Mathematics

Class: 10th (English medium)

Definitions
PREPARED BY
HAFIZ NADEEM SHAHZAD
Al-HAFIZ ACADEMY
Near: Govt. High School no.2 (Boys) Q.D.S

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Daughters and Sons school, SHAHEEN ACADEMY

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“HARD WORK IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS”

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 Unit# 1 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Quadratic Equation: ‫دو درجی مسا وات‬
An equation that contain the square of unknown (variable)
quantity, but not higher power is called a quadratic equation (equation
of second degree.)
Standard Form: ‫معیا ری فا رم‬
a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎 ≠ 0
Pure quadratic equation: ‫پیو ر دو درجی مسا وات‬
If b = o in quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then it is called
pure quadratic equation.
i.e 𝑎𝑥 2 + (0)𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑥 2 − 16 = 0
There are three methods to solve quadration equation:
• Factorization (‫)تجز ی‬
• Completing square,( ‫مر بع مکمل کر نے سے‬ * Formula
Reciporocal equation: ‫معکو س مسا وات‬
An equation is said to be reciprocal equation if it remains
1
unchanged, when 𝑥 is replace by .
𝑥
1
e.g. 𝑥 + = 2
𝑥
Exponential Equation: ‫قو ت نما ئی مسا واتیں‬
An equation in which variable occurs in exponent is called
exponential equation.
e.g. 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 , 21+𝑥 + 52𝑥−1 − 8 = 0
Radical equation: ‫جذ ری مسا وات‬
An equation involing expression of the variable under radical sing
“√ ”is called radical equation.
Example : √𝑥 + 1 = 2
Simultaneous equations:
A system of equations having a common solution is called a system
of simultaneous equations.
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 Unit# 2 THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Discriminant: ‫فر ق کنند ہ‬
The nature of the roots of quadratic equation depends on the
value of expressing “𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐” which is called discriminant of the
quadratic equation or the quadratic expression 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Formula: Disc= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
There are four kinds nature of roots:
(i). If b2-4ac > 0 and is a perfect square then roots are rational (real)
and unequal.
(ii). If b2-4ac > 0 and is not perfect square then roots are irrational
(real and unequal.
(iii). If b2-4ac = 0 , then roots are rational (real) and equal.
(iv). If b2-4ac < 0, then roots are imaginary (complex conjugate).
Sum and product of the roots:-‫روٹس کا مجمو عہ اور حا صل ضر ب‬
𝑏
Sum of roots = ∝ +𝛽 = −
𝑎
𝑐
Product of roots = ∝ 𝛽 =
𝑎

Symmetric functions: ‫سمیٹرک تفاعل‬

Those functions in which all the roots involved are alike, so that
the value of the expression remains unaltered when roots are
interchanged.
Synthetic division:- ‫تر کیبی تقسیم‬
Synthetic division is process of finding the quotient and remainder
when the polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial.

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 Unit# 3 VARIATIONS
Ratio:-‫نسبت‬
A relation between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio.
If a and b are two quantities of same kind (b ≠ 0 ), then ratio of a
𝑎
and b is written as a : b or in fraction .
𝑏

Proportion:- ‫تنا سب‬

A proportion is a statement which is expressed as equivalence of
two ratios.
If two ratios a : b and c : d are equal then we can write a : b = c : d .
Direct variation: ‫تغیر راست‬ If two quantities are related in
such a way that when one changes in any ratio and the other also
change according to it then it is called direct variation.
Inverse variation:-‫تغیر معکو س‬
If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity
increases than the other decreases is called inverse variation.
Joint variation: ‫ مشتر ک تغیر‬-
A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than
one variation forms joint variation.

