NLC INDIA LIMITED

(“NAVARATNA”- A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ENTERPRISE)

NEYVELI 607 803, TAMIL NADU
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND 220/400KV GIS
(GAS INSULATED SWITCH YARD SYSTEM)

SUBMITTED BY

KASARELLI NARENDRA (REGNO.42140076)

B.E ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING IN

SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI -600119

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

K. SRIDHAR/DCE/ELECTRICAL
NNTPS/NLC INDIA LIMITED
CERTIFICATE:
 NLC INDIA LIMITED
(“NAVARATNA”- A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ENTERPRISE)
NEYVELI 607 803, TAMIL NADU
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that internship training report titled “STUDY OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN

2×500 MW THERMAL POWERPLANT AND 220/400KV GIS (GAS INSULATED SWITCH YARD
SYSTEM)” is the bona-fide work of KASARELLI NARENDRA (42140076) Studying B.TECH
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING at "SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI” done during the period from 04.12.2023 to 16.12.2023 at Neyveli New
Thermal Power Station (2 * 500 MW), NLC INDIA LIMITED, NEYVELI. Their performance, conduct and
attendance during the period were __________.

EXTERNAL GUIDE
SRIDHAR K
DCE/E/ NNTPS
NLC India Limited, Neyveli

Permitted to submit this internship Report to University Authorities.

CHIEF MANAGER
DATE: 16.12.2023 LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
PLACE: NEYVELI NLC INDIA LIMITED, NEYVELI

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the internship training report titled “STUDY OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN 2×500
MW THERMAL POWER PLANT AND 220/400KV GIS (GAS INSULATED SWITCH YARD SYSTEM)” IN NNTPS
is the original work done by KASARELLI NARENDRA under the guidance of Shri SRIDHAR K/DCE/E/NNTPS
(2 * 500 MW), NLC India Limited, Neyveli. This internship report is for only reference and no part of the
report will be published or copied anywhere without the written permission from the officials of NLC India
Limited, Neyveli.

Signature of the Students

PLACE: NEYVELI
DATE :16/12/2023
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our sincere thanks to NLC INDIA LIMITED for providing us the opportunity to carry out the
Internship training.

We would like to thank Shri. SARAVANABHAVAN A KR, UNIT HEAD/L&DC, Learning & development
centre, and the entire team of Learning & development centre for giving us the chance to deliver
Internship Training at NLC Industries Limited, Neyveli.

We sincerely thank Shri. SRIDHAR K DCE/E/NNTPS (2 * 500 MW), NLC India Limited, for providing the
guidance during the internship training programme from 04.12.2023 to

16.12.2023.

We express our gratitude to the Unit Head, Shri. SURIANARAYANAN B, CHIEF GENERAL

MANAGER, NNTPS for granting us permission to undergo internship training in the unit.

We sincerely thank Dr.S.RADHIKA/HOD/EEE DEPT/SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI for encouraging us to successfully complete the internship training.

We are in much in gratitude for the fullest support and guidance of Mr.M.GNANAPRAKASAM/JE/MECH
without his co-operation, we would never been succeeded in completing the internship program.
ABSTRACT: This report provides a comprehensive investigation of the Neyveli New Thermal
Power Plant located in Tamil Nadu, India. The study involved detailed observations and inspections
that covered various operational aspects, structural components, and the electricity distribution
systems within the facility. Special emphasis was placed on the gas-insulated switchyard, where
we provided thorough explanations of the electricity supply logistics.

The aim of this investigation was to gain insights into the plant's functionality, technological
advancements, and its role in meeting regional energy demands. The findings indicate that the
Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant demonstrates modern efficiencies in thermal power generation
while also addressing environmental challenges associated with coal-fired energy production.

The insights derived from this study contribute to the understanding of the operational dynamics of
thermal power plants and support the broader discussion on sustainable energy practices. Overall,
this report highlights the significance of the Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant in enhancing the
energy landscape of TamilNadu
I
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO NEYVELI NEW THERMAL POWER PLANT .............................. 1
1.2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT .......................................................... 1
1.3 OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES AND DESIGN ............................................................ 2
1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION ......................................................................... 2
1.5 ECONOMIC IMPACT AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT .......................................... 3
1.6 OVERVIEW................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY ................................................................................... 4
2.1 HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF NEYVELI POWER PLANT ........................................ 5
2.2 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN THERMAL POWER GENERATION .................
5 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT .............................................
6 2.4 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NEYVELI POWER GENERATION .......................................
6 2.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY GOALS .............................................
6
CHAPTER 3: AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION ................................. 7
3.1 Aim: .............................................................................................................................. 8
3.1.1 OPERATIONAL INSIGHT: ...................................................................................... 8
3.1.2 ELECTRICITY DIATRIBUTION ANALYSIS: ........................................................... 8
3.2 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 COMPREHENSIVE OBSERVATIONS:................................................................... 8
3.2.2 GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD EXPLORATION: .............................................. 9
3.2.3 DATA COMPILATION:............................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 4: STUDY OF POWER PLANT ............................................................................ 9
4.1 Overall Thermal Process: ........................................................................................... 9
4.1.1. FUEL ASH CYCLE: ............................................................................................. 10
4.1.2. WATER STEAM CYCLE: .................................................................................... 10
4.1.3. COOLED WATER CIRCULATION: ...................................................................... 11
4.1.4 WORKING OF THERMAL POWER PLANT: ........................................................ 11
4.2 LIGNITE HANDLING SYSTEM: ................................................................................. 13
4.3 BOILER: ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.3.1 BOILER TECHNICAL DATA: ............................................................................... 14
4.3.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: .............................................................................. 15
4.3.3 BOILER MOUNTING: ........................................................................................... 16

