The EPB Center facilitates a platform of experts on the set Because output data need to be transferred manually
of EPB standards with the aim of supporting member states from one EPB standard as input to another EPB standard, a
in completing the National Annexes or National datasheets monthly method and other simplifications will be applied.
for the set of EPB standards.
The main difference between the case for the new and the
Task 2: Setting up a database of FAQs, calculation spreadsheets existing building is the availability of reliable input data.
and case studies Task 3: Creating a network of practitioners
Database of Frequently Asked Questions Task 3 will include at least the following activities:
The main scope of the FAQs will be: Identification and targeted engagement of practitioner
the rationale behind and the rules for the National and stakeholder types.
Annexes / National Datasheets, Cooperation with global and international organizations
the completion of National Annexes / National Datasheets, and networks.
the application of Annex I of the revised EPBD (2018): Set up of the network of practitioners (including organiza-
description of the national calculation methodology tion of workshops, webinars and other events).
following the national annexes of the overarching EPB Standards Academy: information pool and capacity
standards, building platform with the following modules:
other issues related to national implementation, –
–Webinars and online courses tailored to different types
the technical content of the EPB standards, of stakeholders, including MS level regulatory bodies
support tools (e.g. spreadsheets) and the case studies. and public administrators
–
–Models and examples of National Annexes / National
Calculation tools (e.g. spreadsheets) Datasheets: to collect, compare and present National
In the M/480 mandate project (development of the set of Annexes and National Datasheets that (are being / have
EPB-standards), one of the tools to safeguard the neces- been) prepared by MS’s.
sary overall consistency and coherence for the set of –
–Information materials and fact sheets about the EPB
EPB-standards, was the preparation of a spreadsheet for standards:
each EPB standard containing calculation procedures.in –
–EPB Case Study Database:
this Task 2 the spreadsheets of the earlier indicated priority
standards will be updated. Concluding and asking feedback from EPB
practitioners
Case studies The purpose of this article is not just to inform the REHVA
Partial Case studies: Journal readers about this project: for the effectiveness of
A few typical example buildings and climate data sets will the project it is important to obtain early feedback from
be chosen as basis for the case studies. professionals involved or interested in the assessment of
The example buildings and climatic datasets will be Energy Performance of Buildings and in the implementa-
selected in such a way that they ensure a wide European tion of the related articles of the recently revised EPBD.
climatic coverage. As a minimum, examples will cover: This feedback will help to adjust and tailor the planned
–
–Cold, mild and warm climate activities in the project to the needs of the stakeholders.
–
–Residential and non-residential buildings
For each case, parameter variations will be prepared, to The EPB Center activities are to plan, coordinate and guide
reveal the impact of the choice in input variables or in the process of promoting the implementation and use,
national choices on the output. maintenance and further development of the set of EPB
As a rule, the (updated) spreadsheets will be used to standards and safeguard the coherence of their technical
prepare the case studies. content.
Simplified whole building cases studies: Other activities which are foreseen if sufficient interest can
In addition to these partial case studies, a few whole be organized are, for instance: improving the links between
building case studies will be performed to demonstrate the EPB standards and ECODESIGN and further embedding
the overall usability of the set of EPB standards, e.g. with of the EPB standards in the EN ISO set of EPB standards
respect to the cost optimality calculations. (ISO 52000 family of EPB standards).
The envisaged case studies comprise: All these activities aim to contribute to achieving uniformity,
One single family house, new and existing flexibility and sustainability as well as cost and risk reduc-
One apartment building, new and existing tions in the built environment.
One office building, new and existing
Disclaimer
This article has been produced under contract with the European Union, represented by the European Commission (service contract ENER/C3/2017-437/SI2-785.185).
The information and views set out in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European
REHVA European HVAC Journal – Special issue for ACREX India 2019 exhibition
Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. 49
Articles
Quality Management and Digitalization

for Building Performance
Building performance
STEFAN PLESSER The case on the left below could be a joke, but unfortu-
Dr.-Ing. Head of Energy and Quality nately it is not. Furthermore, it is representing a common
Management Group, Institute scenario where a lot of participants with good intentions
for Building Services and Energy don’t have the understanding of the technical complexity
Design (IGS), Technische Universität of a modern building. In this article we try to outline
Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany some of the tools we can use to support proactive quality
and Synavision Owner and Managing management instead of reactive quality assurance or even
Director, Bielefeld, Germany worse need for improvement as a result of the construction
that does not meet the requirements of the owner.
OLE TEISEN
Chief Consultant, Project Manager at Europeans spend more than 90% of their lifetime in the
Sweco, Copenhagen, Denmark buildings. Therefore, indoor environment should be a
priority for a design and operation. Since buildings also
cause 35% of all CO2-emissions, energy efficiency is no
Quality Management and digitalization are less important either. As a consequence, Europe has taken
two equally booming terms when it comes important steps towards better buildings. Today, innovative
to building performance. And since the EU technologies allow high performance and nearly zero energy
has decided to further promote building buildings providing excellent IEQ. Moreover, over the last
automation as an essential part of buildings years, ambitious building codes have been continuously
with EPBD from 2025 on, the importance asking for higher standards and lower energy consumption.
of both will most likely further increase. As a result, energy consumption in operation of the new
And for a good reason: both are urgently buildings has decreased – at least in some types of building
needed if we want to improve the energy and systems. At the same time a phenomenon has become
efficiency of our building stock. evident: those new buildings with their ventilation and
automation systems turn out to be rather complicated tech-
nical systems apparently being a huge challenge to designers,
A
tale of sustainability: To achieve a Gold-level
engineers, construction companies and facilities manager –
certification, a building owner integrates energy and even to owners and users. As a consequence, the perfor-
efficient supply systems in his building like a CHP, mance gap appeared: buildings do not work as intended.
a heat pump, a solar thermal collector and an absorption They miss their initial performance targets in operation.
chiller. The low calculated energy demand grants addi- This is doubly costly: first the design and construction cause
tional credits for certification. Shortly after handover, he additional cost and then, later, operation cost are also higher
notices that some of the systems don’t seem to work the than expected. This is an economic and ecologic no-go.
way they should. It turns out that the management of the
different systems is quite a challenge and had never really Solutions to this problem can be found in other industries:
been specified in the design phase. Some systems can’t
quality management. The term “Quality” is a colloquially
even communicate with each other. After months of claim
often used to refer do a characteristic of an object or gener-
management and frustrating attempts to find out how the
ally something “good”. In engineering, “quality” describes
system-as-a-whole should work, the operation staff decided
to keep the heating and cooling valves in a large air handling
the degree, to which a set of inherent characteristics of
unit constantly open to create constant energy demand. an object fulfills requirements. Consequently, “quality
The systems now run smoothly due to the continuous management” is a process of supporting the fulfillment of
consumption of heating and cooling energy at the same requirements. Since today building suffers greatly from a
time. And the owner lived disillusioned ever after. performance gap, the bottom line is that we have a deficit
in quality management for building performance.
* DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/844 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings
and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency.
Articles
Quality Management and Digitalization The Performance Gap
for Building Performance What is the performance gap that we aim to eliminate
In 2012 a new 6,000 m² domicile was handed over with quality management? It is often seen as energy
from the design-build contractor to the owner. Various consumption higher than budgeted. But energy is still
Danish media described the construction process as a
cheap and for owners it is often much more serious if for
success and all parties were satisfied with the result. The
designers were particularly satisfied with the technical example the indoor climate is negatively affecting the
solutions: productivity of the employees. As you can read in the
• ”Everything was tested before the building was put to case above, the performance gap is a complex thing both
service” to map and to handle. PhD student Helle Lohmann
• The building achieved an architectural prize
Rasmussen from Center for Facilities Management,
Despite the fine words from all the dignitaries the DTU Management Engineering, Technical University
employees working in the building kept complaining of Denmark, has mapped various types of performance
about the indoor climate. After the design professionals
have tried to map the reason for the complains and after gap [1] in Figure 1.
them the client advisor, a skilled Cx-team was invited to
verify the indoor Climate. At this time, it is four years
1.
after hand-over. Higher
12. energy 2.
The Cx team did the following observations and Not meeting consumption Higher
measurements: legal operation
• Unhealthy air require- costs
11. ments
• Very varying air velocities in the working areas 3.
Parts
• Too little supply of fresh air deferred to Higher
• Poor distribution of the fresh air supplied from ventila- the operation maintenance
stage costs
tion system
• Rapid rise of temperatures when the sun hits the facade
10.
The ventilation system is designed as a Constant Air Double 4.
operation or Performance Operation
Volume system (CAV) despite meeting rooms operate gap
No operation start-up loss
with Variable Air Volume (VAV)
> Pressure oscillates in the air distribution ducts, the
system can’t obtain the values in the balancing report 9. 5.
Mismatch Disappointing
No measuring points on hydronic systems with end-user
business experience
> Hydronic balancing is not possible case
8. 6.
The story continues: Unsatis- Disappointing
Ventilation system extracts air above ceiling without factory 7. FM staff
indoor Lack of experience
distribution ducts and Chill Beams are installed without climate adaptability/
following the requirements of the producer flexibility
> Draft
Architectural solution with windows in aluminum Figure 1. Figure A Facilities Manager’s typology of
cassettes bolted to the outside of the facade performance gaps.
> Temperatures in the Cassettes up to 72°C, inner surface
temperature measured on the glass 35–40°C
• Radiators are heating, also in the summer The complexity of buildings and the variety of causes
• Solar screens operate after a control sequence that is
not described for the performance gap indicate the challenge to
• The whole cooling system is running constantly – also implement an effective quality management.
in the winter – to keep IT-installations cold
Quality Management
Conclusion
• The owner’s indoor climate requirements are not met Somehow, quality management is of course a part of
• Indoor conditions are so bad that it is not allowed to any building. Construction needs verifiable calculations
have employees working in the building for their statics that are engineered and cross-checked,
• 50% dissatisfied employees
• Energy consumption out of control
concepts for fire protection need to be defined in early
• Costly renewal of all technical installations and new design stages and should be tested before handover and
cooling and ventilation concept necessitating new every elevator is frequently being inspected. Usually,
installations above ceilings and new ceiling system to these tests are being carried out by a third party along
be implemented while the building is in use well-defined testing procedures usually by technical
experts for the very field.
Articles
Building performance as a whole though is not covered requirements and thereby establishing a quality control
by an effective quality management process. In fact, loop for building performance. The service focusses
well-defined third-party testing is often only applied in on the precise definition of requirements as the basis
the still very rare buildings undergoing a certification for quality management and the application of testing
process for sustainability, e.g. DGNB, HQE, BREEAM procedures for those requirements.
or LEED. They give credits for the application of
certain quality management procedures. The quality control loop as defined for technical
monitoring consists of four essential elements listed
Sustainability Management in Table 1.
Certification:
DGNB, LEED,
BREEAM, HQE etc.
Commissioning Management Table 1. Phases of the quality control loop for technical
Certification:
monitoring.
COPILOT
Target values define measurable requirements for

Technical Monitoring
buildings and its systems. This may include the maximum
level of CO2-concentration in a conference room, the
coefficient of performance of a chiller plant or the set
point of a supply air temperature of an air handling unit
Figure 2. Quality management services as part of at a certain ambient air temperature.
certification schemes.
Measured values are the values obtained from
building or system operation. The building has to be
Two of these procedures have evolved as particularly technically able to provide this data, e.g. via its building
reliable and valuable services – even independently management system or additional metering devices.
form certification schemes – and they are becoming They need to precisely correspond to the target values.
increasingly popular: Technical Monitoring and
Evaluation procedures. To be able to check whether a
Commissioning.
building fulfills its requirements, TMon applies evaluation
procedures to compare the measured values versus
As a core aspect, both services have in common that they the target values. Here it becomes apparent that both
should be provided by an independent third-party that need to be defined very carefully to allow a meaningful
is explicitly not responsible for the design, construction evaluation: If one uses for example the overall energy
and operation of the building. This independence is a consumption of a building as a target value, this value
prerequisite for the effective service and a transparent will be very uncertain due to assumptions in design as
well as through the actual use of the building that is
communication of any deficit detected by the quality
affected by – among others – tenants moving in step by
management procedures. step, changes in use and user behavior.
Technical Monitoring (TMon)** Actions. To actually improve building performance,
Technical Monitoring follows very closely the prin- TMon needs to communicate its findings effectively into
cipal concept of quality by testing the fulfillment of the project. Any evaluation therefore needs to provide
reliable and transparent results that can be delivered to
engineers, contractors and maintenance personnel in
** The service is described e.g. by AMEV 135, VDI 6041 and also within the LEED time to be recognized and to allow appropriate response.
certification as monitoring-based commissioning.
Figure 3. Quality Control loop.
Articles
If these four elements are implemented well into a The Commissioning process starts in the pre-design
building project, usually starting with the definition of phase and formally ends one year after completion. It
“testable” requirements in the design phase, TMon can does not take over any of the activities, that the designers
deliver a timely and very cost-effective support for any and the contractors are already hired to do; they still
building project. In addition to the immediate control have to manage the quality of their own delivery and
loop within a project, TMon also sets up a long tail balance their own installations.
loop: It allows to derive reliable experiences to learn
for future projects. Commissioning (Cx) follows a broader scope than
TMon. In addition to the “pure” specification and
Since TMon is based upon individual functional target testing within Technical Monitoring, Cx includes a
values, it can be applied with an individually defined variety of additional services ranging from checking
scope e.g. on individual systems and values. The option the of design documents, operationability, for example
to choose an appropriate scope supports the cost effec- the accessibility of air handling units for maintenance
tiveness of the service. services to functional testing of systems (Life-cycle
cost calculations are good tools for that), O&M docu-
Commissioning (Cx) mentation and supervision of building maintenance
When we talk about Commissioning, we talk about personnel training.
a process. Commissioning is often misunderstood
as “testing in the end”. The direct translation of the The Commissioning Process can be illustrated in a
English word has led to many misunderstandings. It simplified manner as shown in Figure 5.
is therefore essential that
we distinguish between the
“event of commissioning” What can go wrong? • Communication issues
betwen phases
which means “starting up”
• New players – different
and the “Commissioning language
Process” that consists of a • No time for proper QA
sequence of activities spread
throughout the construction
process, from the pre-design
Pre-design Design Construction Operations
phase to at least one year
into operation. • Owners Requirements • Design is not following • Construction not • Documentation not focused
are too fluffy the requirements according to design on owners O&M
• Building programme • Calculations and • Details lost in cross- • Staff not trained to operate
Many building owners are simulations are not disciplinary work with and maintain the building
with intentions instead
asking “Why do I have to of measureable supporting technical many subcontractors according to the
pay for Commissioning, has requirements function involved requirements
it not been included since