Theorem of compnendo-divinendo: ‫مسلہ ترکیب و تفصیل‬

‫ ہو تو‬a:b = c:d ‫اگر‬

a + 𝑏: a − b = c + d: c − d
or
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
=
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑

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 Unit # 4 PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Fraction:‫ کسر‬- The quotient of two numbers or algebraic expression
is called fraction. It consists of a numerator and a denominator.
𝑁(𝑥)
Rational Fraction:-‫ نا طق کسر‬-A rational fraction where N(𝑥) and
𝐷(𝑥)
D(𝑥) are polynomials in ‘𝑥’ with real coefficient is called rational
2𝑥−1 2𝑥 2
fraction. Examples:- , (2𝑥+1)(𝑥 2
(𝑥 2 − 1) −1)

Proper fraction:-‫واجب کسر‬

𝑁(𝑥)
A rational fraction where D(𝑥) ≠0 is called a proper fraction if
𝐷(𝑥)
degree of polynomial N(𝑥) in the numerator is less than the degree of
2 𝑥
polynomial D(𝑥( in the denominator. Examples:- ,
𝑥−1 (𝑥 2 −1)

Improper Fraction: ‫ غیر واجب کسر‬-

𝑁(𝑥)
A rational fraction where D(𝑥) ≠ 0 is called proper rational
𝐷(𝑥)
fraction if degree of N(𝑥) , in the numerator is greater than the degree
4𝑥 2𝑥 3
of D(𝑥) in the denominator. Examples: ,
𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −1

Partial Fraction:- ‫جزوی کسو ر‬

Each of two or more fractions into which a more complex fraction can
be decomposed as a sum.
1 −2 4 3𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
Example:- , and are partial fractions of
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)

Identity:‫مماثلت‬
An equation which is true for all values of the variable.
Example: (𝑥 + 3)2 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9

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 Unit# 5 SETS AND FUNCTIONS
Set:-‫سیٹ‬
A collection of well defined distinct object is called set. It is
denoted by capital letters A,B,C.
Example : A = {1, 2, 3, 4 }
Some important sets:-‫چند اہم سیٹ‬
N = set of natural numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, ………}
W = set of whole numbers W= { 0, 1, 2, 3, ……….. }
Z = set of all integers = { 0, +1, +2, +3, …………}
E = set of even integers = { 0, +2, +4, +6,+8 ……….}
O = set of odd integers = { +1,+3+4, ………}
P = set of prime numbers = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ……….}
Union of sets:-‫سیٹو ں کا یو نین‬
Union of two sets A and B denoted by A U B is the set containing
elements which either belong to A or to B or both.
Example:- A = { 1, 2, 3 } , B = { 2, 4, 6}
A U B = { 1, 2, 3} U { 2, 4, 6} = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
Intersection of sets:‫سیٹو ں کا تقا طع‬
Intersection of two sets A and B denoted by A∩B is the set
containing the all common elements of A and B.
Example:- A = { 1, 2, 3} , B = {2, 4, 6}
A ∩ B = { 1, 2, 3} ∩ { 2, 4, 6} = { 2}

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Difference of sets:-‫سیٹو ں کا فر ق‬
The set difference of B and A denoted by B-A is the set of all those
elements of B but do not belong to set A.
Example:- A = { 1, 2, 3} , B = {2, 4, 6}
B-A = { 2, 4, 6} – { 1, 2, 3} B – A = { 4, 6}
Subset:
Suppose A and B are two sets, if the elements of set A are also
elements of set B. It is denoted by A⊆ 𝐵.
Example:- If A = { 1, 2, 3} , B = {1,2,3,4,5,6} then A⊆ 𝐵.
Compliment of sets:-‫سیٹو ں کا کمپلیمنٹ‬
If U is universel set and A is a subset of U then compliment of A is
the set of those elements of U which are not contained in A and is
denoted by A/ or Ac.
Example:- A = {2, 4, 6 , ……….} , U = { 1, 2, 3, 4………}
Ac = {1,2,3,4…….} – { 2,4,6, ……….} = { 1,3, 5 , ……….}
Venn diagram:- ‫وین ڈایا گرا م‬
British mathematician John Venn (1834 – 1923) introduce rectangle
for a universel set U and its subsets A and B as closed figures inside
this rectangle.
Binary Relation:- ‫ثنا ئی ربط‬
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then a subset R ⊂ A×B is called
binary relation.