II
 4.4 ASH HANDLING SYSTEM: ........................................................................................ 17
4.4.1 TYPES OF ASH HANDLING IN THERMAL POER PLANT: .................................
18
4.5 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR: ........................................................................... 19
4.6 CHIMNEY: .................................................................................................................. 21
4.7 FD FAN (Forced Draft Fan): ...................................................................................... 22
4.8 ID FAN (Induced Draft Fan): ..................................................................................... 24
4.9 TURBINE: ................................................................................................................... 25
4.10 GENERATOR: .......................................................................................................... 26
4.10.1 PRIMARY WATER SYSTEM: ............................................................................. 28
4.10.2 GAS SYSTEM: ................................................................................................... 30
4.10.3 EXCITATION SYSTEM: ...................................................................................... 31
4.11 DIESEL GENERATOR: ............................................................................................. 32
4.12 COOLING TOWER: .................................................................................................. 33
4.13 DEMINERALIZED WATER PLANT:.......................................................................... 34
4.14 TRANSFORMERS:................................................................................................... 35
4.14.1GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS: ...................................................................... 35
4.14.2 UNIT TRANSFORMER: ..................................................................................... 36
4.14.3 STATION TRANSFORMER: ............................................................................... 37
4.15 BATTERY UNIT: ....................................................................................................... 37
4.16 COMMON CONTROL ROOM: .................................................................................. 38
CHAPTER 5: GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD .................................................................. 39
5.1 SWITCHYARD IN NNTPS: ......................................................................................... 41
5.2 GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD (GIS): .................................................................... 41
5.3 NNTPS GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD: ................................................................ 42
5.4 400 KV SWITCHYARD & 220 KV SWITCHYARD: ..................................................... 44
5.4.1 400KV SWITCH YARD ......................................................................................... 44
5.4.2 220 KV SWITCHYARD: ....................................................................................... 45
5.5 INTERCONNECTING TRANSFORMER: .................................................................... 46
5.6 BUSBAR: ................................................................................................................... 47
5.7 CIRCUIT BREAKERS ................................................................................................ 48
5.7.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS: .................................................................................. 49
5.8 BAY: ........................................................................................................................... 49
5.9 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER: ................................................................ 49
5.10 LIGHTNING ARRESTER: ......................................................................................... 50
5.11 WAVE TRAP: ............................................................................................................ 51
5.12 SWITCH GEAR: ....................................................................................................... 51
5.13 TRANSMISSION LINE: ............................................................................................ 53

III
CONCLUSION: .................................................................................................................... 54
REFERENCES: .................................................................................................................... 55

IV
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO NEYVELI NEW THERMAL POWER PLANT

The Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant plays a crucial role in India’s energy landscape,
especially in response to Tamil Nadu's increasing energy demands. Commissioned in
December 2019, this power plant is a key element of the country's efforts toward energy
self-sufficiency and environmental sustainability. Developed by NLC India Limited, a
notable public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Coal, it has an operational
capacity of 1,000 megawatts (MW) through two advanced units, each capable of
generating 500 MW of electricity. This report presents insights gathered during my
internship at the Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant, highlighting its operational
framework, innovative technologies, and significant contributions to

India’s energy sector.

1.2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT

The establishment of the Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant was a strategic response
to India’s growing energy needs and the necessity to replace aging infrastructure. This
development marked a significant evolution from earlier thermal stations in the region,
notably the older Neyveli Thermal Power Station I, which had been operational for
decades before its decommissioning in 2020. The new plant was initiated to tackle the
challenges related to energy production in a developing economy and symbolizes a
commitment to modernize thermal energy generation through improved technologies
and methodologies.

The project development occurred in several phases, ensuring strict adherence to

regulatory frameworks and environmental guidelines. The introduction of this new
facility aligns with government initiatives aimed at promoting energy efficiency and

1
reducing the environmental footprint of power generation. The power plant not only
supports regional energy security but also reinforces India’s broader goal of
transitioning toward cleaner energy sources.

1.3 OPERATIONAL ADVANTAGES AND DESIGN

At the core of the Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant's operations is its dual-fuel
capability, allowing it to utilize lignite as its primary fuel source. Lignite, a low-grade coal
with high moisture content, is crucial for steam generation. However, the plant's design
also allows for operational flexibility by using Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) or Light Diesel Oil
(LDO) when lignite supply is limited. This feature enhances reliability, especially during
fluctuations in fuel availability due to market conditions or environmental regulations.

The plant incorporates advanced steam turbine technology, designed to maximize

thermal efficiency while minimizing emissions. This design philosophy aligns with
industry trends toward greater operational efficiency and environmental responsibility.
Additionally, being close to the NLC lignite mines reduces transportation costs and
logistical challenges, establishing a direct supply chain that is both economically viable
and environmentally considerate.

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION

In today’s energy production landscape, environmental sustainability is essential. The

Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant has made significant progress in integrating
ecofriendly practices into its operations. The facility features advanced emissions
control technologies, including electrostatic precipitators and flue gas desulfurization
systems, which are vital for mitigating air pollution associated with thermal power
generation. These technologies ensure compliance with strict environmental

2
regulations and demonstrate a commitment to minimizing the ecological impact of
energy production.