the beginning of time?” The Figure 4. Possible causes of mistakes throughout the construction process.
simple answer to that is: “Yes,
the event of Commissioning
has always been included, Commissioning Process for new constructions
and it might also have been
Follow-up on issues
sufficient before, but with handed over from one
the complexity of today’s phase to another
buildings, you have to do
something extra”.
Pre-design Design Construction Operations
In Figure 4 it is illustrated
that faults, misunderstand-
Owners Requirements Review Design Test, train & document Continue testing and
ings and demand for clari- Requirements
-Measureable performance according monitoring
fications occur through the requirements! followed? to requirements -Does it still work according
whole construction project to requirements?
and not only in the construc-
tion phase. Figure 5. The Commissioning process made simple.
Articles
Flowchart interdependence between deliveries for typical HVAC start-up, balancing and verification
Heating Ventilation BMS Electrical supply Cooling
Mechanical Complete: Mechanical Complete: Mechanical Complete: Mechanical Complete: Mechanical Complete:
 Heat-exch./boiler installed  Ventilation units installed  BMS switchboards  Transformer  Heat exchanger
 Piping installed  Ducts installed  Cabling  Main switchboard  Chiller
 Valves installed  All accessories, diffusers,  Software  Sub-switchboards  Condenser cooler
grilles etc. installed  Piping
QA complete incl. normative req. QA of the above complete incl. QA of the above complete incl. QA of the above complete QA complete incl. normative req.
[List relevant chapters in local, normative req. normative req. [List relevant chapters in local, [List relevant chapters in local,
EN or ISO norms and standards] [List relevant chapters in local, [List relevant chapters in local, EN or ISO norms and standards] EN or ISO norms and standards]
EN or ISO norms and standards] EN or ISO norms and standards]
Transformer started and Flushing and pressure testing

permanent power on main system according to
switchboard requirements in [norm]
Flushing and pressure Filling water or glycol on the

testing system according Power on sub-switchboards system and verifying water
to requirements in [norm] quality according to [norm]
Filling water on the system Power on BMS Power on Cooling Central

and verifying water quality switchboards
according to [norm] Pumps started up
Power on ventilation Power on BMS Balancing water flow in all

Pumps started up units substations loops according to [norm]
Balancing water flow Tightness test Point-to-Point test Data network and Verifying Cooling Central
according to [norm] according to [norm] according to [Norm] switches etc. OK safety systems
Assuring balancing Functional testing according Start-up of Chillers,

functionality according to to [norm] incl. datalogging & condenser coolers and other
[norm] graphics accessories
Analysis & No Water flow Yes Balancing airflow Balancing Cooling System
Correction OK according to [norm] according to [norm]
Analysis & No Air flow Yes Analysis & No Balancing Yes

Correction OK Correction OK
Balancing BMS
according to [norm]
Analysis & No Controls Yes

Correction OK
SAT test heating system SAT test ventilation system SAT test BMS SAT test cooling system
*QA, documentation & O&M *QA, documentation & O&M *QA, documentation & O&M *QA, documentation & O&M *QA, documentation & O&M
Cross-disciplinary tests, indoor climate tests etc. and Technical Monitoring
Prerequisite. Dark green boxes contains prerequisites. Documentation for fulfilled prerequisite must be shown. [Text in square brackets] refers to the
corresponding norm. Local domestic norms must be
Contractor Action. Yellow boxes are actions with an accompanying document reporting the action. activated, preferably related to EN, ISO or other
international documents.
Acceptance. Blue diamonds show acceptance by the CxP.
*QA, documentation & O&M. All QA is completed.
Issue. Red hexagons for issues to solve. All issues solved and accepted by the
commissioning provider. Documentation, drawings
Commissioning Action. Light green boxes are Cx or TM actions with an accompanying document reporting the action. and descriptions exists. O&M exists.
54 REHVA
FigureEuropean HVAC
6. Pre-required Journal
data for technical–monitoring
Special and
issue for ACREX[©India
commissioning. 2019
Ole Teisen exhibition
2018, Sweco A/S]
Articles
Why it
Whyis important
it is important
to start
to start
early early
The complete Commissioning Process typically Why it is important to start early

consists of a facilitation of the owner to set up measur-
able requirements for the process, minimum of two Cost ofCost
Project
of Project
changechange
operations-focused cross-disciplinary design reviews,
Possibility
Possibility
of influence
of influence
on project
on project
sample performance testing of systems and indoor
climate, planning of digital hand-over of O&M and
Cost of Project cha
documentation and planning of user training. In the
operations phase the Commissioning Process continues
Possibility of influence on project
as “On-going Commissioning” or “Monitoring-Based Pre-design
Pre-design DesignDesign Construction
Construction Operations
Operations
Commissioning”. Technical Monitoring should always
be included as a core service of Commissioning. Figure 7. Deficiencies found when testing and monitoring
the completed construction are usually costly to fix.
In a popular way one could say that the Commissioning
Process contains all quality management activities
Pre-design Design Construction
needed to facilitate and pass the tests of the Technical Digitalization
Monitoring. In the Commissioning Process, the hand-over of O&M
documentation (and drawings calculations, descrip-
To illustrate the complex relations and connections tions etc.) is usually handled through a digital tool.
within modern buildings, Figure 6 shows some of the The typical and well-proven option is to enter all data
prerequisites for TMon an Commissioning tests. It related to O&M, QM, Balancing Reports, documenta-
is very useful to include the tracking of all these QA tion, design and drawings together with the documents
documents listed here in the Commissioning Process to of the Commissioning Process in the owners CMMS
facilitate that systems are completed and quality assured (Computerized Maintenance Management System)
before they participate in a cross-disciplinary test. system that then serves as the “Systems Manual”
hosting every related documentation.
What is it worth?
The potential of a better quality as well as of TMon and In Sweco we have now projects, where we link the
Cx has been shown in numerous studies. For Technical Systems Manual (CMMS) and the building model.
Monitoring, that since 2017 in some German states is That opens up for help to find the precise location of a
mandatory for public buildings, a study at Technische specific maintenance task generated in the system. You
Universität Braunschweig [2] showed a return on invest can also find the documentation for specific compo-
of less than one year for Technical Monitoring. These nents and be guided into the building model to see in
numbers have been confirmed by about 250 TMon what locations the component is placed.
projects on more than 3,000 systems we did at synavi-
sion with our Digital Test Bench. This linking between the Systems Manual and the
Building Model is not very common yet, and we still
On commissioning, Evan Mills has analyzed 399 need to see, if owners in the future will route sufficient
Commissioning projects, 322 on existing buildings and resources to the FM staff to assure the maintaining and
22 on new constructions [3]. He found that the pay- continuous update of the model and the link to the
back time for investment in a Commissioning Process Systems Manual. But the digital approach is essential
that was 4.2 years for new constructions and 1.1 years for quality management.
for existing buildings. In the same study is found that
the Commissioning Process costs ½–1% of construc- Although quality management services are principally
tion costs. The study is renewed in the end of 2018. available, there are barriers for their success. This
The own experience in Sweco is that pay-back time for became obvious through another quality management
new constructions are much lower than in the US. All process: energy inspections for air conditioning system
the Commissioning projects the company has managed as required by EPBD. These inspections are manda-
have paid back before hand-over in found deficiencies tory in Germany since 2007 for every system with a
that would have been costly to redo later. Deficiencies cooling power of 12 kWth or more. The number of
are rooted in all stages of the construction process, and systems that have to be inspected is estimated to be
if they are found when testing and monitoring the about 250,000 [4]. So far not more than 10% of these
completed construction, they usually are costly to fix. systems actually have been inspected.
This can be illustrated by the curves in Figure 7.
Articles
In this regard, TMon is of particular interest since

the quality loop of defining target values, collecting
Buildings are becoming technically sophisticated measured data, evaluation it and communicating it
systems. Therefore, as in other industries, quality to the project can be transformed completely into a
management becomes an increasingly important part of digital service. One example is our Digital Test Bench
the building process. Due to the complexity and unique- at Synavision, which is currently proving its effec-
ness of buildings, digitalization – generally speaking tiveness within the EU funded Horizon 2020 project
the transformation of manual, human actions into data QUANTUM (www.quantum-project.eu). Our
driven software-based processes – is a prerequisite software as a service offers tools to digitally specify
to facility quality management. The first steps of this
target values, import and evaluate data and produce
a precise and transparent feedback. The software can
transformation started years ago when architects and
be applied in new construction with a focus on the
engineers started to use computer aided design tools
startup phase or in existing buildings e.g. for digital
instead of pencils to create plans. Now the electronic
energy inspections. Due to the large extend of digitali-
design is to be further transformed into a digital building zation, the process does not require significant expert
information model (BIM) containing information far knowledge and in consequence can scale up massively
beyond the physical shape of the construction like time and robustly.
of construction, product information and even ongoing
metering data. Building performance needs to be improved in Europe.
The technologies are already at hand. If we introduce
quality management to ensure project success and if we
use the new opportunities of digitalization, chances are
good to turn the European building stock into a truly
The reasons may be various: lack of owners’ interest, sustainable living environment.
lack of knowledge about the inspection duty, lack of
control by authorities. But one reason is evident: The Valuable sources of Commissioning Process
inspections usually require experienced experts to go knowledge
on site and test the systems. These engineers simply •• IEA ECBCS Annex 47
do not exist! There is already a lack of engineers in the •• ASHRAE Guideline 0-2013
building industry so that additional services, if they •• ASHRAE standard 202
are not exceptionally well paid, will have difficulties •• BSRIA “Soft Landings”
to succeed. Therefore, digitalization is an important •• Danish Standard DS 3090
opportunity for building performance. Not so much •• LEED ver. 4
to cut cost but to enable quality management at all. •• DGNB Danish version Criterion 1.7
References
[1] Helle Lohmann Rasmussen (2018). A Facilities Manager’s typology of performance gaps, Technical University of Denmark.
[2] Stefan Plesser et al. (2018) „GA Spec&Check. Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Methodik zur Beschreibung, Abnahme und
Überwachung von Funktionen der Gebäudeautomation“, Technische Universität Braunschweig.
[3] Evan Mills Mills, E. P. (2009): Building Commission - A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs and Greenhouse-Gas
Emissions. California: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
[4] Mai, Ronny (2016). “8 Jahre Energetische Inspektion von Klimaanlagen – ein Status Quo“, ILK Dresden.
Product Certification
European Certification of HVAC&R

products
Discover a top European Third-party cer-
tification body dedicated to guaranteeing The challenging normative and regulatory
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T
oday, professionals face new challenges in difficult for end-users. In this context the Euro-
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Trusted as a highly skilled and experienced partner,

Eurovent Certita Certification has positioned itself as
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Europe in the field of Indoor Climate, Ventilation and
Air Quality, Process Cooling & Food Cold Chain. ERICK MELQUIOND
President
Based on a voluntary scheme, our certification is open Eurovent Certita Certification
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Product performance certification

The mission of Eurovent Certita Certification is to
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Third-Party certification enables labels, green public procurements, white certificates) or
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Coming soon...
Less New certification programmes
reliability and
independence Condensing units
In 2018 we successfully launched our certification
programme for condensing units designed for commer-
• We operate with the commissions responsible for the cial and industrial refrigeration applications. The scope
harmonisation and the integrity of our certification programmes,
including authorities, end-user groups, scientific and technical
is intended to include air-cooled condensing units as
bodies, and manufacturer associations. defined in regulation 2015/1095:
• All 30 laboratories and testing agencies that are a part of the
Eurovent Certita Certification process are regularly assessed •• integrating at least one electrically driven compressor
according to ISO 17025. They are located in 11 countries •• integrating at least one condenser,
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• Our testing protocols include independent tests, manufacturing
audits, selection software checks, product sampling, product
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purchasing, cross data coherence algorithms per product a refrigerated appliance or system, using a vapour
family, and product dismantling after testing. compression cycle once connected to an evaporator
and an expansion device.
By a simple, 24/7
connection to our website
www.eurovent-certification.com
you can download PRODUCT PERFORMANCE

Product Performance Reports REPORT
that provide detailed performance Document ID 123131DSFSQDFQSD4546DSQFQ
Issued on April 27 th, 2015
features and values such as the PROJECT IDENTIFICATION - This product performance report is delivered for:
Online
Name MARCHE XXY
COP (Coefficient Of Performance)

Company EUROVENT
Proj ect reference CF23198
Project location PARIS
or the Sound Power Level.

product
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
Certification Diploma N° 07- 09- 356
Brand AIRWELL
Manufacturer AIRWELL
Product r eference 12231f32ds1f3dsfsd3f131f3q1f3qd1sf3qdsf1dsq3f13qf1q
performance
reports Important n otice:
I.
II.
Data featured in this report are valid at the d ate of issue . The scope of this product performance report does not include all
certified data that can be checked at http://www.euro vent-certification.com
This product performance report is valid only for above product features and should not be referred to as a Diploma.
FEATURE VALUE UNIT
FEATURE VALUE UNIT
reports II.
I.
This product performance report is valid only for above product features and should not be referred
certified data that can be checked at
Data featured in this report
Important n otice:
http://www.euro vent-certification.com
to as a Diploma.
are valid at the d ate of issue . The scope of this product performance report does not include all
performance
product Product r eference
Manufacturer
Brand
12231f32ds1f3dsfsd3f131f3q1f3qd1sf3qdsf1dsq3f13qf1q
AIRWELL
AIRWELL
Online
Certification Diploma N° 07 - 09 - 356
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
Project location PARIS

Proj ect reference CF23198
Company EUROVENT
Name MARCHE XXY
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION - This product performance report is delivered for:
Issued on April 27 th , 2015