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Function:-‫تفا عل‬
Suppose A and B are two non-empty sets then relation f; A → B is
called function if.
(i) Domain of f = A
(ii) Every x∈A appear in one and only one ordered pair in f.
Domain and range of function:-
Domain:‫ ڈومین‬: It is the set consisting of all first element of each
ordered pair in f.
Range: ‫ رینج‬It is the set consisting of all second element of each
ordered pair in f.
Example: f = { (0,1),(1,2),(2,3)}
Dom f= {0,1,2} , Range f = {1, 2, 3}
Into function:- ‫اِن ٹو تفا عل‬
A function f : A → B is called into function if at least one element in
f
B is not an image of some element of set A.
Example:- Range of f ⊂ B. 0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
A B

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Onto function:-‫آن ٹو تفا عل‬
A function f : A → B is called onto function if every element of set B
is an image of at least one element of set A. f

Example: Range of f = B 0 1
1 2
2 3
3
A B
One-One function:-‫ون – ون تفا عل‬
A function f : A → B is called one-one function if all distinct
elements of A have distinct image is B. f

Example. 1 2
2 3
3 4
5
A B
Bijective function:‫با ئی جیکیٹو تفا عل‬
A function f : A → B is called bijective function if function is one-one
and onto. A f B
Example:- 1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5

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 Unit # 6 BASIC STATISTICS
Frequency distribution:-‫تعد دی تقسیم‬
A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement for classifying data
into different groups.
Group data: ‫گروہی مواد‬--The data presented in the form of frequency
distribution is called grouped data.
Ungrouped data: ‫غیر گروہی مواد‬--When the data is collected any
source and record as it stand is known as ungrouped data.
Example:- Number of student collected from each class of a school
i.e, 10,15, 20, 14,15,18.
Class limits:- ‫جما عتی حدود‬
The minimum and maximum values defined for a class or group are
called class limits.
Mid point or class mark: ‫جما عتی نشا ن‬/‫درمیا نی نقطہ‬
The average of each class is obtained by dividing the sum of lower
and upper class limits by 2 is called mid point or class mark.
Histogram:- ‫کا لمی نقشہ‬
A histogram is a graph of adjacent rectangle constructed on XY plane.
It is graph of frequency distribution.
Deviation: ‫انحرا ف‬
A deviation is a difference of any value of the variable from any
constant Di= 𝑥 ; −𝐴.
Measure of central tendency:‫مر کز ی رجحا ن کے پیما نے‬
The measure or technique that is used to determine the central value is
called measure of central tendency.

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Let us classify the measure of central tendency in the following
format:- central tendendency
Mean Median Mode
Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic
Mean(AM) mean (GM) mean (HM)
Arithmetic Mean:-‫حسا بی اوسط‬
Arithmetic mean or simply mean is measure by dividing sum of
all values of variables by the umber of observation. It is densted by X.
∑𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Formula: X = =
𝑛 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

Properties of Arithmetic mean:

(i)-Mean is effected by change in origin.
(ii)-Mean is effected by change in scale.
(iii)-Sum of daviations of the variable X from its mean is always zero.
Geometric Mean:- ‫اقلید ی اوسط‬
Geometric mean of a variable X is the nth positive root of product of
the 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … … . . 𝑥𝑛 observations.
Mathematically:- G.M = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … … . . 𝑥𝑛 )n
Harmonic Mean:-‫ ہم آہنگ اوسط‬--Harmonic mean refers to the value
obtained by reciprocation the mean of the reciprocal of the
𝑛
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … … . . 𝑥𝑛 observations. Mathematically:- H.M = 1
∑
𝑥

Mode:- ‫عا دہ‬

It is defined as the most frequent occurring observation in the data.
𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1
Formula: Mode = L + ×ℎ
2𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 − 𝑓2

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Median:-‫وسطا نیہ‬
It is the middle most observations in an arranged data set, it divides
the data set into two equal parts.
ℎ 𝑛
Formula:- Median= L + { − 𝑐}
𝑓 2

Dispersion:- ‫انتشا ر‬
Dispersion mean the spread or scatterness of observation in a data set.
Measure of dispersion:-‫انتشا ری پیما نے‬
The measures that are used to determine the degree or extent of
variation in a data set are called measure of dispersion.
Range:- ‫سعت‬
The difference between largest and smallest values.
Formula:- Range = ‫ بڑی رقم‬- ‫ = چھو ٹی رقم‬Xmax – Xmin
Variance:-‫تغیر یت‬
it is define as the mean of square deviation of 𝑥𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2,3, … … 𝑛)
observation from their arithmetic mean.
∑(𝑋−𝑋)2
Variance of X = var(x) = S =
𝑛

Standard deviation:-‫معیاری انحراف‬

It is defined as the positive square root of variance.