Moreover, the strategic placement of the power plant in Tamil Nadu—known for its rich
lignite resources—enhances its operational sustainability. By utilizing local resources,
the plant reduces dependency on external fuel supplies while promoting regional
economic growth and energy security. NLC India Limited’s ongoing efforts to address
environmental concerns highlight the importance of responsible energy production in
alignment with national sustainability objectives.

1.5 ECONOMIC IMPACT AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

The Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant serves not only as an energy producer but also
as a significant economic driver for the region. It generates numerous job opportunities,
actively involving local labor and supporting industries related to power generation. The
consistent electricity supply fosters an environment conducive to industrial growth,
attracting investment critical to Tamil Nadu's strategic economic development.

Additionally, NLC India Limited's community engagement initiatives reflect a

commitment to corporate social responsibility, focusing on enhancing the quality of life
for local residents. Educational programs, healthcare initiatives, and skills development
efforts are vital to ensure that the benefits of energy production extend beyond mere
electricity generation.

3
1.6 OVERVIEW

The Neyveli New thermal power station comprises two lignite-fired, sub-critical units of
500MW capacity each.
Each unit consists of a 1540 tonnes per hour (tph), pulverised lignite-fired, tower-type
boiler, and a single reheat, multi-cylinder, and condensing type steam turbine with high
pressure, intermediate pressure, and low-pressure sections.
The plant also includes eight beater wheel mills each connected with three feeders,
along with lignite chutes, fuel pipes, fuel burners, and wind boxes.
The other components include an ash handling plant, electrostatic precipitators (ESP),
flue gas De-Sulphurising (FGD) system, selective catalytic reactor (SCR), denitrification
equipment, apart from the plant water system, a gas-insulated switchyard (GIS), and a
275m-tall concrete-reinforced twin flue stack.

4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF NEYVELI POWER PLANT

The Neyveli Thermal Power Station, established in the 1960s in Tamil Nadu, India, has
undergone significant development over the years. It has expanded multiple times,
adding units with advanced technologies like supercritical boilers for improved
efficiency and reduced emissions. Recent modernization efforts focus on cleaner
technologies and integrating renewable energy sources. Future plans include further
capacity expansions and hybrid models, reflecting India’s commitment to sustainable
energy. The plant also emphasizes community engagement and environmental
management to address the social and ecological impacts of its operations.

Source: Power Generation Technologies

Aurthor: David A
Date of Publishing: 2017

2.2 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN THERMAL POWER GENERATION

The Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant, operational since December 2019, employs
advanced technologies that enhance its operational efficiency. Notably, the facility
incorporates a dual-fuel capability and advanced steam turbine technology.
Innovations in combustion technologies and emissions control systems are crucial for
improving the efficiency and reducing the environmental footprint of coal-fired power
plants.

Source: Coal-Fired Power Plants: Technological Advances and Efficiency

Improvements
Author: alsagrup.com

5
Date of Publishing: June 11, 2024

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

The literature survey on environmental and ecological assessments of the Neyveli

Thermal Power Station reveals significant impacts on air quality, water resources, and
local biodiversity. Key findings indicate that emissions affect air quality, effluent
discharges harm water bodies, and plant operations disrupt habitats. Community
assessments highlight socio-economic challenges faced by local populations. Despite
existing research, gaps remain in long-term ecological studies and comprehensive
socio-economic evaluations. Ongoing research is essential for improving
environmental practices and supporting sustainable energy development.

Source: Environmental impacts of coal-fired power plants

Author: B. S. S. Kumar
Date of Publishing: 2016

2.4 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NEYVELI POWER GENERATION

The Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant serves as a significant economic catalyst for the
region. It not only generates job opportunities but also supports local industries through
reliable electricity supply. Additionally, NLC India Limited's community engagement
initiatives reflect a commitment to corporate social responsibility, further enhancing
socioeconomic conditions in the area.

Source: Economic Impact of Neyveli Power Generation

Author: NLC India Limited
Date of Publishing: Varies depending on sources referred (2023-2024)

6
2.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY GOALS

Looking ahead, literature suggests that transitioning to sustainable energy practices will
be pivotal for thermal power plants like Neyveli. The integration of renewable energy
sources and the adoption of advanced emission reduction technologies, such as carbon
capture and storage (CCS), are critical areas for future research.

Source: Clean Energy: How Sustainable Goals Become Reality

Author: Unknown
Date of Publishing: April 9, 2024

Source: The Future of Sustainable Energy

Author: Johns Hopkins University
Date of Publishing: June 26, 2021

7
CHAPTER 3: AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION

The aim of the present investigation is to conduct an in-depth exploration of the Neyveli
New Thermal Power Plant, focusing on its operational mechanisms, structural
components, and electricity distribution systems. By observing and inspecting the
various segments of the plant, the investigation seeks to provide a comprehensive
understanding of how a modern thermal power generation facility operates.

3.1 Aim:

The specific aims of the investigation are:

3.1.1 OPERATIONAL INSIGHT:

To gain a thorough understanding of the Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant's
operational processes, including the technology and methodologies employed in
generating electricity.

3.1.2 ELECTRICITY DIATRIBUTION ANALYSIS:

To investigate the gas insulated switchyard, assessing its role in the supply of electricity
generated at the plant, including destinations and unit quantities distributed to different
regions.

3.2 SCOPE

The scope of this investigation encompasses:

8
3.2.1 COMPREHENSIVE OBSERVATIONS:
The investigation involved meticulous on-site inspections of the plant's workings,
allowing for a firsthand view of both the operational and mechanical aspects.
3.2.2 GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD EXPLORATION:
A focused visit to the gas insulated switchyard enabled the assessment of the
electricity distribution framework, including detailed discussions on the units supplied
to different areas and how the overall electrical setup functions.