Document ID 123131DSFSQDFQSD4546DSQFQ
REPORT
PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
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All information available soon on our website
www.eurovent-certification.com
28-30 Jan HVAC-R expo Saudi
Beverage coolers and plug-in refrigerated 7 Fev EnerJ Meeting

display cabinets 13-15 Feb BePositive
We invite all manufacturers and distributors of refriger-
20-22 Feb-2 Refrigera
ated display cabinets and/or beverage coolers to join our
next launching committee where you will contribute 28 Feb-2 March Acrex India
to defining the rules to be applied to your equipment. 4-7 March Climate World
The Launching Committee (LC) oversees the specific 11-15 March ISH
requirements for product evaluation by preparing the 12-13 March Data Centre World
relevant reference documents as well as guidance on the
9-11 April China Refrigeration Expo
choice of laboratory.
26-29 May Clima 2019
Should you be interested in participating or just 10-13 Sept Febrava
willing to get further information: Please contact us at
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5-8 Nov Interclima
19-21 Nov SIFA
Find all our information on our website: www.eurovent-certification.com
CERTIFICATION PROGRAMMES
FOR DOMESTIC, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
Indoor Climate
Chilled Beams (CB)*
Comfort Air Conditioners (AC)*
European Heat Pumps
Fan Coils Units (FCU)*
Heat Interface Units (HIU)*
Liquid-to-liquid Plate Heat Exchangers (LPHE)
Rooftops (RT)*
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)*
Ventilation & Air Quality

Air Cleaners (ACL)
Air Filters Class (FIL)*
Air Handling Units (AHU)*
Air to Air Plate Heat Exchangers (AAHE)*
Air to Air Regenerative Heat Exchangers (AARE)*
Fans
Hygienic Air Handling Units (HAHU)
Residential Air Filters (RFIL)
Residential Air Handling Units (RAHU)
Ventilation Ducts (DUCT)
Process Cooling & Food Cold Chain

Cooling & Heating Coils (COIL)
Cooling Towers (CT)
Drift Eliminators (DE)
Evaporating Cooling
Heat Exchangers (HE)*
Heat Recovery Systems with Intermediate Heat Transfer Medium (HRS-coils)
IT Cooling (ITCU)*
Liquid Chilling Package & Heat Pumps (LCP-HP)*
Remote Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RDC)
* All models in the production have to be certified
dd Indoor Climate
Chilled Beams (CB) CERTIFY

ALL
Scope of certification
Certified characteristics & tolerances
This Certification Programme applies to all Active
and Passive Chilled Beams. Chilled Beams are present- Cooling capacity: 3 conditions are required.
ed by ranges but all ranges must be certified. This ap- • Active: 80 – 100 – 120% of the nominal air flow
plies to all product ranges which have either catalogue rate (for 8°C temperature difference)
leaflets with product details including technical data • Passive: 6 – 8 – 10°C temperature difference
or similar product information in electronic format. Tolerance = 12% and +24% for the 3 single values; −6% for the
average value.
Certification requirements Water pressure drop: tolerance = maximum (2 kPa; 10%)
For the qualification procedure: 3 units are selected
ECC Reference documents
from regular production and tested in the independent
Laboratory selected by Eurovent Certita Certification. • Certification manual
• Operational Manual OM-12
For the repetition procedures (yearly): the number of • Rating Standard RS 2/C/001
units selected is limited to 1 unit/range.
Testing standards
Obtained performances shall be compared with the
values presented in the catalogues or electronic selec-
• EN 14518: “Testing and rating of Passive Chilled
Beams”
tion from manufacturer’s website. • EN 15116: “Testing and rating of Active Chilled
Beams”
Comfort Air Conditioners (AC) CERTIFY

ALL
units are tested at part load conditions. AC2 & AC3:
This certification programme includes: 10% of the units declared are selected and tested by
• AC1: comfort air cooled AC and air to an independent laboratory.
air HP with cooling capacity up to 12 kW, except
double duct and single duct units. Certified characteristics & tolerances
• AC2: comfort units with cooling capacity from
• Capacity (cooling and heating) −5%
12 to 50 kW
• AC3: comfort units with cooling capacity from • Efficiency (EER and COP) at standard rating
50 to 100 kW conditions and part loads: −8%
• AC1 Seasonal Efficiency (SEER and SCOP): −0%
This programme applies to factory-made units in- (automatically rerated when Part Load efficiency
tended to produce cooled air for comfort air con- criteria fails)
ditioning (AC1, AC2, AC3). It also applies to units • AC2 & AC3 Seasonal Efficiency (SEER/ηsc and
intended for both cooling and heating by reversing SCOP/ηsh): −0% (automatically rerated when Part
the cycle. AC1 programme units out of Regulation Load efficiency criteria fails)
206/2012 are excluded. AC2 and AC3 programme • A-weighted sound power level +0 dB (A)
Auxiliary power +10%
units out of Regulation 2016/2281 are excluded.
• Minimum continuous operation Load Ratio:
Participating Companies must certify all production LRcontmin [%], COP/EER at LRcontmin and
models within the scope of the programme. For mul- Performance correction coefficient at LRcontmin
ti-split air conditioners, the number of indoor units CcpLRcontmin.
is limited to 2, with same mounting type and capacity ECC Reference documents
ratio 1±0.05. However, AC2 & AC3 units with 3 or 4
indoor units can be declared as an option. • Certification manual
• Operational Manual OM-1
• Rating Standard RS 6/C/001 • RS 6/C/001A •
Certification requirements RS 6/C/006
For the qualification & yearly repetition procedures:
AC1: 8% of the units declared are selected and tested Testing standards
by an independent laboratory, and 30% of the selected • EN 14511 • EN 14825 • EN 12102
dd Indoor Climate
European Heat Pumps The programmes AC, VRF, RT & LCP-HP also participate
to the programme European Heat Pump
Scope of certification heating [COPDHW & WH] or Global performance

• Electrically driven heat pumps for space heating coefficient for a given tapping cycle COPglobal,
(incl. cooling function) Reference hot water temperature θ’WH and
• Electrically driven heat pumps used for heating Maximum effective hot water volume VMAX [l]
swimming pool water (outdoors or inside) • Daily consumption for the draw-off cycle in
• Dual-mode heat pumps, i.e. designed for space question (Qelec)
heating and domestic hot water production, • Annual consumption (AEC)
• Gas absorption heat pumps (incl. cooling function) • Sound power levels Lw [dB(A)]
• Engine-driven gas heat pumps (incl. cooling function)
Certification requirements • Certification manual
• Qualification campaign: 1 test per range declared • Operational manual OM-17
+ 1 audit/factory • Rating standard RS 9/C/010
• Repetition campaign: between 1 and 3 machines/
Main testing standards
year (depending on the number of certified range)
+ 1 audit/ year/factory Thermal performance:
• Heat pumps with electrically driven compressors
Main certified characteristics & • Space heating & cooling: EN 14511-1 to 4;
tolerances Seasonal performance: EN 14825
• Heating and/or Cooling capacities Ph and/or • Domestic hot water: EN 16147
Pc [kW], Electrical Power inputs Pe [kW] and • Direct exchange ground coupled heat pumps:
Coefficient of performance COP EN 15879-1
• Design capacity Pdesignh, Seasonal Coefficients of • Gas-fired heat pump: EN 12309-1 to 5
Performance SCOP, SCOPnet and Seasonal efficiency ηs Acoustics:
• Minimum continuous operation Load Ratio • Heat pumps and dehumidifiers with electrically
LRcontmin [%], COP at LRcontmin and Performance driven compressors: EN 12102
correction coefficient at LRcontmin CcpLRcontmin • ISO 3741: Reverberant rooms or ISO 9614-1:
• Temperature stabilisation time th [hh:mm], Spare Sound intensity, measurements by points
capacity Pes [W], Energy efficiency for water
Fan Coils Units (FCU) CERTIFY

ALL ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CHECK ENERGY CLASS ON
Scope of certification Certified characteristics & tolerances

This Certification Programme applies to Fan Coil • Sensible capacity* **: −8%
Units using hot or chilled water. It concerns both non • Total cooling & heating capacity * **: −7%
ducted and ducted fan coils: • Water pressure drop* **: +20%
• Fan power input*: +10%
• Non-ducted units: Fan Coil Units with air flow less • A-weighted sound power **: +2 dB(A)
than 0.7 m³/s and a published external static duct • Air flow rate: −10%
pressure at 40 Pa maximum. • Available static pressure 0 Pa for medium speed and
• Ducted units: Fan Coil Units up to 1 m³/s airflow −5 Pa for other speeds
and 300 Pa available pressure. • FCEER & FCCOP
• District cooling units and 60 Hz units can be • Eurovent energy efficiency class
certified as an option (*) At standard and non-standard conditions
(**) Tolerances for capacities are increased by 2% for variable speed units.
Participating companies must certify all production
models within the scope of the programme. Selection ECC Reference documents
tools (software) are checked. • Certification manual
• Operational Manual OM-1A
Certification requirements • Rating Standard RS 6/C/002
Repetition procedure: the number of units to be tested
• Rating Standard RS 6/C/002A
each year will be proportional to the number of his ba- Testing standards
sic models listed in the Directory, in an amount equal • Performance testing: EN 1397:2015
to 17% for Fan Coil Units with a minimum of one test. • Acoustic testing: EN 16583:2015
dd Indoor Climate
Heat Interface Units (HIU) CERTIFY

ALL
Scope of certification • Annual production site audit

The present certification scheme covers Heat Interface • Unit labelling
Units, defined as a packaged unit including at least • Certify-all principle
one Domestic Hot Water heat exchanger and control
elements. Certified characteristics & tolerance
The HIU may contain:
• Maximal DHW capacity (kW)
• Return temperature during normal DHW tapping (°C)
• An additional heat exchanger for heating • Minimal DHW flow rate (l/min)
• Balancing elements • DHW reaction time (s)
• 1 heating pump • DHW Standby heat losses (kW)
• Metering possibilities • Capacity on temperature delta of 20 K (kW)
The HIU covered by the scheme are 3 pipes configu-
• Capacity on temperature delta of 10 K (kW)
• Difference between primary return temperature
rations. HIU with DHW capacity level above 70 kW and secondary return temperature at 4kW (°C)
are not covered by the certification scope. Only units • Heat losses (kW)
for single family dwellings use are covered.
The covered technologies are: ECC Reference documents
• Domestic Hot Water technology only: HIU/DHW • Certification manual
• DHW and direct heating technology: HIU/DHW/ • OM-26
DH • RS10/C/001
• DHW and direct heating mixed technology: HIU/
DHW/DHM Testing standards
• DHW and indirect heating application: HIU/ • Tests are conducted in accordance with the Test
DHW/IH Regime Technical Specification, Rev-007 by BESA
(Building Engineering Services Association), and in
Certification requirements complement of testing specifications described in
The Heat Interface Unit certification program includes: the Rating Standard RS/10/C/001.
• Units are both tested under High Temperature
• Annual random selection of units and tests in an Conditions and Mid Temperature Conditions.
independent and accredited laboratory.
dd Indoor Climate
Liquid-to-liquid Plate Heat Exchangers (LPHE)

Scope of certification The performances measured by the independent labora-
This certification programme applies to plate heat tory are compared to the selection software output data.
exchangers designed for liquid/liquid heat exchange
(without phase change) applications in the Heating Certified characteristics & acceptance
Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) field and criteria
operated with clean water or clean water mixtures Capacity: -(3%+Mu)
(ethylene/propylene glycol but also ethanol aqueous
Pressure drop on primary fluid circuit: +(10%+Mu),
solutions).
minimum +2kPa
The product categories covered are:
Pressure drop on secondary fluid circuit: +(10%+Mu),
• Gasketed plate heat exchangers, minimum +2kPa
• Brazed plate heat exchangers
• Fusion-bonded plate heat exchangers With Mu the expanded uncertainty calculated by the
laboratory for the test in question (uncertainty analy-
Certification requirements sis as per RS 7/C/010).
The certification scheme is based on product perfor-
mance testing by independent testing laboratories as ECC Reference documents
well as manufacturing facility auditing and selection • Certification manual
software checking. • Operational manual OM-25
For qualification (entry year): 1/4 of the models (4 mod-
• Rating Standard RS 7/C/010
els minimum) selected for testing + 1 audit/factory. Testing standards
For the repetition procedure (annually): 1/10 of the Specific testing method in Rating Standard
models (2 models minimum) selected for testing + 1 RS 7/C/010 notably based on, but amending, the fol-
audit/factory. lowing standards:
If more than 3 new models are introduced in the range • EN 1148:1999+A1:2005
during the declaration file annual update, then 1 extra • EN 306:1997
test will be conducted.
dd Indoor Climate
Rooftops (RT) CERTIFY

The Eurovent rooftop certification (RT) program covers The next challenges of the programme will be the
air-cooled packaged rooftop cooling only and revers- taking into account of the free cooling for the cooling
ible units below 100 kW (in cooling mode), with an op- efficiency and the heat recovery mode for the 3 & 4
tion to certify air to air units from 100 kW to 200 kW and damper rooftops, but obviously, the software certifi-
water-cooled packages rooftops. cation will be a key item to comply with existing and
coming certification of building energy calculations in
The Rooftop program regroups 11 participants of which the EU countries.
the five main European manufacturers.
Eurovent certifies indoor and outdoor sound levels,

cooling and heating capacity and efficiency. Certified
performances provide transparency and fair compari-
son between manufacturers. It is also the basis for the
reliable study of HVAC system energy performance.
Committee chair:
Mr Alain Compingt
For two years the program has evolved towards tests at Regulatory and External
part load conditions in order to prepare the certification Relationship, LENNOX EMEA
of seasonal efficiencies (SEER & ηsc, SCOP & ηsh) of which
the publication on the Eurovent Certified Performance
(ECP) website is expected for mid-2018.
It was a strong willing of manufacturers involved in

the program to be completely in line with the new Eco Mr Arnaud Lacourt
Head of Thermodynamics
design Regulation (N° 2016/2281) applicable from 1st of Department, Eurovent
January 2018 for several HVAC products as the rooftop Certita Certification
units.
Scope of certification • Seasonal Efficiency in heating: SCOP & ηsh

• This Certification Program applies to air-cooled Expected in mid 2018
packaged rooftop cooling only and reversible units • Condenser water pressure drop: +15%
below 100 kW (in cooling mode). • A-weighted Sound Power Level: +3 dBA
• Air to air units from 100 kW to 200 kW and water- • Eurovent Energy Efficiency class (cooling and
cooled packages rooftops can be certified as an heating)
option. • Eurovent Energy Seasonal Efficiency class.
Expected in 2019
Certification requirements
• For the qualification and repetition procedures
(yearly) between 1 & 3 units are selected and tested, • Certification manual
depending on the number of products declared. • Operational Manual OM-13
• Capacity (Cooling or Heating): −5%
Testing standards
• EER or COP: −8% • EN 14511 for Performance Testing
• Seasonal Efficiency in cooling: SEER & ηsc • EN 14825 for Seasonal Efficiencies
Expected in mid 2018 • EN 12102 for Acoustical Testing
dd Indoor Climate
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) CERTIFY