∑(𝑋−𝑋)2
Formula:- Standard deviation= var (x) = S = √
𝑛

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 Unit# 7 Introduction to trigonometry
Angle:‫زاویہ‬
The union of two non-collinear rays with some common end point.
The rays are called arms of angle and common end point is vertex of
angle.
Angle of elevation:- ‫زاویہ صعو د‬
The angle made between the horizontal line through eye and a line
from the eye to the object above the horizontal line called an angle of
elevation.

Angle of depression:-‫زاویہ نز ول‬

The angle made between the horizontal line through eye and a line
from the eye to the object below the horizontal line, called an angle of
depression.

Co-terminal angle:- ‫کو ٹر مینل زاویے‬

Two or more than two angles with the same initial and terminal sides
are called co terminal angles.
Standard Position:-‫معیا ری صورت میں زاویہ‬
A general angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the
origin and its initial side is directed along the postive direction on the
𝑥-axis of a rectangular coordinate system.
Quadrantal angle:‫ ربع زاویہ‬-
An angle is called quadrantal angle, if its terminal side lies on the 𝑥 -
axis or y – axis.

13
Trigonometric ratios:- ‫تکو نیا تی نسبتیں‬
There are six fundamental trigonometric ratios (function).
Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cotangent, cosecant, Secant.
Degree:- ‫درجہ‬/‫ڈگر ی‬
It we divide the circumference of circle into 3600 equal arcs. Then the
angle subtended at the center of the circle by one arc is called one
degree and is denoted by 10.
Radian:- ‫ریڈ ین‬
The angle subtended by the centre of the circle by an arc, whose
length is equal to the radius of circle is called one radian.
Relationship between radian and degree:-
𝜋
10 = radian ≈0.0175 radian.
180

180 0
1 radian = ( ) = 57.295 degree
𝜋

Trigonometric identities:-‫تکو نیا تی مما ثال ت‬

(a) Cos2𝜃 + Sin2 𝜃 = 1 (b) sec2𝜃 - tan2𝜃= 1 (c) csc2𝜃- cot2𝜃 = 1 .
Reciprocal identities:‫معکو س مما ثلتیں‬
1 1
Sin𝜃 = Or cosec𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 1
Cos𝜃 = Or sec𝜃 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 1
Tan𝜃 = Or cot𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
Tan𝜃 = Or cot𝜃 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

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 Unit# 8 Projection of a side of triangle
Projection::‫ِظل‬
The projection of a given point on a line segment is the foot of ⊥
drawn from the point on that line segment. If AB⊥CD then evidently
D is the foot of perpendicular CD from the point C on the line
segment AB.

Right Angle:-‫ قا ئمہ زاویہ‬-An angle which is equal to 90° .

Acute Angle:‫ حا دہ زاویہ‬- An angle which is less than 90° .

Obtuse Angle:‫ منفر جہ زاویہ‬-An angle which is greater than 90° .

Unit=9,10,11,12,13

Circle: ‫دائرہ‬:
A circle is the locus of a moving point in a plane which is equidistant
from a fixed point. The fixed point is called centre of circle.
Central angle:-‫مر کز ی زاویہ‬
An angle whose vertex is at the centre of the circle and its arms meet
at the end points of an arc is called central engle.
Circum Angle:‫محا صر ہ زاویہ‬
A circum angle is subtended between any two chords of a circle
having common point on its circumference. In figure 𝜃 is circum
angle.

15
Chord of circle:- ‫دائر ے کا وتر‬
The line segment joining any two points of the circle with each other
is called chord of circle.