3.2.3 DATA COMPILATION:

The investigation includes gathering qualitative insights regarding the plant’s
performance metrics, safety records, and electricity supply strategies, which are
essential for understanding its operational efficiency and service provision.

In conclusion, this investigation aims to not only broaden the understanding of the
Neyveli New Thermal Power Plant’s operational frameworks but also evaluate its vital
role in meeting the energy demands of Tamil Nadu. The insights gained from this study
will contribute to future assessments and improvements within the field of thermal
power generation.

9
CHAPTER 4: STUDY OF POWER PLANT

4.1 Overall Thermal Process:

1. FUEL ASH CYCLE

2.WATER STEAM CYCLE
3. COOLED WATER CIRCULATION

4.1.1. FUEL ASH CYCLE:

At first, they use HFO (Heavy Furnace oil) to start a fire and then they burn LDO (Light
Diesel Oil) to make the temperature even hotter. Lignite from Yard is taken to a place
called the crusher house, where it is broken into smaller pieces that are 80 mm in size.
A tube connects the crusher and mill to release hot air from the boiler. This helps dry
out the lignite by removing the moisture. The crushed material is moved from the
crusher house to the boiler through the mill. In the mill, it is crushed again to make
particles that are 80 mm in size. Because of burning lignite, two kinds of ashes are
gathered (Bottom ash and Fly ash). The leftover ash at the bottom (20% of it) is thrown

10
away using a conveyor belt called slag. The fly ash is sent to a machine called
Electrostatic Precipitator where the ashes are separated and collected.

4.1.2. WATER STEAM CYCLE:

The water from the lake is made clean and sent to a plant for further treatment before
it goes to the condenser. With the aid of a CEP (Condensate extraction pump), it is
transferred to a LP (Low pressure) heater. The LP heater's water goes through the
Deaerator, where it gets rid of the dissolved oxygen. The water is sent to the boiler
using a Boiler Feed Pump. It goes through a High-Pressure heater and turns into steam
during natural cycles. The hot water from the boiler goes to the high-pressure turbine
through the superheater. The steam that comes back from the HP turbine goes through
the Reheater and then to the IPT. From there, it goes to the LP turbine where the
turbines and generators are connected to the same shaft. So, the generator makes
21,000 volts, and this is increased to 400,000 volts using a transformer and sent out.

4.1.3. COOLED WATER CIRCULATION:

The steam from the LP turbine is sent to the condenser. The condensation takes. With
the help of cold water from the lake. The cold water absorbs the heat from the water in
the condenser pipe and moves to the cooling tower. After condensation in the cooling
tower, the cool water is sent to the condenser for recirculation.

4.1.4 WORKING OF THERMAL POWER PLANT:

A thermal power plant generates electricity by burning fuel (coal, natural gas, or oil) to
produce heat. This heat converts water into steam, which drives a turbine connected to
a generator, producing electricity. After passing through the turbine, the steam is cooled
and condensed back into water in a condenser, which is then recycled to the boiler.
Emissions control systems are employed to reduce pollutants, and overall efficiency
can vary based on technology used.

11
 • Fuel Combustion:
The process begins with the combustion of a fuel source, which can be coal, natural
gas, or oil. This combustion generates high-temperature heat energy.

• Boiler System:
The produced heat is transferred to a boiler, where water is converted into steam
through a process known as steam generation.
The steam produced in the boiler is under high pressure and temperature.
• Steam Turbine:
The high-pressure steam is directed into a steam turbine. This turbine consists of
multiple blades attached to a shaft.

The steam’s high energy causes the turbine blades to spin rapidly.

• Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy:

As the turbine blades rotate, they transfer their mechanical energy to a generator. The
generator converts this mechanical energy into electrical energy using electromagnetic
induction principles.

• Cooling System:
After passing through the turbine, the steam needs to be condensed back into water.
This is achieved in the condenser.
A cooling medium, often water, is used to condense the steam, and the resulting water
is then pumped back into the boiler for reuse.

• Power Distribution:
The generated electrical energy is now ready for distribution. Transformers are used to
step up the voltage for efficient long-distance transmission.

12
 • Grid Connection:
The grid system in a thermal power plant involves the transmission and distribution of
electricity generated at the plant to consumers. Once electricity is produced by the
generator, it is stepped up to a higher voltage using a transformer for efficient
longdistance transmission.

The electricity travels through transmission lines to substations, where the voltage is
stepped down for distribution to homes and businesses. The grid ensures stability and
reliability, balancing supply and demand while integrating power from various sources.
Proper grid management is crucial for maintaining consistent power supply and
preventing outages.

4.2 LIGNITE HANDLING SYSTEM:

The lignite handling system at Neyveli Thermal Power Plant is a comprehensive setup
designed to efficiently manage lignite fuel from extraction to combustion. Lignite is
transported from mines to the plant using conveyor belts, dumpers, and trucks,
ensuring a continuous and reliable supply. Upon arrival, it is stored in bunkers, providing
a buffer to balance supply and demand. The lignite is then crushed and screened to
achieve the optimal size for efficient combustion. Feeders regulate the flow of fuel into
the boiler, where it is burned to generate steam that drives the turbines for electricity
production. Additionally, the system incorporates dust suppression and emissions
control measures to minimize environmental impact, ensuring compliance with
regulatory standards. This well-structured approach optimizes lignite utilization while
maintaining a focus on sustainability.