ALL
Launched in 2013, the VRF programme started with a The VRF program has prepared this change during
restricted scope: outdoor units up to 50 kW, testable 2017, testing the first units at the part load conditions
combinations up to limited number of indoor units and extreme ambient temperature (up to –10 kW) in
(2 cassettes or 4 ducted units). But it was a first step to order to be able to publish from Mid-2018:
increase the integrity of the products performances on
- certified SEER and ηsc for the cooling mode
the market.
- certified SCOP and ηsh for the heating mode
From 2015, an annual factory audit has completed the Early 2018, the VRF program regroups hence-
requirements of the VRF programme. forth 15 participants of which the world’s leading
manufacturers.
From 2018, an extended scope is proposed:
- Outdoor units up to 100 kW
- Combinations up to 8 indoor units (cassette or
ducted) depending of the outdoor unit capacity Mr Arnaud Lacourt
- Certified seasonal efficiencies (according to Ecodesign Head of Thermodynamics
Department, Eurovent
Regulation No 2016/2281, applicable from 2018) Certita Certification
Scope of certification • Repetition procedure: units selected from regular

The certification programme for Variable Refrigerant production shall be tested on a yearly basis.
Flow (VRF) applies to: • A factory visit is organized every year in order to
check the production
• Outdoor units used in Variable Refrigerant Flow
systems with the following characteristics: Certified characteristics & tolerances
–– Air or water source, reversible, heating-only and • Outdoor Capacity (cooling and heating): −8%
cooling-only. • Outdoor Efficiency (EER, COP) at standard rating
VRF systems with data declared and published as conditions and part loads: −10%
combinations are excluded from the scope. • Seasonal Efficiency (SEER/ηsc and SCOP/ ηsh):
–0% (automatically rerated when Part Load
Heat recovery units are included in the scope but the efficiency criteria fails)
heat recovery function is not certified. • A-weighted sound power level: 2 dB
High ambient systems are included in the scope but ECC Reference documents
tested under standard conditions as specified in RS • Certification manual
6/C/008. • Operational manual OM-15
• Qualification: units selected by ECC shall be tested
Testing standards
in an independent laboratory selected by ECC. • EN 14511 • EN 14825 • EN 12102
dd Ventilation & Air Quality
Air Cleaners (ACL)

Scope of certification At 1, 2 or 3 operating speeds:
The scope of this new certification programme includes • Device air circulation flow rate.
devices for collecting and/or destroying indoor air pollut- • Energy: absorbed electrical power.
ants for residential or tertiary sector applications, such as: • Noise impact: sound power level.
• Devices equipped with a fan that circulates an air When tested in the laboratory the obtained perfor-
flow of between 15 m³/h and 1,000 m³/h mance data shall not differ from the declared values
• Independent electrically-powered devices. by more than the following tolerance values:
• Residential (domestic) and tertiary sector applications: • Air circulation flow rate [m³/h]: −5%
bedrooms, living rooms, offices, waiting rooms, retail • Initial purified air flow rate [m³/h]: −5%
stores, etc. • Sound power level [dB(A)]: +2 dB(A)
• All types of technology: mechanical filtration, • Absorbed electrical power [W]: Maximum [+5%; +1 W]
electrostatic filtration, plasma, ionization, UV-A or
UV-C lamp, etc. ECC Reference documents
Certified characteristics & tolerances • Certification manual
At maximum operating speed:
• Operational manual OM-20
• Purification efficiency: purified air volume flow rate • Rating Standard RS/4/C/002
for each pollutant category treated such as
• NF-536
–– Breathable particles suspended in the air Testing standards
–– Gaseous pollutants (formaldehyde, toluene, etc.) • NF B44-200:2016
–– Microorganisms (bacteria and mould) • XP-B44-013:2009 may notably be used as a
–– Cat allergen supplement in some particular cases identified in
• Energy efficiency: (purified air volume flow rate / the NF-536 reference document.
absorbed electrical power).
• Recommended room area for each pollutant category.
Air Filters Class (FIL) CERTIFY

ALL
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Today, people spend most of the time inside of build-

ings. Hence, indoor air quality is a key factor to hu- referring to a front frame size of 592x592mm
man health. Air filters removing fine dust from the air according to standard EN 15805.
stream are the key component in building heating, • When a company joins the programme, all relevant
ventilation and air conditioning systems to supply air air filter elements shall be certified.
of the required cleanliness and to ensure a high level
of indoor air quality. With the air filter certification pro-
gram, reliable and transparent filter data are ensured • For the qualification procedures: 6 units will be
to customers. On a yearly base, four different filters are selected and tested by an independent Laboratory
selected out of the product range of each participant selected by Eurovent Certification.
for testing at independent laboratories according to Then each year 4 units will be selected & tested
EN ISO 16890: 2016, verifying the initial pressure drop,
the filter ISO class rating and the ePM1, ePM1,min,
ePM2.5, ePM2.5,min and ePM10 efficiencies, as well • Filter ISO class rating: no tolerance.
as the energy efficiency class to Eurovent document • Initial pressure drop: +10% + 5 Pa (minimum 15 Pa)
4/11. Additionally, with the new energy efficiency la- • ePM1, ePM1,min, ePM2.5, ePM2.5,min and
bel, Eurovent provides valuable data to ePM10 efficiencies: -7%-point
enable users to select the most energy • Annual energy consumption +10% +60 kWh/a
efficient air filters.
Committee chair: Dr. Thomas Caesar
Head of Filter Engineering Industrial Filtration Europe • Certification manual
Freudenberg Filtration Technologies SE & Co. KG • Operational Manual OM-11
• This Certification Programme applies to air filters Testing standards
elements rated and sold as ISO ePM1, ISO ePM2.5 • EN ISO 16890: 2016
and ISO ePM10 according to EN ISO 16890‑1:2016 • Eurovent 4/21
Air Handling Units (AHU) CERTIFY

Swegon has participated in the program for Air

Handling Units from the start. The first priority at
that time, and still is, was to find a way for fair com- production site will be organized. During that visit,
petition. This is a long-term struggle were we try to the auditor will select one real unit per range, as well
cover all aspects from manufacturing to software as several model boxes that will cover all mechanical
performance predictions and its agreement with variations.
tests. We discuss and take decisions about manda- The selected units will be tested and performances
tory performance in software printout, rules for the delivered by the selection software will be compared
energy labelling, how to test and what to apply in to the performances measured in an independent
the, on site, auditor check. Customers should go for laboratory.
Eurovent certified products, to get reliable data, and For the repetition procedures, the auditor will annu-
then they can cut the main cost and take care of the ally check the software conformity against the produc-
environment by minimising the use of energy. tion data, and tests will be repeated every 3 to 6 years.

• External Pressure: 4% or 15 Pa
Committee chair: • Absorbed motor power: 3%
Mr Gunnar Berg • Heat recovery efficiency: 3%-points
Development Engineer, Swegon
• Heat recovery pressure drop (air side): max. of 10%
or 15 Pa
• Water coil performances (heating/cooling): 2%
• Water coil pressure drop (water side): max. of 10%
Scope of certification or 2 kPa
• Radiated sound power level casing: 3 dB(A)
This Certification Programme applies to ranges of • Sound power level unit openings:
Air Handling Units that can be selected in a software. –– 5 dB @ 125 Hz
Each declared range shall at least present one size with –– 3 dB @ 250 – 8 000 Hz
a rated air volume flow below 3 m²/s. For each de- • Casing Air Leakage: same class or higher
clared range, all Real Unit Sizes available in the soft-
ware and up to the maximum stated air flow and all ECC Reference documents
Model Box configurations shall be declared. • Certification manual
Participants shall certify all models in the selected • Operational Manual OM-5
product range up to the maximum stated air flow. • Rating Standard RS 6/C/005
A range to be certified shall include at least one size Testing standards

with a rated air volume flow up to 3 m³/s. • EN 1886: “Ventilation for buildings
– Air handling units – Mechanical performance”
Certification requirements • EN 13053: “Ventilation for buildings
– Air handling units – Rating & performance for
For the qualification procedure: the selection soft-
units components and sections”
ware will be verified by our internal auditor. A visit on • RS/6/C/011-2016 Hygienic AHU
Air to Air Plate Heat Exchangers (AAHE) CERTIFY

ALL
Scope of certification Certification requirements

This Certification programme applies to selected rang- For each range to be certified, 3 units for qualifica-
es of Air to Air Plate Heat Exchangers. Participants tion and 1 for yearly repetition will be selected by
shall certify all models in the selected range, including: Eurovent Certita Certification and tested in an inde-
• cross flow, counter-flow and parallel flow units pendent Laboratory.
• all sizes
• all materials Certified characteristics & tolerances
• all airflow rates • Dimensions: ± 2 mm
• all edge lengths • Plate spacing: ± 1% or ± 1 plate
• plate heat exchanger with humidity transfer • Temperature efficiency Dry: −3 percentage points
Heat Exchangers with accessories such as bypass and • Temperature efficiency Wet: −5 percentage points
dampers shall not be included.
• Humidity efficiency: -5%
• Pressure drop: +10%, minimum 15 Pa
Manufacturers shall declare production places and
provenance of products is randomly chosen. The pro-
gramme does not cover other types of Air to Air Heat • Certification manual
Exchangers like Rotary Heat Exchangers or Heat • Operational Manual OM-8
Pipes. Combination of units (twin exchangers) are • Rating Standard RS 8/C/001
also included in the scope of the program. Testing standards
• EN 308
Air to Air Regenerative Heat Exchangers (AARE) CERTIFY

ALL
Scope of certification Certified characteristics

This Certification Programme applies to all ranges of & tolerances
Air to Air Regenerative Heat Exchangers (RHE) in- • Temperature Efficiency: −3% points
cluding sealing systems. Units sold without casing and • Humidity Efficiency: −5% points (min. tolerance
sealing systems are also included. Participants shall 0.2 g/kg in absolute humidity of leaving supply air)
certify all models in the ranges, including: • Pressure Drop: +10% (min 10 Pa)
• Outdoor Air Correction Factor (OACF): 0.05
• all classes: condensation (non-hygroscopic, non- • Exhaust Air Transfer Ratio (EATR): +1% point
enthalpy) RHE, hygroscopic enthalpy RHE,
hygroscopic sorption RHE ECC Reference documents
• all RHE geometry (wave height, foil thickness) • Certification manual
• all sizes (rotor diameters and rotor depths and surface • Operational Manual OM-10
areas of Alternating Storage Matrices - ASM) • Rating Standard RS 8/C/002
• all materials
• all airflow rates Testing standards
• all different types of sealing (if available) • EN 308
• ARI 1060
For the qualification procedures 1 unit per class of ro-
tor will be selected and tested by an independent lab-
oratory. For yearly repetition, 1 unit will be selected.
Fans
Scope of certification • For the repetition procedure (annually):
This certification programme applies to the fans types N = Nfactories with Nfactories the number of factories
that are intended to be used as Air Handling Units involved in the certified range production.
components. The performances measured by the independent labo-
ratory (or available in the reports) are compared to the
Certification requirements selection software output data.
The certification scheme is based on product perfor-
mance testing by independent testing laboratories as Certified characteristics & tolerances
well as manufacturing facility auditing and selection • Static pressure difference (−4% or −15 Pa)
software checking.
• Shaft power, including bearings (FAN-I) (+3%)
Two sub-programmes enable distinguishing perfor-
mances certified for an impeller basic assembly on the
• Impeller efficiency (FAN-I) (−5 percentage points)
one hand (sub-programme FAN-I) and for a complete • Maximum fan speed (FAN-I) (−5%)
assembly on the other hand (sub-programme FAN-C). • Motor (electrical) input power (FAN-C) (+3%)
In both cases, the fan assembly is evaluated in accord-
ance with a wire-to-air approach. This approach con- • Drive/control (electrical) input power (FAN-C) (+3%)
sists in assessing the fan performance from the electric • Overall (static) efficiency (FAN-C)(−5 percentage
wire to the air discharge, accounting for all the com- points)
ponents involved in the air stream generation that af- • Inlet/outlet LWfc by octave bands at
fect the performance data. 125 Hz (FAN-C) (+5 dB)
• For qualification (entry year) and repetition • Inlet/outlet LWfc by octave bands for
procedures (annually): 2 models (+ 1 extra model in 250 Hz - 8000 Hz (FAN-C) (+3 dB)
case of confirmed failure) are selected from regular
production and tested in independent laboratory ECC Reference documents
+ N aerodynamic test reports are provided by the
applicant/participant. • Certification manual
• Operational manual OM-22
• For qualification (entry year): N = Max (Nimpeller; • Rating standard RS 1/C/001
Nmotor; Ndrive) with Nimpeller the number of impeller
sizes; Nmotor the number of motor sizes and Ndrive the Testing standards
number of drive types available in the range.
• ISO 5801:2007
• ISO 13347-2:2004
Hygienic Air Handling Units (HAHU)

Scope of certification 3. Quality Management System
This programme applies to hygienic ranges of Air 4. IOM (Installation and Operational Manual)
Handling Units. As an option of the Certification 5. Shipment
programme for Air Handling Units, only an already
ECP certified range is eligible for the hygienic option. Hygienic characteristics:
The following hygienic characteristics are certified:
The hygienic aspect of the AHU is certified based on
1. Materials
a 3 levels classification, each level declaring an AHU
2. Casing performance
suitable for different application: 3. Components arrangement and performances
• Level 1: Offices, commercial buildings, schools, hotels (filters, coils, heat recovery systems, fans,
• Level 2: Hospitals humidifiers, dehumidifiers and silencers)
• Level 3: Pharmaceutical, food processes, white rooms
ECC reference documents
The previous list is not exhaustive and must be used as
a reference only. Final customer/user who has complete Certification manual
and detailed knowledge of the building application • OM-5-2016-rev1
shall decide which Hygienic rating level is appropriate.
• RS/6/C/011-2016 Hygienic AHU
Certification requirements Testing standards

Same as in the Air Handling Unit programme.
• RS 6/C/005-2016
• EN ISO 846:1997
• EN ISO 2896:2001
Certification characteristics • EN 10088-3:2014
& tolerances • EN 1993-1-2:2005
Services characteristics: • DIN 1946/4-6.5.1:2008
The following services characteristics are certified. • EN 779:2012
• EN 1822:2010
1. Manufacturing • EN ISO 12944-2:1998
2. Maintenance
Residential Air Filters (RFIL)

