1 Speaking Mathematically

Chapter 1.
Speaking
Mathematically
1.1.
Variables
Variable(
s)
Meaning: unknown ( or arbitrary) number(s)
or objects
Notation: 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎, 𝑏, … . . 𝑎1, …, 𝑎𝑛 etc Remark:

The meaning of a given sentence becomes
clearer if we use symbolic notations.
Exampl
e
1. Is there a number with the following
property: doubling it and adding 3 gives
the same result as squaring it?
Sentence with variable symbol:
Is there a number 𝑥 with the following
property:
2𝑥 +3=𝑥2?
Example
2. No matter what number might be chosen, if
it is greater than 2, then its square is greater
than 4.
Sentence with variable symbol:
a. No matter what number 𝑥 might be chosen,
if
𝑥 > 2, then 𝑥2 > 4.
b. No matter what number 𝑥 might be chosen,

if
2
𝑥 is greater than 2, then its square 𝑥 is
greater than 4.
Statement( or
proposition )
Sentence that is true or false but not
both.
Example: Determine whether the given

sentence is a statement or not.
1. 3 is an even number.
2. 6 is an even number.
3. Babies are cute.
Type of
statements
Type of statement Typical words used
Universal Statement For all,.....
Conditional Statement If……, then…
Existential Statement There exists

Universal Statement( For
all )
It claims or asserts that a certain property is
true for all elements in a set. ( However,
universal statement is a statement.
Therefore, what is
claimed doesn’t have to be true.)
Example:
1. All positive numbers are greater than
zero.
2. Any human dies in 1000 years.
Conditional Statement( if-
then )
It claims or asserts that if one thing is true,
then some other thing also has to be true. (
However, conditional statement is a
statement. Therefore, what is claimed
doesn’t have to be true.)
Example:
1. If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is
divisible by 6.
2. If the tree bears apples, then it blossomed.
Existential
Statement
It claims or asserts that given a property that may or may
not be true, there is at least one thing for which the
property is true. ( However, existential statement is a
statement.
Therefore, what is claimed doesn’t have to be true.)
Example:
1. There is a prime number that is even.
2. There is a person in my class who is at least as old as
every person in my class.
3. There is a person who is 3 years old in this class.
( existential statement although it is wrong statement)
1.2. The language of
sets
Notation,
Terminology
Notation Meaning Example
𝑥∈𝑆 𝑥 is an S={2, 4, 6}
element of 𝑆 2∈𝑆
𝑥 is not an
element of 𝑆
Axiom of
Extension
A set is completely determined by what its
elements are- not the order in which they
might be listed or the fact that some
elements might be listed more than once.
Example of axiom of
extension
2,4, 6 =6, 4, 2 =2, 6, 4 =2, 2, 4, 6 =
2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6and so on.
Remark:
2, 4, 6 ≠2, 4, 6
2, 4, 6 ≠ {{2, 4, 6}}
Symbols of the sets of
numbers
Symbol Set of all…
real numbers
integers
Rational numbers
Positive ….. numbers
Non-negative…..
numbers
Set builder
notation
{𝑥 ∈ S | Property P}
The set of all elements x in S which

satisfies( or such that) the property P
Exampl
e
Denote the following set on the real
number line.
1.
2.
3.
Symb
ol
Notation Read Meaning
• A belongs to B.
• A is contained in
B.
• A: subset of B
A does not
belong to B.
A strictly
belongs to B.
Cartesian
Products
Ordered pair: (𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑐, 𝑑) if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑.

Cartesian product A and
B
𝐴 × 𝐵: À cross B’
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}:

Set of ordered pair
Exampl
e
Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3} and 𝐵 = 𝑢, 𝑣
a. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵
b. Find 𝐵 × 𝐴
c. Find 𝐵 × 𝐵
d. How many elements are in 𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝐵 × 𝐴
and
𝐵 × 𝐵?
e. What is ?
Last time……..
• Variable
• Statements: Universal…, Conditional…,
Existential…..
• Set symbols: elements, subsets
• Axiom of Extension
• Cartesian products of A and B: What is
the number of elements in 𝐴 × 𝐵
1.3. The Language of
Relations and
Functions
Relation
R
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B
is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵. Given an ordered pair
(𝑥, 𝑦) in
𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝒙 is related to 𝒚 by R, written 𝒙𝑹𝒚, if and
only if (𝑥, 𝑦) is in R.
The set A is called the domain of R and the
set B is called its co-domain.
Notation of
Relation
𝒙𝑹𝒚 means that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅
means that
Remark:
Other alphabetical characters such as S, T
may be used to denote relation, instead
of R.
Exampl
e
Let 𝐴 = 1, 2, 3 and 𝐵 = 1, 3, 5 .
(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑆 if and only if 𝑥 < 𝑦.
1. Write the set of S. 2. Is 1R1,
2R3, 3R1?
3. Draw arrow diagram for S.
Exampl
e
Let A={1, 2} and B={1, 2, 3} and define a
relation R from A to B as follows: Given any
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ×
𝐵, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥−𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.
2
a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are
in
A × 𝐵 and which are in 𝑅.
b. Is 1R3? Is 2R3? Is 2R2?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of
R?
Exampl
e
Define a relation C from R to R as follows:
For any 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑹 × 𝑹,
2 2
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
13
a. Is 1,0 ∈ 𝐶? Is (0,0) ∈ 𝐶? Is (−,2 2 ) ∈ 𝐶?
Is -2C0? Is 0C(-1)? Is 1C1?
b. What are the domain and co-domain of C?
c.Draw a graph for C by plotting the points
of C in the Cartesian plane.
Exampl
e
Let A={1, 2, 3} and B={1, 3, 5} and
define relations S and T from A to B
as follows:
For all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐵,
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 < 𝑦
𝑇 = 2,1 , 2,5
Draw arrow diagrams for S and T.
Functio
n
A function F from a set A to a set B is a
relation with domain A and co-domain B
that satisfies the following two properties:
1. For every element 𝑥 in A, there is an
element
𝑦 in B such that 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐹
2.For all elements 𝑥 in A and 𝑦 and 𝑧 in B, If
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐹, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Exampl
e
Let A={2,4,6} and B={1, 3, 5}. Which of the
relations R, S, and T defined below are
functions from A to B?
a. R={(2, 5), (4,1), (4, 3), (6,5)}
b. For all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐵, (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑆 means that
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
c. T={(2,1), (4,1), (6,5)} ( with arrow diagram)
Exampl
e
a.The circle relation C was defined as
follows: For all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑹 × 𝑹, (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐶
means that
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1.
Is C a function? If it is, find C(0) and C(1).
b.Define a relation from R to R as follows:
For all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑹 × 𝑹, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐿 means that
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1.
Is L a function? If it is, find L(0) and L(1).
Key
• Variable
Words
• Statement
• Universal statement, Conditional
statement, existential statement
• Axiom of extension
• Set builder notation
• Cartesian product
• Relation
• Function

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Chapter 1.

Notation: 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎, 𝑏, … . . 𝑎1, …, 𝑎𝑛 etc Remark:

b. No matter what number 𝑥 might be chosen,

Example: Determine whether the given

Type of statement Typical words used

Universal Statement For all,.....

Conditional Statement If……, then…

Existential Statement There exists

The set of all elements x in S which

(𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑐, 𝑑) if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑.

𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}:

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