13
PROTECTIVE SCHEME:

While lignite comes from one conveyor to the next conveyor various protection schemes
are adopted. They are listed as follows:

1.PULL CHORD SWITCH

2.ZERO SPEED SENSORS
3.MAGNETIC SEPARATORS
4.DUST SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
5.DUST EXTRACTION SYSTEM

4.3 BOILER:

4.3.1 BOILER TECHNICAL DATA:

● Manufacturer: ALSTOM boilers Deutschland GmbH

● Boiler Design Pressure: 199.1 Kg/Cm2
● Main Fuel and Lignite Start Up Fuel: Light Diesel oil, Heavy Fuel oil
(respectively).
● Burners Type: Tangential arranged Jet burners
● Number of Burners: 8 Lignite and 8 Oil Burners
● Mills Type: Beater wheel mill
● Number of Mills: 8 (6 service + 2 spare)

14
A boiler is a key component in thermal power plants that converts water into steam by
using heat generated from burning fuel (like coal, oil, or gas). The process begins with
combustion in the furnace, where the fuel heats water in the boiler tubes. As the water
absorbs heat, it transforms into high-pressure steam, which is then used to drive
turbines for electricity generation. Boilers come in various designs, such as firetube and
water-tube, and are equipped with systems for efficiency and emissions control to
minimize environmental impact. Proper maintenance and operation are crucial for
safety and efficiency.

The design of a boiler is an incredibly important factor in the power plant's efficiency.
Three centuries of development have led to the steam-producing boilers today, which
produce thousands of tonnes of steam per hour, and have a fuel-to-steam efficiency
as high as 90%.

Better design means a lower fuel requirement, lower costs and lower emissions of
pollutants.

The study and innovation of boilers is useful because although they are very efficient,
their waste products create some of the world's major pollution problems by emitting
greenhouse gases.

4.3.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

15
The main goal when designing a boiler is to extract as much of the energy from the fuel
as possible. To do so, both the fixed carbon and volatile matter must be burned
completely. Since one part is solid and the other gas, this task is not easy.

The boiler must be at very high temperatures, anywhere near 500oC, and must burn
the fuel continuously at a constant rate.

Another factor in optimizing design is to get the best possible heat transfer from the
fuel to the water and steam. Boilers will often have several separate heat exchangers
to do so.

A final important design consideration is minimizing undesirable by-products in the form

of ash and flue gas which pollute the environment.
4.3.3 BOILER MOUNTING:
These are the essential parts that defined the performance of the boiler.

• WATER LEVEL INTEGATER:

This is used to check the water level inside the boiler which is fitted in the front of the
boiler consisting of three cocks and a glass tube.

• PRESSURE GAUGE:
This is used to measure the pressure inside the boiler which is fitted in the front of the
boiler.

• SAFETY VALVE:
This is fitted on the drum and is used to prevent the explosion of the boiler due to high
pressure which blows off when the pressure inside exceeds the limit. These are
always present two.

16
 • FEED CHECK VALVE:
This is used as a Non-Return Valve which is fitted slightly below the normal water level
on the drum. It is used to regulate the supply of water.

• FEED PUMP:
It is used to pump the water into the boiler for continuous working. Either electricity or
steam turbine is used for the running of the feed pump.

• SUPER HEATER:
This is used to superheat the steam before it is passed in the turbine as saturated steam
causes corrosion.

• ECONOMIZER:
It is used to increase the efficiency of the boiler as the flue gases from the boiler is made
to flow through the economizer before releasing it to the atmosphere.

• AIR PREHEATING:
It is also used to increase the efficiency of the boiler by preheating the air.

4.4 ASH HANDLING SYSTEM:

17
In thermal power plants, coal is used as a fuel for generating electricity. After burning of
coal, 40 % of total coal consumption is converted into ash which need to be properly
disposed-off from the thermal power plant.

Ash handling plant or ash handling system in thermal power plant are used to cooled
down the ash to manageable temperature, transferred to a disposal area or storage
which is further utilized in other industries

Ash handling system are generally divided into three types fly ash handling system,
bottom ash handling system and ash slurry disposal system.
4.4.1 TYPES OF ASH HANDLING IN THERMAL POER PLANT:

• Bottom Ash:
Ash generated below furnace of the thermal power plant is called the bottom ash. The
value of bottom ash generated is around 20 % of total ash. Bottom ash is mostly coarse
in nature hence it needs to be further crushed before being transported to ash handling
system.

18
It is collected in bottom hopper located under the furnace boiler. Due to coarse in nature
it is treated through clinkers and grinders to normalize the bottom ash size. It is then
transported to bottom ash silo for temporary storage or to ash pond in slurry form.

• Fly Ash:
Around 80 % of ash generated in thermal power plant is fly ash. It is in form of very fine
particles which is collected via economiser hopper, air-preheater hopper and
electrostatic precipitator (ESP).
Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gases by economiser, air-preheater and
electrostatic precipitator (ESP) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the
induced draft. The fly ash is pneumatically transported from collection hopper of
economiser, air-preheater and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to storage silo for
subsequent transport by trucks.