The programme scope covers the particulate and com- When tested in the laboratory the obtained perfor-
bination (particulate and gas) filters used in a resi- mance data shall not differ from the declared values
dential ventilation unit and for which the following by more than the following tolerance values:
applies: • Initial pressure drop values: +10%+Mt or +10 Pa +Mt
• the rated maximum air flow rate is comprised • Initial efficiency values: −5 percentage points
between 70 and 1000 m³/h included; (absolute deviation)
• the initial efficiency ePM10 is higher than or equal • Minimum efficiency values: −5 percentage points
to 50%; (absolute deviation)
• the initial efficiency ePM1 is strictly lower than • Filter ISO ePMx class reporting value: −5 percent-
99%; age points (absolute deviation)
• the ratio between effluent and influent • Adsorption capacity: −10%
concentrations measured at time zero is strictly Nota : Mt means “measuring tolerance”
lower than 20% (for combination filters only, see
Rating Standard RS/4/C/003 for further details). ECC Reference documents
The programme scope covers filters for which the face • Certification manual
area is lower than or equal to 300 mm x 600 mm. • Operational manual OM-21
For the RFIL programme, the certify-all requirement • Rating standard RS/4/C/003
as defined in the Certification Manual is applicable
from January 1st of 2020 (see Operational Manual Testing standards
OM-21 for further details). • Eurovent 4/22:2015 (particulate filters and
combination filters)
• SO 11155-2:2009 (combination filters only)
Ventilation Ducts (DUCT)

Scope of certification Certification characteristics & tolerances
The programme scope covers rigid and semi- The product performance testing will enable the verification
rigid ventilation ductwork systems divided of the following ratings accuracy:
into the following sub-programmes: • Air tightness class (all sub-programmes)
• Rigid metallic ductwork systems with • Positive and negative pressure limits (all sub-programmes)
circular cross-section (DUCT-MC); • Dimensions (DUCT-MC and DUCT-MR)
• Rigid metallic ductwork systems with • Minimum and maximum service temperatures (DUCT-P)
rectangular cross-section (DUCT-MR); • Resistance to external pressure (DUCT-P)
• Semi-rigid non-metallic ductwork
systems predominantly made of plastics ECC reference documents
(DUCT-P) • OM-19
Each sub-programme applies to ductwork • RS/2/C/002MC
systems fitted with integrated sealing solu- • RS/2/C/003MR
tion as described in relevant Rating Standard. • RS/2/C/004P
Certification requirements Testing standards

The certification programme is based on • Air leakage and strength testing:
product performance testing by independ- – EN 12237:2003 (DUCT-MC and DUCT-P)
ent testing laboratories as well as production – EN 1507:2006 (DUCT-MR)
sites auditing. • Service temperature and resistance to external pressure
• (DUCT-P):
– RS 2/C/004P-2016
Residential Air Handling Units (RAHU) CERTIFY

ALL
The objective of the Eurovent RAHU certification Certification requirements

programme is, through tests performed by a third- • Qualification test campaign: 1 test per heat recovery
party, to verify the performance of a unit bought type.
somewhere on the open European market. It is im- • Repetition test campaign: 1 test every 2 years for
portant for the RAHU certification to use a unit out each heat recovery type.
of the serial production – no special samples. For us, • Units are sampled directly from selling points.
as a manufacturer, it pays to develop good products
that deliver what we promise. By utilizing certified Certified performances
products, the designers’ task is easier as they do not
need to make detailed comparisons or perform ad- • Leakage class
vanced tests. Consultants, engineers and users can • Aeraulic performances:
select a product and be assured that the catalog data • Airflow/pressure curves
is accurate. • Maximum airflow [m³/h]
• Electrical consumption [W]
Certification is important for a designer/consultant/ • Specific Power Input SPI [W/(m³/h)]
end user: • Temperature efficiency / COP
– No unnecessary risks – they can only use prod- • Performances at cold climate conditions
ucts that deliver what they promise “Eurovent • SEC (Specific Energy Consumption) in [kWh/(m².an)]
certified”. • A-weighted global sound power levels [dB(A)]
– Well-functioning systems – the product delivers
the promised capacity and performance Tolerances
– Safer calculations on energy consumption is • Leakage class 0
expected • Airflow −10%
• Temperature efficiency −3%-point
• Temperature efficiency at cold climate −6%-point
• COP / EER −8%
• A-weighted global sound power levels +2dB(A)
• Electrical consumption +7%
• Specific Power Input SPI +7%
Mr. Tobias Sagström • Disbalance ratio 0
Global Product Manager Residential at Systemair AB
Scope of certification ECC Reference documents

This programme applies to balanced residential AHUs • Certification manual
(supply and exhaust) with heat recovery sys-tems such as: • Operational manual OM-16
• Rating standard RS 15/C/001
• Air-to-air plate heat exchangers
• Air-to-air rotary heat exchangers Testing standards
• Heat-pumps with a nominal airflow below
1 000 m³/h. • European standard EN 13141-7:2010
dd Process Cooling & Food Cold Chain
Cooling & Heating Coils (COIL)
Heating Cooling Coils (HCCs) which enable the con- Scope of certification
ditioning of different zones and flexibility in applica- The rating standard applies to coils operating:
tion in buildings are generally employed in compact
and central station AHU. To meet the required extra – with water or with a 0–50% ethylene-glycol mix-
capacity in various processes, they are also used as ture, acting as cooling or heating fluid.
heating or cooling devices.
– and without fans.
With the application of these coils to high energy
efficient heat recovery systems, the entire system Certification requirements
becomes more compact as well as it avoids occupa- • Qualification and repetition procedures: units
tion of large spaces. Besides, they can be applied to declared will be selected and tested by an
Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems used for condi- independent laboratory.
tioning of hospitals, shopping centers and conven- • The number of units will depend on the variety of
tion facilities. coil material configurations and their applications
for the applied range.
The Certification programme for the HCCs has in- • The selection software will be verified in
creased integrity and accuracy of the industrial per- comparison with the test results.
formance ratings which provides clear benefits for • On-site audits (checking of software)
end users who can be confident that the product will
operate in accordance with design specifications. Also, Certified characteristics & tolerances
by means of this certification programme users can col-
lect reference data on the fundamental characteristics
• Capacity: −7%
of the HCCs, such as capacity, pressure drop, mass flow
• Air side pressure drop: +20%
complying with the standard of EN 1216.
• Liquid side pressure drop: +20%

• OM-9
• RS 7/C/005
Engin Söylemez, R&D Testing standards

Test Engineer, Friterm A.Ş
• EN 1216:1998+A1/2002
Drift Eliminators (DE)

No tolerance will be applied on the average drift losses.
The Certification Programme for Drift Eliminators
applies to Drift Eliminators used for evaporative wa-
ter-cooling equipment.
• Certification manual
Certified characteristics & tolerances • Operational Manual OM-14
The following characteristics shall be certified by tests:
Testing standards
• For counter-flow and cross-flow film fill, the
average drift losses of the two tests at 3.5 m/s are • CTI ATC-140
less than 0.007% of circulating water flow rate.
• For cross-flow splash fill, the average drift losses
of the two tests at 3 m/s are less than 0.007% of
circulating water flow rate.
Cooling Towers (CT)

The importance of air conditioning and industrial
cooling is constantly increasing in modern architec-
ture and industrial process cooling. The human per-
ception of comfort and the new challenges to reduce
the electrical power consumption and CO2 foot-print
have designers striving for optimal system perfor-
mances with the highest possible efficiencies. Reliable
thermal performances are crucial to ensure these
best efficiencies which are typical for cooling circuits
driven by evaporative cooling equipment. On a yearly efficiency validation by the CTI certification process,
basis, one random picked cooling tower of each are used by governments and by green building certi-
Eurovent-CTI certified product line will be full scale
fication programs such as LEED™.
thermal tested by applying the CTI standard 201.
Eurovent Certita Certification guarantees the con- Scope of certification

sistency of thermal testing and manufacturing of This Certification Programme for Cooling Towers ap-
European and non-European companies that sub- plies to product ranges (or product lines) of Open-
scribe to the program. Circuit series and Closed Circuit Cooling Towers that:
• Are manufactured by a company whose headquarter
or main facility are located in Europe, Middle-
Committee chair: East, Africa or India. After getting the Eurovent
Mr Rob Vandenboer Certification, the CTI certificate could be
Product Manager, Quality Manager requested.
Evapco Europe, BVBA • Have already achieved and hold current
certification by the Cooling Technology Institute
(CTI) according to CTI STD-201.
The first ECC / CTI collaborative certi- Certification requirements
fication program for Cooling Towers
For the qualification & yearly repetition procedures
The Eurovent Certification Company (ECC, Brussels, our internal auditor visits the production place and
Belgium) is pleased to announce the Certification pro- reviews the conformity of Data of Records. One unit
gramme for cooling tower thermal performance de- per range is selected and tested by an independent
veloped in cooperation with the Cooling Technology test agency.
Institute Est.1950 (CTI, Houston, Texas, USA). The
scope of the program includes standardized model Certified characteristics & tolerances
lines for open circuit cooling towers, typically factory
assembled. Standardized model lines are composed of • Certified characteristic shall be per CTI STD-201
individual models that are required to have published
• Entering wet bulb temperature: 10°C to 32.2°C
(50°F to 90°F)
thermal rating capacities at corresponding input fan • Cooling range > 2.2°C (4°F)
power levels. • Cooling approach > 2.8°C (5°F)
Thermal performance certification via this program • Process fluid temperature < 51.7°C (125°F)
offers a tower buyer assurance that the capacity pub- • Barometric pressure: −91.4 to 105.0 kPa (27” to
lished for the product has been confirmed by the ini- 31” Hg)
tial and on-going performance testing per the require- ECC Reference documents
ments of the program using CTI STD-201. It also • Certification manual
offers for regulators of energy consumption related • Operational Manual OM-4
to cooling towers, that the capacity of the towers has • Rating Standard RS 9/C/001
been validated. Mini-mum energy efficiency stand-
ards such as the Eurovent Industry Recommendation Testing standards
/ Code of Good Practice Eurovent 9/12-2016 and • CTI STD-201 RS
ASHRAE 90.1, which requires cooling tower energy • ECC OM-4-2017
Evaporating Cooling
Scope of certification the IEC sub programme, the tests will be performed
The programme for Evaporative Cooling is divided in the laboratory of the manufacturer supervised by
in three sub-programmes, as it applies to Evaporative an expert from an independent laboratory.
Cooling units in the following groups:
• Direct Evaporative Cooling (DEC)
–– Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) • Cooling Capacity (all sub-programmes)
–– With primary outside air • Air flow (all sub-programmes)
–– With separation of external and room air • Efficiency (all sub-programmes)
• Water consumption (all sub-programme)
• Evaporative Cooling Equipment (ECE) • Wet and dry pressure drop (ECE only)
–– Water spray system
–– Wet media ECC Reference documents
–– Ultrasonic unit
Certification requirements • Operational Manual OM
• Rating Standard RS 9/C/004-005-006
All products of a declared range that fall into the
relevant sub-programme scope and are promoted by Testing standards
the Applicant/Participant shall be certified. This is a • For direct evaporating cooling
certification by range. AS 2913-2000 standard RS9/C/004
The certification programme is based on product
• For indirect evaporating cooling
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 143-2015 RS9/C/005
performance testing by independent laboratories as • For evaporating cooling equipment
well as manufacturing facility auditing. In the case of ASHRAE 133-2015 RS9/C/006
Heat Recovery Systems with Intermediate

Heat Transfer Medium (HRS-COIL)
Scope of certification Certification characteristics
This certification programme covers the heat recovery & tolerances
exchangers with intermediate heat transfer medium • Dry heat recovery efficiency [%]
corresponding to the category IIa (“without phase • Air side pressure drop at standard conditions for
change”) of the EN 308:1997 standard, that is Run each coil [Pa]
Around Coils systems. • Fluid side pressure drop for each coil [kPa]
When tested in the laboratory the obtained perfor-
Certification requirements mance data shall not differ from the recalculated val-
ues (“test-check”) by more than the following toler-
Qualification procedure ance values:
• Product performance testing: • Dry heat recovery efficiency: −3 percentage points
–– 1 coil per BMG to be selected (abs. deviation)
–– Selected coils paired into systems (1 “exhaust” • Air side pressure drop: Maximum [+10%; +15 Pa]
coil + 1 “supply” coil) • Fluid side pressure drop: Maximum [+10%; +2 kPa]
• Operating software checking
• Audit of the manufacturing facilities ECC reference documents
Repetition procedure: • OM-18
• Product performance testing: 1 system to be • RS 7/C/009
selected (1 “exhaust” coil + 1 “supply” coil)
• Operating software checking Testing standards
• Audit of the manufacturing facilities • EN 308:1997
Heat Exchangers (HE) CERTIFY

The purpose of the Eurovent “Certify-All” certification

programme for heat exchangers is to encourage hon-
est competition and to assure customers that equip-
Air coolers for refrigeration
ment is correctly rated.
The programme covers 3 product groups:
– Unit Air Coolers
– Air Cooled Condensers
– Dry Coolers
The “Certify-All” principle ensures that, for heat ex-
Dry coolers
changers, all models in the three product categories
are submitted for certification, not just some models
chosen by the manufacturer. Air cooled condensers
A product energy class scheme has been incorpo-

rated into the certification program, based on 6
classes from “A+” to “E” in order to provide a guide Certification requirements
to the best choice of product: this enables the user • Qualification: units selected by Eurovent Certita
to minimize life-cycle costs, including running costs Certification shall be tested in an Independent
which account for a much superior sum than the Laboratory selected by ECC
initial investment cost. • Repetition procedure: units selected from regular
EVOLUTIONS OF THE PROGRAMME: production shall be tested on a yearly basis.
Extension of the scope of certification programme for Certified characteristics & tolerances
Heat Exchangers
– to CO2 applications. Implementation in 2019
• Standard capacity –8%
– to NH3 applications
• Fan power input +10% with a minimum of 3 W
• Air volume flow ±10%
• Dimensions and number of fins: Finned length
±0,5%, with a minimum of 5 mm
– Height of the coil ±5 mm
Committee chair: – Depth (width) of the coil ±5 mm
Stefano Filippini – Total number of fins* ±4%, at least 2 fins
Technicalmanager - LUVE
– Diameter of (expanded) tube outside the coil* ±1 mm
(*) except for the micro-channels
• Energy ratio R
• Energy class
For Dry Coolers:
The Eurovent Certification Programme for Heat • Liquid side pressure drop +20%
Exchangers applies to products using axial flow fans.
The following products are excluded from the Eurovent For Air Cooled Condensers and Dry Coolers:
Certification Programme for Heat Exchangers: • A-weighted sound power level: +2 dB(A)
• Products units using centrifugal type fans. ECC Reference documents
• Units working at 60 Hz
In particular, the following products are also excluded • Operational Manual OM-2
from the certification programme for Dx Air Coolers • Rating Standard RS 7/C/008
and Air Cooled Condensers:
• Product ranges of Dx Air Coolers with maximum Testing standards
standard capacity SC2 below 1.5 kW • Thermal Performance EN 328
• Product ranges of Air Cooled Condensers with • Thermal Performance EN 327
maximum standard capacity under TD1 15 K is • Thermal Performance EN1048
below 2.0 kW • Acoustics EN 13487
IT Cooling Units (ITCU) CERTIFY

