MSTE Module Notes and Formulas

Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Differential Calculus
In the following formulas, u, v, and w are differentiable functions of x and a and n are
constants.

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MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Not all relations are function but all functions are relation. A good example of a relation
that is not a function is a point in the Cartesian coordinate system, say (2, 3). Though 2 and 3 in
(2, 3) are related to each other, neither is a function of the other.

Function is a relation between two variables that inhibits an apparent connection. If the
variables are x and y, then y can be determined for some range of values of x. We call this, y as a
function of x denoted by y = f (x). Differential Calculus is limited only to those relations that are
functions defined by equations.

Sample Problems

Solution

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Solution

Solution

Exercises!

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Answer:

4.

5.

Limits

We can redefine Calculus as a branch of mathematics that enhances Algebra,

Trigonometry, and Geometry through the limit process. Calculus simply will not exist
without limits because every aspect of it is in the form of a limit in one sense or another.
To illustrate this notion, consider a secant line whose slope is changing until it will become
a tangent (or the slope of the curve) at point P (see figure below). Then we can say that
the slope of the curve at any point P is the limit of the slope of the secant through P.

Another is by considering the area of a region bounded by curve shown in figures (a), (b),
and (c) below. The area can be approximated by summing up the areas of series of
rectangles. As the number of rectangles increases, the sum of their areas will be close
enough to the area in (c). We can then say that the area of the region bounded by a curve
is the limit of the sum of areas of approximating rectangles.

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

We can therefore define limit as a number such that the value of a given function remains
arbitrarily close to this number when the independent variable is sufficiently close to a
specified point.

Evaluating Limits

If f is a continuous function on an open interval containing the number a, then limit f(x)
= f(a)

Common techniques in evaluating limits are:

1. Substituting directly
2. Factoring and simplifying
3. Multiplying the numerator and denominator of a rational function by the
conjugate of either numerator or denominator.
4. Using a graph or a table of values of the given function.

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Sample Problems!
1. Find the limit: lim √3𝑥 + 1
𝑥→5

Solution: Direct Substitute

: lim √3𝑥 + 1 = √3(5) + 1 = 4

𝑥→5

𝑡 2 −3𝑡+2
2. Find the limit: lim
𝑡→2 𝑡−2

Solution: Factor and Simplify

𝑡 2 −3𝑡+2 (𝑡−1)(𝑡−2)
: lim = lim = lim(𝑡 − 1) = (2 − 1) = 1
𝑡→2 𝑡−2 𝑡→2 𝑡−2 𝑡→2

√𝑡+2−√2
3. Find the limit: lim
𝑡→0 𝑡

Solution: Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate
of the numerator.
√𝑡+2−√2 √𝑡+2+ √2 𝑡+2−2
(√𝑡 + 2 + √2 ), 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 lim ( )= lim
𝑡→0 𝑡 √𝑡+2+ √2 𝑡→0 (√𝑡+2 + √2)

𝑡 1 1 1 1 √2 √2
lim = lim = = = ( )=
𝑡→0 (√𝑡 + 2 + √2) 𝑡→0 (√𝑡 + 2 + √2) √0 + 2 + √2 2√2 2√2 √2 4

(Note that substituting 0 directly into the original expression would have
produced a 0 in both the numerator and denominator.)

Exercises
1. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡: lim 3𝑥 sin 𝑥 , (Answer:1)
𝑥→𝜋
𝑥 5 −𝑏 5 1
2. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡: lim 𝑥 10 −𝑏10 , (Answer:2𝑏5)
𝑥→𝑏
2𝑡 2 +1 1
3. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡: lim 𝑡 3 +3𝑡−4 , (Answer:− 4)
𝑡→0

The Derivative

Derivative of a function is the limit of the ratio of the incremental change of

dependent variable to the incremental change of independent variable as change of
independent variable approaches zero. For the function y = f(x), the derivative is
symbolized by y’ or dy/dx, where y is the dependent variable and x the independent
variable.

Slope of the Curve

The slope of the curve y = f(x) at any point is identical to the derivative of the
function dy/dx or y'.

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Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Rate of Change

The derivative of a function is identical to its rate of change. Thus, the rate of
change of the volume V of a sphere with respect to its radius r is dV/dr.

Maxima and Minima Applications

Relative Maximum and Minimum Points

At a point such as B, where the function is algebraically greater than that of any
neighboring point, the point is said to have a maximum value, and the point is called a
maximum point (relative to adjacent points). Similarly at D, the function has a minimum
value (relative to adjacent points). At maximum or minimum points, the tangent is
horizontal or the slope is zero.