EQUIPMENT’S USED IN ASH HANDLING SYSTEM IN THERMAL POWER PLANT:

● Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)

● Feed/Discharge/Sluice Gate

● Clinker Grinder or Crusher

● Dewatering Bin

● Transfer Bin

● Storage Bin

19
 ● Dry Bottom Ash Conveyor

● Clinker Cooling Conveyor

● Dry Bottom Ash System

● Slurry Pump

4.5 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR:

20
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is defined as a filtration device that is used to remove
fine particles like smoke and fine dust from the flowing gas. It is the most commonly
used device for air pollution control. They are used in industries like steel plants, and
thermal energy plants. The electrostatic precipitator comprises positive and negative
electrodes, arranged vertically in an alternating fashion. Negative electrodes are wire
mesh, while positive electrodes are plates. High voltage discharge ionizes gas-borne
particles like ash, giving them a negative charge. These particles are attracted to
positive collector plates. A high voltage DC source creates a voltage gradient, ionizing
the air medium. The system is enclosed, with inlet and outlet for flue gases. Ionized
electrodes interact with dust particles, making them negatively charged, moving
towards positive electrodes, and settling. Filtered gases exit the precipitator through a
chimney. Once a significant number of particulates have accumulated on the plates, a
mechanical mechanism (rapping system) hits the plates, with the resultant vibration

21
shaking the particulates off the plates; the particulates then fall due to gravity and are
collected in hoppers at the base of the ESP.

4.6 CHIMNEY:

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 ● Type: Concrete shell inside Bi - Flue with refractory bricks
● Height of Flues inside: 235m
● Flue gas quantity: 470m/sec/boiler

In a thermal power station, chimney forms a very important subject of design and utility.
They are always vertical to ensure the hot air flows smoothly. The flue gas flow on each
boiler is assisted by forced draft fans forcing the atmospheric air into the combustion
chamber and also assisted by the induced draught fans sucking out the combustion
gases from the combustion chamber. Now the remaining flue gases of temperature
160°C is sucked through ID fan and sent to the chimney of 120m and finally gets
exhausted to the surrounding. Now the remaining flue gases of temperature 160°C are
sucked through ID fan and sent to the chimney of 220m and finally gets exhausted to
the surrounding.

4.7 FD FAN (Forced Draft Fan):

23
A forced draft fan (FD or forced draft fan) is a fan used to draw air from the atmosphere
into a preheater and force it into the furnace. These fans are installed in the inlet of a
boiler to push fresh high-pressure air into the combustion chamber. The fresh air mixes
with the fuel and produces positive pressure. Forced draft fans are most commonly
used as centrifugal fans in power plants where coal is the fuel for combustion. FD fans
are used in power plants as secondary air fans in order to control proper combustion
and maximize fuel efficiency.
When compared with ID fans, a forced draft fan is easier to maintain and has cleaner
operating conditions.

Typical configurations of a forced draft fan include:

● Inlet & outlet dampers

● A wheel at the centre of the fan hung on the shaft

● Inlet b

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 ● Filter

● Rain hood

4.8 ID FAN (Induced Draft Fan):

An Induced Draft Fan (ID fan) is a fan that is typically installed at the outlet of the boiler
between the dust collector and the chimney. The fan takes the hot flue gas from the
boiler, through the dust collector, and delivers it into the chimney, where it can be
discharged into the open air. An ID fan generates negative pressure, or suction, to expel
the gases from the furnace after combustion.

Because ID fans are able to carry out hot flue gas operations, they tend to be more
prone to corrosion and erosion, even when they are used in Electrostatic Precipitators
(EC precipitators).

Types of Induced Draft Fans (ID fans):

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 ● Radial Fans

● Backward Inverted Blade Centrifugal Fans

4.9 TURBINE:

A steam turbine works by using a heat source to heat water to extremely high
temperatures until it is converted into steam. As that steam flows past a turbine’s
spinning blades, the steam expands and cools. The potential energy of the steam is
thus turned into kinetic energy in the rotating turbine’s blades. Because steam turbines
generate rotary motion, they’re particularly suited for driving electrical generators for
electrical power generation. The turbines are connected to a generator with an axle,
which in turn produces energy via a magnetic field that produces an electric current.

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In a thermal power plant, a turbine is a critical component that converts steam energy
into mechanical energy. Once water is heated in the boiler and converted into steam,
the steam is directed toward the turbine, where it expands and highpressure spins the
turbine blades. This rotational motion drives a generator, converting mechanical energy
into electrical energy. Turbines in thermal power plants are typically designed for high
efficiency and can be classified into several types, such as impulse and reaction
turbines, depending on their design and operation. Effective turbine operation is
essential for maximizing power output and overall plant efficiency. Additionally, regular
maintenance is crucial to ensure reliable performance and longevity, as turbines
operate under high pressure and temperature conditions. Overall, the turbine is
fundamental to the energy conversion process in thermal power generation.
A turbine is a turbo machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which
is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Steam turbines are used for the generation of
electricity in thermal power plants, such as plants using coal, and fuel oil. A steam
turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Single stage turbines have efficiency as
low as 40%. So multi-stage turbines are used which has the efficiency varying from
65% to almost 90%.

The multistage turbine consists of three stages namely:

● HP turbine -High pressure turbine

● IP turbine
● LP turbine-Low pressure turbine
All these turbines are coupled together on a common shaft.

4.10 GENERATOR:

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generator are devices that transform mechanical power into electrical power. The steam
turbine is the prime mover that supplies mechanical power to the generator. The generator
is powered by an electromagnetic field generated by a brushless exciter. The generator
used in this case is a 21KV asynchronous generator. The two main components of a
generator are the stator and the rotor. Generators support systems are classified as 4
systems.

● Primary water system

● Seal oil system
● Gas system
● Excitation system

PRINCIPLE:

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The generator relies on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which states that
whenever there is relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, a current
is induced in the inside of the magnetic field.