ALL

The present certification programme covers IT • Net Total Cooling Capacity (kW)
Cooling Units specifically designed and used to reg- • Net Sensible Cooling Capacity (kW)
ulate air temperature and optionally air humidity of • Power input (kW)
an enclosed space containing critical equipment such • Net EER Energy Efficiency Ratio (%)
as IT equipment or telecommunication equipment. • Net SHR Sensible Heat Ratio (%)
• Water pressure drop (Pa)
The IT Cooling technologies considered in the scheme • Supply Air Flow (m3/h)
are Computer Room Air Conditioners Direct Expansion • A-weighted sound power indoor side (dB(A))
(CRAC) and Computer Room Air Conditioner Chilled • A-weighted sound power radiated by duct (dB(A))
Water (CRAH). HYBRID technologies pairing these • A-weighted sound power outdoor side (dB(A))
technologies are also covered by the scope as an option.
The IT cooling units must be factory made units
designed as a single packaged unit or a single split • Certification manual
unit. Units must be 50 Hz frequency units, option-
• OM 23
• RS/C/012
ally 60 Hz units can be declared in addition to the
50 Hz. The units can be ducted or non-ducted units,
Testing standards
as well on the air return or on the air supply. Floating
floors air return or supply are considered as a duct. • EN 1451:2018
• EN 1397:2015
Certification requirements • ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 127-2012
• ASHRAE Standard 37
• Annual random selection of units and tests in an • EN 12102:2013
independent and accredited laboratory • EN 16583:2015
• Annual production site audit
• Software certification extending the certification
from standard functioning conditions to non-
standard conditions
Liquid Chilling Package & Heat Pumps (LCP-HP) CERTIFY

ALL
The historical ESEER, first seasonal efficiency for cool- chillers and the seasonal energy performance ratio
ing, created in 2007 by Eurovent Certita Certification, (SEPR) for process chillers.
and deeply recognized on the European Market is
living its last moments. Scope of certification
With the implementation of the new Ecodesign • This programme applies to standard chillers
Regulation No 2016/2281, the year 2018 will be a and hydronic heat pumps used for heating, air
crucial year for the chillers industry. The European conditioning and refrigeration.
Market has to change its reference efficiency and • They may operate with any type of compressor
turn towards SEER and ηsc, the new seasonal efficien- (hermetic, semi-hermetic and open) but only
cies for cooling mode. electrically driven chillers are included.
• Only refrigerants authorized in EU are considered.
The LCP-HP program has prepared this change since Chillers may be air cooled, liquid cooled or
2 years, testing yearly a significant number of units evaporative cooled.
at the new part load conditions in order to be able Can be certified as an option:
to publish from January 2018, certified SEER and ηsc. • Heating-only hydronic heat pumps, 60 Hz units,
The SEER has to become the new reference also for 4-pipe units, Air-cooled units between 600 kW and
the certification program. 1500kW,
Water-cooled units above 1500 kW.
Moreover, the scope of the program has been ex-
tended for 2018:
- Previously limited to 1500 kW, the water-cooled
Qualification and repetition: a certain number of units
chillers above 1500 kW can be henceforth certified
will be selected by Eurovent Certita Certification and
in option, up to the maximum capacity of the
manufacturer laboratory. tested every year, based on the number of ranges and
- The 4 pipe units can be certified also in option. products declared.
Although the program was originally attended for Certified characteristics & tolerances
comfort chillers, it is important to remind that pro-
cess chillers and their SEPR can also be certified as • Cooling & heating capacity, EER & COP at
an option. standard rating conditions, TER : < −5%
• Seasonal efficiencies SCOP & ηs: automatically
Lastly, face to these recently regulatory changes for rerated when Part Load efficiency criteria fails
the industry, the certification will be always a strong • Seasonal efficiencies SEER & ηsc: automatically
way to guaranty the reliability of our declared perfor- rerated when Part Load efficiency criteria fails
mances to our clients. • Seasonal efficiency SEPR: automatically rerated
when Part Load efficiency criteria fails
• A-weighted sound power level: > +3 dB(A)
(> +2 dB(A) for units with Pdesignh below 70 kW)
• Water pressure drop: +15%
Committee chair:
Mr Rafael Berzosas
Water Cooled Chillers Product Manager Testing standards
Trane Europe, Middle East & Africa
• Performance testing: EN 14511
• Seasonal Performance testing: EN 14825
According to the last Ecodesign Regulations (No
• Sound testing: EN 12102
811/2013 - No 813/2013 – No 2016/2281) the pro-
gramme proposes the certification of Seasonal effi-
ciency for heating (ηs & SCOP) for Chillers & Heat • Certification manual
pumps with a design capacity below 70kW, Seasonal • Operational Manual OM-3
efficiency for cooling (ηsc & SEER) for all comfort • Rating Standard RS 6/C003 – RS 6/C/003A
Remote Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RDC) ENERGY EFFICIENCY

CERTIFY
ALL
Remote refrigerated display cabinets (RRDC) are the

appliances for selling and displaying chilled and/or
frozen foodstuff to be maintained within prescribed
temperature limits.
Typically, food and beverage retailers are the direct
customers of the refrigeration industry while the su-
• 100 basic model groups divided in 5 categories
permarket’s customers are the end users of food and
of remote units: semi-verticals and verticals (with
beverage retailers.
doors); multi-deckers; islands; service counters;
combi freezers.
Food and beverage retailers ask for food safety • At least two references per basic model group
and also for appliances with high-energy effi- representing 80% of sales shall be declared.
ciency, supermarket’s customers ask for food safety.
Refrigeration industry has to face the hard challenge
• One Bill of Material for each declared reference.
of satisfying both needs.
How is it possible to assure that the refrigeration ap- • Qualification: sampling and test of one unit &
pliances perform accurately and consistently to the Audit of one factory.
reference standards? How is it possible to assure that
what is rated by the manufacturer is properly rated? • Repetition test of one unit per brand every
6 months & Annual audit of each factory.
There is only one way: It is necessary to join a glob-
ally recognized and industry respected certification Certified characteristics & tolerances
program. • Warmest and coldest product temp. ±0.5°C
• Refrigeration duty (kW) 10%
Eurovent Certita Certification program for RRDC is • Evaporating temperature −1°C
the only certification program in Europe that can • Direct elec. Energy Consumption (DEC) +5%
assure that performance claims have been indepen- • Refrigeration elec. Energy Cons (REC) +10%
dently measured and verified. The factory audits and • M-Package Tclass: ±0.5°C
the product’s performances tested in an independent • Total Display Area (TDA) −3%
and third-party laboratory make the difference!
Since 2011, Eurovent Certita Certification has • Certification manual
also launched a voluntary energy label certification • Operational Manual OM-7
scheme, anticipating what only nowadays EC DG • Rating Standard RS 14/C/001
Energy is doing in the framework of Ecodesign and
Energy Label Regulations. What better way to rate Testing standards
RRDC’s energy consumption and to promote their • EN ISO 29953 and amendments
energy efficiency?
What would you trust more: a self-declaration by

the Manufacturer or what an independent, globally
recognized and forerunner certification program is
able to assure? Which one is better?
Maurizio Dell’Eva
Project manager
EPTA S.p.A. – MILANO (ITALY)
Send information of your event to Ms Giulia Marenghi [email protected]
Events & fairs in 2019
Exhibitions 2019
27 February - 1 March WSED 2019 Wels, Austria www.wsed.at/en
28 February - 2 March ACREX 2019 Mumbai, India www.acrex.in
5-7 March Futurebuild London, UK www.futurebuild.co.uk
1-5 April BET - Building Energy Technologies 2019 Berlin, Germany
17-20 April teskon+SODEX 2019 Izmir, Turkey http://www.teskonsodex.com/en
6-8 May ISH China & CIHE Beijing, China https://ishc-cihe.hk.messefrankfurt.com/beijing/en.html
3-5 September ISH Shanghai & CIHE Shanghai, China https://www.hk.messefrankfurt.com/content/ishs_cihe/shanghai/en/visitors/welcome.html
2-5 October ISK-SODEX 2019 Istanbul, Turkey www.sodex.com.tr/en
Conferences and seminars 2019

27 February - 1 March WSED 2019 - European Energy Efficiency Wels, Austria www.wsed.at/en/programme/european-energy-efficiency-conference.html
Conference
27-28 March AIVC workshop Dublin, Ireland
8-10 May CIAR - Congreso Iberoamericano de Aire Santiago de Chile, Chile

condicionado y Refrigération
24-25 May International Buildair Symposium Hannover, Germany
26-29 May CLIMA 2019 Bucharest, Romania www.clima2019.org/congress/
17-21 June EUSEW Brussels, Belgium https://www.eusew.eu/
12-15 July ISHVAC 2019 - 11th International Harbin, China

Symposium of Heating, Ventilation and
Air-Conditioning
24-30 August ICR 2019 - 25th IIR International Montreal, Canada https://icr2019.org/
Congress of Refrigeration
2-4 September Building Simulation Conference 2019 Rome, Italy www.buildingsimulation2019.org
5-7 September IAQVEC 2019 Bari, Italy www.iaqvec2019.org
26-28 September Annual Meeting of VDI-Society for Civil Dresden, Germany

Engineering and Building Services
15-16 October AIVC 2019 Conference - From energy Ghent, Belgium https://www.aivc2019conference.org/
crisis to sustainable indoor climate
Upcoming events
The future of
The future of
EnergyEnergy
of
Energy
The future
REHVA is attending Futurebuild:

The future of
join us in London Energy
@FuturebuildNow
/FuturebuildNow
elementa
R
Member of Integral Group
EHVA is attending Futurebuild (ExCel, with a common purpose of sharing knowledge. The
In partnership with
London, 5-7 March 2019): the exhibition, Knowledge Forum is also the perfect venue to showcase
/FuturebuildNow
issued from the former Ecobuild Conference the results of REHVA’s European R&I projects: the
brand, is focused on showcasing the latest innovations, QUANTUM Project workshop “Quality manage-
products and materials and sharing unrivalled insights to ment for building performance - Lighthouse exam-
/FuturebuildNow
help building services professionals to tackle the biggest ples and tools from the QUANTUM methodology”
challenges facing the built environment industry. @FuturebuildNow will be held there on Tuesday, 5th/FuturebuildNow
March, fromFuturebuildNow
15.00
Design and Engineering
UCL Institute for Environmental
UCL Energy Institute
/FuturebuildNow /FuturebuildNow
to 16.10.
FuturebuildNow
In partnership with
You will find REHVA at the Knowledge Forum, a dedi-
cated central forum that will bring together academia, We are looking forward to meeting you at our booth, UCL Energy Institute
universities, key professional bodies, partners and stand D133elementa at the Knowledge Forum, from 5 to 7
Member of Integral Group
associations, across all built environment industries, March.
@FuturebuildNow /FuturebuildNow /FuturebuildNow /FuturebuildNow FuturebuildNow
In partnership with
elementa Member of Integral Group

@FuturebuildNow /FuturebuildNow /FuturebuildNow /FuturebuildNow FuturebuildNow
In partnership with
elementa Member of Integral Group

Upcoming events
SEMINAR
Friday, 28 February 2019, 15:00-17:30 IST
International Lounge, Hall 1, BEC, Mumbai
High performance educational buildings

and their Indoor Environmental Quality
SPEAKERS
REHVA-ISHRAE Seminar on
15 :00 -16 :00
Dr. Atze BOERSTRA
“High Performance Educational

Founder and Managing Director of BBA Indoor Environmental Consultancy, a
Dutch consultancy company specialized in indoor air quality, thermal comfort
and healthy buildings. He has a background in Mechanical Engineering and had
Buildings and their Indoor

a PhD degree in building science from the Eindhoven University of Technology.
Atze has over 20 years of experience with the investigation of ‘sick’ buildings
and has been involved in the design of >100 above average comfortable &
Environmental Quality” at ACREX 2019

healthy buildings. He is REHVA fellow, honorary member of the Dutch chapter
of ISIAQ (International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate) and REHVA
Vice-president.
Dr. Jyotirmay MATHUR
R
Dr.-Ing. Jyotirmay Mathur is Professor in Mechanical Engineering at Malaviya
EHVA-ISHRAE seminar on the ”High
National Institute of Technology, Jaipur (India). Dr. Mathur has published 70
Performance Educational Buildings and their
research papers in referred international journals and has presented more than
Indoor Environmental Quality“ will be held
during the ACREX 2019, 150onpapers/talks
Friday 28 of international
February seminars / conference, authored 6 books and
supervised
2019, from 15:00 to 17:30h 20 doctoral
in Mumbai, India. candidates. He works in the field of energy planning and
modeling, energy conservation in buildings, renewable energy system
optimization,
REHVA speakers at the sessions codes
will be Atze and standards related to building energy efficiency, Indoor
Boerstra,
REHVA Vice-President,Environment Quality,
Livio Mazzarella, and HVAC equipment. Dr. Mathur has been part of many
REHVA
Technology and Research Committee
National andCo-Chair and
international committees, and has been part of several
Maija Virta, CEO at Santrupti Engineers,
International REHVA
research projects. Currently he is also the Dean of Research and
fellow and ISHRAE member. Mr. Boestra
Consultancy will discuss
at MNIT Jaipur.
on Indoor Air Quality, Mr. Mazzarela will present the
visual and acoustic comfort requirements and Mrs.
Dr. Shiva NAGENDRA
Maija Virta will have a session on Measuring IAQ in
Dr.
educational buildings: old Shivahandled
school Nagendra, SM isvspresently working as Professor in Department of Civil
approach
Photo by Darshan Gajara on Unsplash
continuous measurements Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai India. He has more
with sensor networks.
than 19 years' research experience in the field of air quality monitoring,
Due to the REHVA knowledge platform
modelling, cooperation control and policy implications. He has published
management,
with international partners, REHVA and
more than 50 research ISHRAE publications in refereed journals, one reference book,
are also launching a common guidebook on Building
and 100 papers in conferences.
Commissioning Guidelines which is planned to be
published in May 2019.
Upcoming events
SEMINAR
High Performance Educational Buildings