Diameter:- ‫دائر ے کا قطر‬

The chord passing through the centre of circle
is called diameter of circle.
Radius:‫رداس‬
The distance from the centre of circle to any
point on the circle is called radius of circle.
Circumference of circle: ‫دائر ے کامحیط‬
The length of the boundry traced by a moving point in a circular path
is called circumference of circle. It is calculated by.
𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑟
Arc of circle:‫دائر ے ک قوس ا‬
An arc of circle is any portion of its circumference.
Minor Arc:‫قو س صغیر ہ‬
An arc whose length is smaller than the circumference of semi-circle
is called minor arc.
Major Arc:‫قو س کبیر ہ‬
An arc whose length is greater than the circumference of semi-circle
is called minor arc.

16
Segment of the circle:-‫قطعہ دائر ہ‬
The circular region bounded by an arc and a corresponding chord is
called segment of circle.

There are tow types of segment:-

Major segment:-‫قطعہ کبیرہ‬
The circular region bounded by a major arc and a corresponding
chord is called major segment.
Minor segment:-‫قطعہ صغیرہ‬
The circular region bounded by a minor arc and a corresponding
chord is called minor segment.

Sector of circle:-‫دائر ے کا سیکٹر‬

A sector of circle is the plane figure bounded by two radii and the arc
intercepted between them.

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Interior of circle:- ‫دائر ے کا اند رونہ‬
The set of all points lying inside the boundry of a circle is called
interior of circle.
Exterior of circle:- ‫دائر ے کا بیرونہ‬
The set of all points lying outside the boundry of a circle is called
exterior of circle

Circular Area:-‫دائر ے کا رقبہ‬

Area of region enclosed by the boundry of circle is called area of
circle. (Circular area.) circular area is find by 𝜋.

Collinear points:- ‫ہم خط تقا ط‬

Two or more than two points lying on the same line are called
collinear points.

Non-Collinear points:-‫غیر ہم خط نقا ط‬

Two or more than two points not lying on the same line are called
non-collinear points.

18
Radial segment of circle:-‫رداسی قطعہ‬
The line segment joining the centre of circle to any point of the circle
is called radial segment.
Secant line of circle :‫قاطع خط‬
A secant is a straight line which cuts the circumference of a circle in
two distinct points.
Tangent line of circle:‫دائر ے کامماس‬
A tangent to a circle is the straight line which touches the
circumference at a single point only.

Length of tangent :‫مما س کی لمبا ئی‬

The distance between the given point outside the circle and point of
tangent is called length of tangent segment.

Cyclic quadrilateral:‫ سا ئیکلک چو کو ر‬A quadrilateral is called cyclic

when a circle can be draw through its four vertices.

19
Geometry:‫جیو میٹر ی‬
The word geometry is derived from two Greek words namely
Geo(Earth) and Metron means (Measurement). Geometry is the
branch of mathematics, which deal with the shape, size and position
of geometric figures.
Polygon:-‫کثیر االضال ع‬
A plane figure with three or more straight edges as its sides is called a
polygon.
Different types of polygon:-
Triangle:‫مثلث‬
A plane figure with three straight edges as its sides is called a triangle.
A triangle has six element.
i.e three sides and three angles.
Regular Polygon:‫ریگو لر کثیر االضال ع‬
A figure bounded by equal straight lines which has its entire angle is
called regular polygon.
Circumscribed circle:- (Circum circle):-‫محا صر دائر ہ‬
The circle passing through three vertices of triangle ABC is known as
circumscribed circle, its radius is called circum radius and centre is
called circum centre.

20
Inscribed circle:‫محصو ر دائر ہ‬
A circle which touches the three sides of triangle internely is known
as inscribed circle, its radius is called in-radius and centre is called in-
centre.

Escribed circle:‫جا نبی دائر ہ‬

The circle touching the one side of triangle extermelly and other two
produced sides internely is called escribed circle.

Vertex:‫راس‬
The common end point of two or more non-collinear rays or line
segments. Vertex typically means a corner or a point where lines
meet. For example: square has four corners, each is called vertex.

Vertices: The corners of polygon are called its vertices.

Perimeter:‫احا طہ‬
The perimeter of a closed geometric figure is the sum of its sides.

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