WORKING:

In an alternator or synchronous generator, the rotor is mechanically connected to the

shaft or turbine blades, which are designed to rotate at a constant speed under a certain
mechanical force. As a result, magnetic flux cutting occurs on the stator, which cuts the
stationary armature conductor housed on the rotor.
As a direct result of these flux cutting induced emf, current flows through the armature
conductor, first flowing in one direction for half of the cycle and then flowing in the
opposite direction for the other half of the cycle for each winding, with a definite time
delay of 120° because of the space displaced arrangement 120 between them. This
results in three phase power flow out of an alternator. In thermal power plants, the
generator is an essential component that transforms mechanical energy into electrical
power.

4.10.1 PRIMARY WATER SYSTEM:

The primary water required for cooling is circulated in a closed circuit by a

separate pump. To ensure uninterrupted generator operation, two full- capacity pumps
are provided. In the event of a failure of one pump, the standby pump is immediately
ready for service and cuts in automatically. Each pump is driven by a separate motor.
All valves, pipes and instruments encountering the primary water are made from
stainless steel material. The primary water system consists of the following principal
component

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 • Primary water tank
• Primary water pumps
• Coolers
• Primary water filter
• Alkaliser unit
The primary water system in a thermal power station is a closed loop system that is
responsible for transferring heat energy from the fuel source to the steam that drives
the turbines.

4.10.2 GAS SYSTEM:

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The system maintains and controls the flow of 3 gases: Hydrogen, Carbon-di-oxide and
Nitrogen.
Hydrogen is a very reactive gas; it is highly explosive with atmospheric oxygen. This
hydrogen is stored in cylinders at 0.5KSC. The pressure at which hydrogen is used for
the cooling purpose of rotor is 3.5KSC, accordingly the number of cylinders is
connected and controlled using valves.
Carbon-di-Oxide is used during maintenance purposes During shutdown, to maintain
the rotation of shaft at low speed. Carbon-di-oxide is used. The pressure of hydrogen
is reduced to IKSC. then CO2 is pumped for the other 1.5KSC.
Nitrogen gas is half filled in the primary water tank. This is done to prevent the corrosion.
Nitrogen gas is maintained at a pressure of 0.2Kg/cm².

4.10.3 EXCITATION SYSTEM:

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The excitor is connected to the generator, it produces electromagnetic field. In NNTP
brushless excitor is used. It consists of

● Permanent magnet,
● DAVR,
● Diode wheel.

BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM:

The main and the pilot exciter are driven by the main shaft. The main exciter has a
stationary field and a rotating armature directly connected, through the silicon rectifiers
(thyristors) to the field of the main alternators. The pilot exciter is the shaft driven
permanent magnet generator having rotating permanent magnets attached to the shaft
and a three-phase stationary armature, which feeds the main exciter field through
silicon rectifiers.

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The system eliminates the use of a commutator, collector and brushes have a short
time constant and a response time of fewer than 0.1 seconds.
4.11 DIESEL GENERATOR:

Diesel generators are widely used in most thermal and nuclear power stations as an
emergency backup power source for the station’s critical auxiliary equipment such as
cooling pumps, fans, hydraulic units, battery chargers, etc. For example, during a power
interruption in a thermal power plant, it is very necessary to keep the continuous power
supply for reactor cooling pumps. There are backup battery banks to keep a continuous
supply of the critical equipment. Diesel generators supply the battery chargers and also
other auxiliary needs. In hydropower plants, diesel generators may be used to provide
emergency power to the spillway gates which are used to prevent the water from flowing
from the top of the dam in flood conditions. Diesel generators are also required in the
switchyards. Circuit breakers, protective relays, transformers and communication
system that is used to control these devices, all require a backup power source in case
of power failure.

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 4.12 COOLING TOWER:

Air flow is obtained in natural draft cooling tower systems by way of the chimney effect of the
cooling tower’s actual structure, which uses the natural pressure difference. Warm and moist
air is less dense, which causes it to rise out of the cooling tower into the atmosphere and draw
in denser fresh air. The difference between the warm air inside the tower and the cooler air
outside creates the perfect air flow. For sufficient air flow to occur, a specific mathematical
formula is used to calculate the height of the cooling tower to ensure it is almost as large as the
density difference. This means cooling towers using this system tend to be large: around 200
meters tall and 150 meters in width. There is also a significant amount of water flowing in the
towers. The shell itself is typically made from concrete in a hyperbolic shape. The natural draft
cooling tower is the preferred choice for cool and humid climates and for heavy winter loads.

Hot water that needs cooling in the natural draft cooling tower is pumped in via the hot water
inlet. The inlet is connected to nozzles that spray the water over the fill material, which provides
a large surface area for heat transfer. At the bottom of the tower, the structure is open to draw
in fresh air, which then flows upward and allows for direct-contact heat transfer between the
warm water and the air. The hot water releases heat after coming into direct contact with the

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fresh air, and some of the hot water is evaporated. Cold water is collected at the bottom of the
tower.

The warm and moist air is discharged from the top of the tower into the atmosphere.

4.13 DEMINERALIZED WATER PLANT:

The main motive of the DM water plant is to remove the salts and ions present in the raw
water to avoid corrosion in the boiler tube and turbine plants. The raw water contains sodium
chloride, calcium carbonate, silicate etc. and some dissolved gas particles. A demineralized
water plant, also known as a deionized water plant or a water purification plant, is a critical
component of a thermal power plant's water treatment system. In a thermal power plant,
water is used for various purposes, such as for cooling the equipment, generating steam, and
cleaning the equipment called deionization.