This does not necessarily mean that at these points the function is maximum or
minimum. It does only mean that the tangent is parallel to the x-axis, or the curve is either
concave up or concave down. The points at which dy/dx = 0 are called critical points, and
the corresponding values of x are critical values.

The second derivative of a function is the rate of change of the first derivative or
the rate of change of the slope. It follows that as x increases and y" is positive, y' is
increasing and the tangent turns in a counterclockwise direction and the curve is concave

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

upward. When y" is negative, y' decreases and the tangent turns in the clockwise direction
and the curve is concave downward.

If y' = 0 and y" is negative (i.e. y" < 0), the point is a maximum point (concave
downward).

If y' = 0 and y" is positive (i.e. y" > 0), the point is a minimum point (concave upward).

Points of Inflection

A point of inflection is a point at which the curve changes from concave upward to concave
downward or vice versa (see point E from the figure). At these points the tangent changes
its rotation from clockwise to counterclockwise or vice versa.

At points of inflection, the second derivative of y is zero (y" = 0).

Sample Problems

1. A 5-m line AD intersect at 90° to line BC at D so that BD is 2 m and DC = 3 m.

Point P is located somewhere on AD. The total length of the cables linking P to
points A, B, and C is minimized. How far is P from A?

Solution:

2. A tour bus has 80 seats. Experience shows that when a tour costs P28,000, all seats
on the bus will be sold. For each additional P1,000 charged, however, 2 fewer seats
will be sold. Find the largest possible revenue.

Solution:

Original cost per seat = 28,000 ÷ 80 = P350

Additional cost per seat due to P1,000 increase = 1,000 ÷ 80 = P12.5

Let x = number of P1,000 additional charges

Additional cost per seat = 12.5x

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Cost per seat = 350 + 12.5x

Number of seats sold = 80 - 2x

For Maximum Revenue

Cost per seat = 350 + 12.5(6) = P425

Number of seats sold = 80 - 2(6) = 68

Maximum Revenue = 425(68) = P28,900

Time Rates

If a quantity x is a function of time t, the time rate of change of x is given by dx/dt.

When two or more quantities, all functions of t, are related by an equation, the relation
between their rates of change may be obtained by differentiating both sides of the
equation with respect to t.

Steps in Solving Time Rates Problem

 Identify what are changing and what are fixed.

 Assign variables to those that are changing and appropriate value (constant) to
those that are fixed.
 Create an equation relating all the variables and constants in Step 2.
 Differentiate the equation with respect to time.

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Sample Problems:

Problem 01: Water is flowing into a vertical cylindrical tank at the rate of 24 ft3/min. If
the radius of the tank is 4 ft, how fast is the surface rising?

Solution:

Problem 02: A man 6 ft tall walks away from a lamp post 16 ft high at the rate of 5 miles
per hour. How fast does the end of his shadow move?

Solution:

Problem 03: A trapezoidal trough is 10 ft long, 4 ft wide at the top, 2 ft wide at the
bottom and 2 ft deep. If water flows in at 10 ft3/min, find how fast the surface is rising,
when the water is 6 in deep

Solution:

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 MSTE Lecture Notes and Formulas
Calculus (Differential & Integral)

Problem 04: A ship sails east 20 miles and then turns N 30° W. If the ship's speed is 10
mi/hr, find how fast it will be leaving the starting point 6 hr after the start.

Solution:

Practice Problems:

1. An elevated train on a track 30 ft above the ground crosses a street at the rate of
20 ft/sec at the instant that a car, approaching at the rate of 30 ft/sec, is 40 ft up
the street. Find how fast the train and the car separating 1 second later.
Answer: 2.67 ft/sec
2. One city E, is 20 miles north and 20 miles east of another city, F. At noon a car
starts south from E at 40 mi/hr, at 12:10 PM, another car starts east from F at 60
mi/hr. Find the rate at which the cars approach each other between 12:10 PM and
12:30 PM. What happens at 12:30 PM?
Answer: The cars may/will collide at this time.
3. A boy on a bike rides north 5 mi, then turns east (Fig. 47). If he rides 10 mi/hr, at
what rate does his distance to the starting point S changing 2 hour after he left that
point?
Answer: 𝟑√𝟏𝟎 mi\hr
4. A light at eye level stands 20 ft from a house and 15 ft from the path leading from
the house to the street. A man walks along the path at 6 ft per sec. How fast does
his shadow move along the wall when he is 5 ft from the house?
Answer: 8 ft/sec
5. A kite is 40 ft high with 50 ft cord out. If the kite moves horizontally at 5 miles per
hour directly away from the boy flying it, how fast is the cord being paid out?
Answer: 4.4 ft/sec

Be obsessed with becoming the best version of

Yourself. Because at the end you only have yourself.
Keep fighting future Engineer!

-Engr. Matt
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