ACREX 2018 was the occasion to launch the REHVA-ISHRAE statement on Indoor Environmental Quality and
Energy Performance of Schools. This statement is the manifesto of the REHVA-ISHRAE Task Force on the
topic, ongoing since 2017 to develop a comprehensive guidebook that describes how to design a school
building with high Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and energy performance levels, promoting increased
learning performance by enhancing climatization, ventilation and lighting systems.
ACREX 2019 REHVA-ISHRAE Seminar “High performance educational buildings and their Indoor
Environmental Quality” elaborates further on the topic, widening the focus from schools to educational
buildings, therefore considering not only primary schools, but also high schools, university buildings,
research institutes, etc. In these buildings is it possible to explore the role of IEQ both on students and
workers’ activities (i.e. on both learning performances and productivity) and the applicable technologies
to simultaneously ensure occupants’ wellbeing and low energy use. Educational buildings are excellent
representatives of the broader category of tertiary buildings, for which the theme of comfort is gaining
more and more relevance. The seminar will shed light on all the aspects influencing IEQ, from Indoor Air
Quality to visual and acoustic comfort, presenting both design principles and applicative examples from the
design and operational perspective.
AGENDA
14:30 Registration
15:00 Welcome and introduction
Chandrasekaran SUBRAMANIAM, ISHRAE President
15:10 Proposal for universal Indoor Environmental Quality Requirements for classrooms
Dr. Atze BOERSTRA, REHVA Vice-President (TBC)
15:35 Indian IEQ standards – presenting ISHRAE Research Project findings (TBC)
Prof. Dr. Jyotirmay MATHUR and Dr. Shiv NAGENDRA, ISHRAE members
16:00 Visual and acoustic comfort requirements (TBC)

Prof. Dr. Livio MAZZARELLA, REHVA Technology and Research Committee Co-Chair
16:25 Retrofit for Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency – Case study of a College Building in Mumbai
Dr. Roshni UDYAVAR, ISHRAE member
Measuring IAQ in educational buildings: old school handled approach vs continuous
16:50
measurement with sensor networks (TBC)
Maija VIRTA, REHVA fellow and ISHRAE member
Questions & Answers and Closing Remarks
17:15
Frank Hovorka, REHVA President-elect
Upcoming events
SEMINAR

SPEAKERS
15 :00 -16 :00
Dr. Atze BOERSTRA

Founder and Managing Director of BBA Indoor Environmental Consultancy, a
Dutch consultancy company specialized in indoor air quality, thermal comfort
and healthy buildings. He has a background in Mechanical Engineering and had
a PhD degree in building science from the Eindhoven University of Technology.
Atze has over 20 years of experience with the investigation of ‘sick’ buildings
and has been involved in the design of >100 above average comfortable &
healthy buildings. He is REHVA fellow, honorary member of the Dutch chapter
of ISIAQ (International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate) and REHVA
Vice-president.
Dr. Jyotirmay MATHUR

Dr.-Ing. Jyotirmay Mathur is Professor in Mechanical Engineering at Malaviya
National Institute of Technology, Jaipur (India). Dr. Mathur has published 70
research papers in referred international journals and has presented more than
150 papers/talks international seminars / conference, authored 6 books and
supervised 20 doctoral candidates. He works in the field of energy planning and
modeling, energy conservation in buildings, renewable energy system
optimization, codes and standards related to building energy efficiency, Indoor
Environment Quality, and HVAC equipment. Dr. Mathur has been part of many
National and international committees, and has been part of several
International research projects. Currently he is also the Dean of Research and
Consultancy at MNIT Jaipur.
Dr. Shiva NAGENDRA

Dr. Shiva Nagendra, SM is presently working as Professor in Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai India. He has more
than 19 years' research experience in the field of air quality monitoring,
modelling, management, control and policy implications. He has published
more than 50 research publications in refereed journals, one reference book,
and 100 papers in conferences.
Upcoming events
SEMINAR

SPEAKERS
16 :30 -17 :3 0
Dr. Livio MAZZARELLA
Full Professor of Building Physics and Building Energy System at Politecnico di

Milano, he is a Mechanical Engineer with a Ph.D. in Energetics. He is currently
teaching Buildings Physics, Acoustics in Building at the School of Architecture
Urban Planning Construction Engineering and Energy Savings and Renewable
Energies in Buildings and Applied Acoustics and Lighting at the School of
Industrial and Information Engineering.
He is currently president of SC5-CTI, Technical Committee of National
Standard Organization on HVAC, Vice president of AICARR, board member of
IBPSA-Italy, co-chair of REHVA Technology and Research Committee and
president of the REHVA Cooperation Group.
Dr. Roshni UDYAVAR YEHUDA

Dr. Udyavar Yehuda is Vice President of Sustainability ICMQ Certification India
Pvt. Ltd. since 2017. She has a master’s degree in Architecture form the
Academy of Architecture, Mumbai, and a Ph.D. on “Structural Configuration and
Thermal Behaviour of Buildings” from SNDT University, Mumbai (2018). From
2003 to 2017 she served as Head of the Rachana Sansad’s Institute of
Environmental Architecture (RSIEA), Mumbai. She is Principal Investigator in the
DST (Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India) project on
“Developing Energy Efficient and ECBC complaint opaque wall assembly for
warm-humid and hot-dry climate in India” being conducted under the Science
and Technology Park, where she is Advisor on Environment & Sustainability.
From 1997-2003 she was involved in environmental research, pedagogy and
implementation at the International Institute for Sustainable Future, a United
Nations NGO DPI affiliated organization based in Mumbai and New York.
Maija VIRTA Founder and Director of Santrupti engineers Private Limited. She has 25 years
of experience in construction and HVAC-industry. Her chief areas of expertise
are indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency of buildings as well as
sustainable building policies and technologies. During her career she has been
involved in developing many technologies for sustainable buildings as well as
user-centric IEQ measurement, verification and post-occupancy evaluation
processes. She has over 5 years of experience of onsite work to improve IAQ
both in Europe and in India. Before moving to India, Maija was CEO of the Green
Building Council Finland.
Upcoming events
ISH 2019: the world’s leading trade fair

focusing on the responsible management
of water and energy in buildings
I
SH sets trends for sustainable heating and air-
conditioning technology as well as intelligent
home systems. ISH meets the growing demand
for comfort, convenience, individualisation, well-being
and aesthetics. Integrated solutions are able to cover all
these requirements and make a decisive contribution to
energy efficient and resource-friendly building systems.
Over 2,400 exhibitors, including all market leaders

from home and abroad, launch their latest products,
technologies and solutions onto the world market at
ISH. ISH has, therefore, a leading role worldwide as
the occasion per se when the sector comes together – 64
percent of the exhibitors and 40 percent of the around
200,000 visitors come from outside Germany.
From 2019 ISH is changing its sequence of days. In

future, the event will begin on Monday. Next ISH will be
held from 11 to 15 March 2019 (Monday to Friday).
Upcoming events
ISH Energy: major platform for the

Intelligent building services technology is the key to
groundbreaking building services
improving energy efficiency, whilst at the same time
technologies of tomorrow
increasing the degree of convenience and comfort.
The efficient use of energy is one of the most impor- Home and building automation, energy management,
tant topics of our times. ISH will be presenting the together with monitoring, control and regulation tech-
latest technologies and solutions for the challenges that nology, as well as testing equipment, are all located in
arise from the need to protect both the climate and Halls 10.2 and 10.3. This means that they are right at
our natural resources. The ISH Energy section of the the heart of the ISH Energy section, since this is the
show is the leading industrial exhibition for efficient segment that links all the technical trades.
heating and air-conditioning technology, combined
with renewable energies, and is thus the major plat-
form for the groundbreaking building services tech-
nologies of tomorrow.
As the major vehicle for stimulus in the sector, ISH

showcases the future developments in the heating
market. In Halls 11 and 12, exhibitors will be show-
casing their state-of-the-art modern heating technology
and heating systems, from efficient heat generation to
heat circulation and transfer. The ‘Pumps’ product
group, together with other components of the central
heating system – expansion vessels, stop-cocks, fittings REHVA at ISH 2019: come join our
and heating units - are all grouped together under the events and secure your free entrance
heading of ‘Heat Distribution’, in Halls 9.0 and 9.1. ticket
REHVA will be present at ISH 2019 on Thursday,
14 March 2019, at hall 10.3– System Room,
Building Automation and Energy Management for
a “REHVA-day” rich of events: in the framework of
the “Skills@ISH” events programme, REHVA invites
you to attend its QUANTUM Project Workshop,
a REHVA Seminar and a networking reHVAClub
cocktail reception. Secure your free one-day ticket to
come join us at ISH: contact Giulia Marenghi, Project
Communication Officer ([email protected]), to obtain
your free entrance voucher.
The area covering cooling and refrigeration, air-

conditioning and ventilation technology is showcased
all together in the one place, in Hall 8. The focus, here,
is on future-proof solutions for greater automation and
convenience – with, at the same time, improvements in
energy efficiency and increased use of renewable energies.
Upcoming events
th
REHVA 13 HVAC WORLD CONGRESS
Built Environment Facing Climate Change
T
he 13th REHVA Congress, CLIMA 2019, held CLIMA 2019 proposed sub-themes are: Criteria for
from 26th till 29th of May in Romania, will thermal environment and ventilation; HVAC in residen-
address, under the heading ”Built environment tial buildings and schools; Demand controlled, hybrid
facing climate change”, four main topics - all related to and passive HVAC systems, Filtration, air cleaning and
the built environment, the biggest energy consumer of air distribution; Solar thermal and PV systems; Heat
a given national or regional economy: pumps and refrigeration; Natural and mechanical smoke
extraction systems; Water and wastewater systems and
I. Modern HVAC&R&S Technology and Indoor components etc.
Environmental Quality
II. High Energy Performance and Sustainable High Energy Performance and
Buildings Sustainable Buildings
III. Information and Communication Technologies Buildings shall be constructed and renovated with
(ICT) for the Intelligent Building Management an appreciation of the importance of providing high-
IV. Sustainable Urbanization and Energy System quality and sustainable interior environments, with
Integration minimum costs for all users.
CLIMA 2019 sub-topics as: Low and zero energy

Modern HVAC&R&S Technology and building case studies; Predicted and real energy perfor-
Indoor Environmental Quality mance of buildings; Energy performance requirements,
Over 90% of the typical human life is spent indoors. compliance assessment and cost optimality; Simulation
Many of us have adapted to the indoor realm as our models and predictive tools for the buildings HVAC,
“natural” environment IEQ encompasses indoor air IEQ and energy; Building components and double skin
quality (IAQ), which focuses on airborne contami- facades; Occupant behaviour and energy demands in
nants, as well as other health, safety, and comfort buildings; Future and Emerging Technologies (FET):
issues such as aesthetics, potable water surveillance, Nano-, micro- and bio-technologies for buildings compo-
ergonomics, acoustics, lighting, and electromagnetic nents and HVAC systems; Mandatory and voluntary
frequency levels. All these IEQ parameters could not be certification and labelling schemes for new and existing
optimized without advanced HVAC&R&S technolo- buildings; Renovation of historic buildings; could attract
gies. The buildings could not be refurbished without an important number of researchers, industrials and
advanced HVAC&R&S technologies. young students.
Upcoming events
Information and Communication Seeking for partnership

Technologies (ICT) for the Intelligent
Here are only few reasons for getting a cooperation
Building Management
agreement with CLIMA 2019 organisers:
CLIMA 2019 addresses topics like: New ICT-based
solutions for systems and building automation; Energy •• The congress provides a targeted audience (event
Efficiency through behavioural adaption based on ICT provides you access to an invested, enthusiastic audi-
solutions; Indoor Environment control with advanced ence of more than 1000 attendees and probably more
BMS solutions; Sensors and methods to control and than 10000 visitors of the exhibitions of posters and
authenticate indoor environment; Advanced fault detec- products which will have free access).
tion and diagnostics; Integrated BIM solutions for build-
ings and systems; Digitalization of buildings equipment •• Potential for data capture is immense if you are
etc. present at CLIMA 2019 where your target audience is
present; you will create an immense potential for data/
Sustainable Urbanization and Energy lead capture. A creatively designed engagement tactic,
System Integration possibly integrated with social media, mobile apps, or
With justified interest in this area CLIMA 2019 will experiential technologies like RFID and geofencing
contribute by offering opportunity to researchers and could mean access to target data and analytics help
experts in this field to present their work on subtopics you shape or promote your publication.
like: Grid interaction of nZE, green and passive build-
ings; Architectural design integration; Health, demo- •• You will leverage the media coverage as CLIMA
graphic change and wellbeing; Energy management and 2019 will receive the most vast promotion on social
distributed energy systems (heat and power generation, media, digital media, press circles and traditional
district heating and cooling); Innovative heating and media, reaching the most broader audience since its
cooling solutions using geothermal energy; Large scale appearance in 1975.
and seasonal thermal storage; Smartness indicators;
Demonstrating innovative nature-based solutions in •• Build credibility and get brand recognition by
cities etc. choosing CLIMA 2019, which allows you to asso-
ciate your brand with other reputed brands in the
The venue of CLIMA 2019 will be its capital Bucharest market; you can elevate your brand perception and
which is the 6th European town in population terms image enormously, taking advantage of a great way to
and the largest city of Romania. It is a beautiful and emerge or acknowledge as a credible business in our
very alive Romanian cultural, industrial and financial target audience’s minds; your logo will be seen on the
centre, offering historical or modern conference venues, event site and on selected promotionals.
very cosy hotels, appealing restaurants, robust infra-
structure and a lot of quite unique places like traditional •• Get a chance to know other media providers or
museums, recreational green areas and genuine “shop- future clients because networking is probably one
ping arcades”. of the best aspects of our congress; as one of the
CLIMA 2019 partners, you’ll get to meet decision
Some expected figures of CLIMA 2019 congress are makers or fellow editors and companies that you can
the following: do business with in the future.
•• more than 100 CLIMA 2019 ambassadors and 50 •• Give back to the scientific community getting to
partners promoting this event worldwide; establish goodwill and showing the community that
•• more than 1000 attendees (researchers, engineers, you’re a reliable promoter that’s able and willing to
architects, students etc.); support all things local; think of partnership as a
•• more than 750 papers (with a special care for the way of giving back to the technical and scientific
selection of those to be published in like Scopus or community and thanking them for their support.
Web of Science indexed journals).
•• more than 20 technical and scientific workshops.
Federation of
You can find more details on our website European Heating,
Ventilation and
www.clima2019.org or ask for more information at our Air Conditioning
e-desk found on [email protected]. Associations
Upcoming events
The first set of CLIMA 2019

Workshops announced!
CLIMA 2019 continues with the longstanding tradition to offer several practical, interactive
workshops beside the plenary paper sessions. The workshops are organised by REHVA and its
international sister associations, European research and innovation projects, as well as REHVA
supporter companies representing leading HVAC manufactures and service providers. We are
happy to announce the first set of interesting workshops awaiting our CLIMA 2019 participants.
Title: NZEB concepts in Europe and Japan

Organisers: REHVA & SHASE
Chairs: Jarek Kurnitski, REHVA; Gyuyoung Yoon, SHASE
Speakers: Jarek Kurnitski, REHVA and Gyuyoung Yoon, SHASE (Chairs);
Hideharu Niwa, SHASE
Short description: Recent developments of nearly zero and zero energy requirements in EU and Japan are discussed
and possibilities to benchmark NZEB performance levels in different climates and countries will be analysed in more
general. The aim is to show how energy performance requirements are set and how these can be compared so that
climatic differences, national input data and calculation rules are taken into account.
Title: Evidence-based ventilation needs and

development process of future standards
Organiser: REHVA & ISIAQ
Chairs: Jarek Kurnitski, REHVA; Pawel Wargocki, ISIAQ
Speakers: Jarek Kurnitski, REHVA and Pawel Wargocki, ISIAQ;
Bjarne Olesen, William Bahnfleth
Short description: Recent research findings, their interpretation and meaning for ventilation system sizing is
discussed with the aim to establish evidence-based design criteria of ventilation rates for residential and non-
residential buildings. The workshop attempts to summarize existing evidence, possible knowledge gaps and to specify
further actions what are needed to implement evidence-based ventilation rate values into future indoor climate
standards such as EN 16798-1:2019 and possibly some other ventilation standards.
Upcoming events
Title: Dissemination and roll-out of the set of EPB

standards. Asking feedback from practitioners
Organiser: REHVA & EPB Center
Chairs: Jaap Hogeling, Dick van Dijk
Short description: The EPB Center (www.epb.center) has been set up to support the uptake of the (CEN and CEN
ISO) Energy Performance of Buildings standards developed under EC Mandate M/480, by providing tailored
information, technical assistance and capacity building services for involved stakeholders. The purpose of this
workshop is to inform the participants about the ongoing activities, more importantly to interact and obtain feedback
from professionals involved or interested in the EPB assessment and in the implementation of the relate d articles of
the recently revised EPBD.
Title: From regular inspection to BACS supported HVAC

system technical monitoring, commissioning and
certification
Organiser: REHVA & eu.bac
Chairs: Atze Boerstra, REHVA; Peter Hug, eu.bac
Speakers: DG ENERGY (tbc); Bonnie Brooks - Siemens/eu.bac; Stefan Plesser,
synavision; Cormac Ryan, CoPilot
Short description: This workshop will present the wide spectrum of tools supported by BACS to improve and optimize
HVAC systems’ performance and make it transparent to building owners and operators. Speakers will present
requirements of the revised EPBD, discuss the role of BACS in ongoing commissioning with outlook to the future,
present BACS supported technical monitoring tools and introduce the COPILOT commissioning certification scheme
developed with contribution of REHVA Member Associations and other partners.
Title: Towards optimized performance, design, and comfort

in hybridGEOTABS buildings
Organiser: hybridGEOTABS
Chair: Lieve Helsen, KULeuven
Speakers: Lieve Helsen, KULeuven; Eline Himpe, UGent; Ongun Berk Kazanci, DTU;
Qian Wang, Uponor/KTH; Wim Boydens, Boydens Engineering.
Short description: HybridGEOTABS refers to the integration of GEOTABS (Geothermal heat pumps in combination
with Thermally Activated Building Systems) with secondary heating and cooling systems. This technology offers huge
potential to meet heating and cooling needs throughout Europe in a sustainable way, while providing a very
comfortable conditioning of the indoor space. This workshop will discuss the effects of radiant heating and cooling
systems on IEQ, as well as the proper design of hybridGEOTABS buildings.
Title: Building commissioning in Europe

Organiser: QUANTUM
Chairs: Stefan Plesser, Ole Teisen
Speakers: Stefan Plesser, IGS TU Braunschweig; Jan Mehnert, IGS; Ole Teisen,
Sweco; Margot Grim, E7; Cormac Ryan, CoPilot
Short description: New buildings and deep retrofits with their sophisticated systems for heating, cooling and air
conditioning are rather complicated technical systems. Especially, building automation and control systems have
added complexity to building projects. As a consequence, the performance gap appeared. Quality management, a
process of supporting the fulfilment of requirements, can solve this problem. The workshop will present the current
stage of quality management for building performance. This workshop is part of the project ‘QUANTUM – Quality
management for building performance’ and has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 680529.
Upcoming events
Title: Why people matter? Exploitation strategies for

people-centred design
Organiser: TripleA-reno & MOBISTYLE projects
Chair: Dr. Simona D’Oca, Huygen Engineers & Consultants
Speakers: Dr. Simona D’Oca, Huygen Engineers & Consultants; Dr. Dan Podjed,
Institute for Innovation and Development of the University of
Ljubljana; Ana Tisov, Huygen Engineers & Consultants
Short description: the workshop is organised by the H2020 projects TripleA-reno and MOBISTYLE, which both adopted
a people-centred approach to improve the performance of the European building stock reaching beyond the focus on
technology-driven solutions. The workshop will introduce the TripleA-reno and MOBISTYLE open ICT solutions,
followed by a dynamic interactive brainstorm session around the following questions: What problems can the gamified
platforms and ICT solutions solve for the engineering branch? Why these open platforms are better than the existing
ones? What results do these projects offer for engineers and manufacturers? Who are the users of these innovative
solutions and how can we better deliver the tools to them?
Title: The Power of the Cloud

Organiser: Belimo Automation AG
Chair: Dr. Marc Thuillard
Speakers: Dr. Marc Thuillard, Dipl. Ing. Marc Steiner, Dipl. Ing. Forest Reider
Short description: This workshop presents how the power of the cloud can benefit the HVAC industry, by facilitating
the exchange of information between stakeholders, it can affect the entire lifecycle of a building. The design,
commissioning, operation and maintenance can leverage the cloud as a medium to store and share information,
configure and monitor devices, and provide a gateway to integrate technologies. It provides a medium for
transparency, intelligent monitoring, and optimization.
Title: The Value of Good Performance - How High-Performance

Buildings Protect the Asset value and Increase your Bottom Line
Organiser: BRE- Building Research Establishment (BRE) UK Ltd.
Sponsor: BRE Global
Speakers: Dr. Andy Lewry and James Fisher, presenters of case studies (TBC)
Short description: The discussion would address questions such as: we have the ability to design good buildings and
the knowledge to operate them in an effective and efficient manner – so why doesn’t it happen? Why doesn’t the
design feed through to performance-in-use? “The performance gap”, with increased energy usage of between 200-
450%: what are causes and how can this be remedied? What is the effect on the asset and its value from poor
performance? The second session will be a showcase for high performance buildings in Romania – Where 4 cases where
presented and then the discussion on how the sustainable performance and certification was achieved.
Title: Costs and benefits of antibacterial filter and its effects

on energy saving, human health and worker productivity
Organiser: Rhoss S.p.A
Sponsor: Rhoss S.p.A
Speakers: Leonardo Prendin - Marketing Director, Micaela Ranieri – Product Manager
Short description: The discussion would present the results of a literature review aimed at exploring how to
integrate the health and performance effects on building occupants into the economic benefits of the antibacterial
filter. In detail, the research focuses on the methods used to evaluate costs and benefits produced by the application
of a biocidal filter, comparing it with a traditional one, by means of computing both direct costs (related to
hospitalization and antibiotic treatment) and indirect costs (mainly identified with the loss of working days).
Therefore, this workshop will try to enhance the focus on energy technology developing an analysis of the impact
on human health and employee performance.
Upcoming events
Title: Third-party confidence for building projects:

Eurovent tools to deliver value
Organiser: EUROVENT CERTITA CERTIFICATION, PRODBIM, COPILOT
Sponsor: EUROVENT CERTITA CERTIFICATION
Speakers: Erick Melquiond - President of Eurovent Certita Certification; Thibaud De
Loynes -Project Director of Prodbim; Cormac Ryan -Project Director of Copilot
Short description: As quality is critical to risk management, Eurovent Certita Certification have developed a portfolio
of solutions to help you derisk your products and projects. Third party certification provides the best assurance that
“you get what it says on the box”. This reassurance adds value as it de-risks products and projects. Eurovent offers
third party certification of HVAC products and projects. They cover the entire lifecycle of HVAC from manufacture
to installed operation.
The workshop will introduce you to:
1. ECP certification programme: focus on Indoor Air Quality
2. HVAC Products data from PIM to BIM: PRODBIM
3. The installation and operation of HVAC equipment: COPILOT Building Commissioning Solutions
Title: Energy renovation of building stock towards nZEB levels:

How to prepare the market for the challenge?
Organiser: Fit-to-nZEB and iBRoad projects, Grundfos Pompe Romania
Sponsor: Fit-to-nZEB and iBRoad projects, Grundfos Pompe Romania
Speakers: Horia Petran, INCD URBAN-INCERC & Cluster Pro-nZEB
Dragomir Tzanev (Eneffect), Octavian Serban (Grundfos Pompe Romania)
Short description: The workshop is organised by the H2020 projects iBRoad (Individual Building Renovation
Roadmaps) and Fit-to-NZEB (…) together with Grundfos Romania representing the BetterHome initiative. The
workshop focuses on developing and combining effective tools to facilitate deep energy renovation of existing
building stock at high performance levels in order to support the achievement of decarbonising targets for 2050.
CLIMA 2019 - Important dates and deadlines
REHVA Annual Meeting May 24–26 2019

REHVA World Congress CLIMA 2019 & Exhibition May 26–29 2019
Additional social programme May 29–31 2019
You can find more details on the event website www.clima2019.org
or ask for more information at our e-desk: [email protected].
Leaders in Building Services
– Network of 27 European HVAC Associations joining 120 000 professionals
MEMBERS
REHVA Office: Rue Washington 40, 1050 Brussels - Belgium – Tel: + 32 2 514 11 71 –[email protected] – www.rehva.eu
REHVA Guidebooks

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The REHVA

European HVAC Journal

Energy, Smart building

On the history of indoor

YOU DON’T WANT TO LIVE IN A WORLD

ENJOY PEACE OF MIND AND CHOOSE PRODUCTS SIMPLY AND SECURELY

Since 1994 EUROVENT CERTITA CERTIFICATION certifies the

Editor-in-Chief: Jaap Hogeling

REHVA Journal is distributed in over 50 countries through the

Energy, Smart building technology

KIYAN VADOUDI SANDRINE MARINHAS

Figure 1. Psychrometric chart (Givoni 1992).

Auxiliary devices: To operate AHU properly, a number Qs = qv ⋅ ρ ⋅ cp ⋅ (tout – tin) (3)

COP = Q/P (1) Qs = qv ⋅ ρ ⋅ (hin – hout) (4)

Figure 2. Climatic zones based on AHU’s function.

Energy efficiency calculation ratio remains constant since no moisture is condensed

COPZ4 = [(QHC + QHU+ QHRS) / (Pel + PAux)] ⋅ W4= Case study

Figure 3. Psychrometric chart with zones based on AHU’s function.

Table 1. Zone weights for different cities.

City Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Comfort Zone

Riyadh 0.23% 40.49% 21.93% 7.15% 22.00% 8.22%

New Delhi 36.69% 23.32% 29.43% 0% 0.16% 10.41%

Athens 6.27% 19.52% 57.52% 1.83% 0% 14.87%

Copenhagen 0.13% 0.58% 85.52% 11.12% 0% 2.66%

Table 2. Output of software and calculation results based on above equations.

QHRS = QS (Moisture change) − Summer 63 kW

QHRS = QS (Moisture change) − Winter 20 kW

COPZ2 (31+63)/3 = 31.33

COPZ4 (28+44+20)/ (3+6) = 10.22

COPZ5 (31+44+63)/ (3+6) = 15.33

On the history of indoor

Figure 1. The Hypocaustum. Romains system of underfloor heating.

•• Pure air •• Temperature regulation

Air Conditioning – Thermal Comfort

Using an instrument known as the ‘kata thermometer’, Thermal Comfort

From the early 1960s there were many researchers

In 1936 ASHRAE recommended 7.5 l/s per person on the

associated with a combination of six environmental and Environmental movement

A major challenge is that research and practice mostly

Gail S. Brager and Richard J. de Dear published in

•• People and animals need change. This applies in

CEN Standard EN 16798-3:2017 on

Table 1. Basic system types of ventilation systems.

Description Name of the system type

Table 2. Types of Ventilation-, Air-conditioning-, and Room Conditioning-Systems based on functions.

(x) equipped with, but function

o may or may not be equipped with

Unidirectional supply air ventilation system

Unidirectional exhaust air ventilation system - x - - o - - - - -

Bidirectional ventilation system x x - x o x o - - -

Bidirectional ventilation system with

Bidirectional air-conditioning system x x - x o x o (x) o (x)

Full air-conditioning system x x - x o x x x x x

Room air conditioning system (Fan-Coil, DX-Split-

Room air heating systems - - x - - o x - - -

Room conditioning system - - - - - - o x - -

Update of SFP definitions Update of heat recovery aspects

Similar formulas and calculation methodologies were

Table 3. Minimum filtration efficiency based on particle outdoor air quality.

Outdoor air Supply air class