4.14 TRANSFORMERS:

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 ● Power transformers are electrical instruments used in transmitting electrical power from
one circuit to another without changing the frequency.
● They operate by the principle of electromagnetic induction. They are used in transmitting
electrical power between generators and distribution primary circuits. ● It is also utilized
for electrical power transmission via electromagnetic induction.
● Power transformers are used to step up or step down the voltage in distribution
networks.
● Since they have no rotating or moving parts, these instruments are considered static
devices.
● These instruments work based on an alternating current (AC) electrical system.

4.14.1GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS:

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The generator transformer is the largest transformer on a power station and connects the
generator output to the grid. There is a generator transformer for each generating unit and it is
rated according to the size of that unit.21kv step up into 400kv in NNTPP. Here each phase has
the 3 separate transformer each of capacity 200MVA so 600MVA.

4.14.2 UNIT TRANSFORMER:

Unit transformers-2 numbers are connected in the 21 KV Generator output. The stepped down
voltage of 21/11 KV is fed to 11 KV Unit Bus IBA & IBB. Through this all-unit Loads are fed.
4.14.3 STATION TRANSFORMER:

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The supply for the II KV station boards is via a 400 kV/11 kV station transformer, the
rating of which is chosen to provide a starting facility for the unit, and standby capacity
to the unit transformer in the case of its being unavailable, due to an outage

4.15 BATTERY UNIT:

A battery unit is used as a backup power source to provide electricity to critical

equipment and systems in the event of a power outage or disruption. The battery unit
typically consists of a bank of batteries that are connected in series or parallel to provide
the required voltage and current.
The battery unit is charged when the power supply is available and discharged when
there is a power outage or disruption. The battery unit can provide backup power for a

38
few minutes to several hours, depending on the size and capacity of the batteries and
the load requirements.
In a power plant, batteries can play a crucial role in several ways. While power plants
primarily relay on large-scale generators and turbines to produce electricity, batteries
can provide various benefits including:

4.16 COMMON CONTROL ROOM:

The control room in the power plant has one primary function: to ensure that the plant
runs safely, reliably, and efficiently.

That is accomplished by monitoring all processes, from fuel quality to waste disposal.
The control room is staffed by experts who know how to read raw data and interpret it
into actionable information for operators on site.

The control room also serves as a hub for communication throughout the plant. It’s
where engineers collaborate to solve problems as they come up—or even before they
happen! Operators also have video screens to see what is happening inside the plant’s
pipes, vessels, and other equipment. They can use screens to monitor the status of the
plant, track how much fuel is being burned in each boiler, check on the water level in a
cooling tower, or even watch for any problems that might arise with the machinery.

39
Operators work in control rooms that contain large computer consoles for controlling
machinery and viewing information about plant operations. Operators also use
computers to record data about operating conditions and make calculations based on
that data.

CHAPTER 5: GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD

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A switchyard is an electrical equipment collection that is used to transport high voltage
electricity from a generating plant to the grid. It is a junction that carries generated
power to its destination. Switchyards play an important role in the safety of the system.
They control reactive power devices that play a key role in the quality of the generated
power.
The switchyard is the main connection between a generating plant and a transmission
system. In other words, it is the heart of a power plant. Generated power from the power
plant is sent to the grid via the switchyard.
The electrical switchyard is a collection of various electrical equipment used to transfer
electricity from a load point to a transmission line. The electrical switchyard is one of
the essential parts of a substation, where electricity is transmitted and distributed from
the load point to the transmission line. It is mainly an assembly of switches and power
circuits, as well as breakers and auxiliary equipment.A switchyard, also known as a
substation, is a collection of equipment that transfers the characteristics of electricity
from one location to another and regulates the flow of electricity. The switchyard
provides a secure source of power to the power grid. The switchyard regulates the
exchange of electricity. It monitors the electrical characteristics of each transmission
line, such as the voltage, the current, the power, and the frequency. The switchyard is

41
an essential part of a power system, and can be considered the backbone of a power
system. In a power system, a switchyard is unavoidable.

5.1 SWITCHYARD IN NNTPS:

The 2x500 MW Generating Units are connected to a 400 KV switchyard through 2x600
MVA Generator Transformers (21 KV/400 KV) and controlled by the state-ofthe art
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) System. The 400 KV switchyard
and 220 KV switchyard of NNTPS the interconnected by 2x500 MVA Interconnecting
Transformers (ICT).

TYPES OF SWITCHYARD:

● Gas Insulated Type

● Air Insulated Type
Air Insulated Type - air is used as the dielectric medium between the bus bars.
Gas Insulated type - SF6 gas is used as the dielectric medium between the bus bars.

5.2 GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD (GIS):

Gas insulated Switching stations are small and require minimal maintenance in
comparison to air insulated traditional Switching station.A gas insulated Switching

42
station is essentially a conductor supported by insulators within an enclosure that is
filled with sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas. SF6 gas has a high dielectric.

EQUIPMENTS OF A NOMINAL GIS:

● Circuit Breakers
● Operating mechanism of circuit breaker
● Current transformers
● Maintenance earthing switches
● Gas supply and gas monitoring equipment Bus Bars
● Fast acting Earthing switches
● Voltage transformers or Capacitor voltage transformer
● SF6 Bushing

5.3 NNTPS GAS INSULATED SWITCHYARD:

The switchyard is the first gas-insulated switchyard built at the Neyveli power plant. It
consists of two units: one is a 400 kV switchyard and one is a 220 kV switchyard. The
switchyard is equipped with two inter-connectors (1CT) to convert the 400 kV rated
voltage to 220 kV for the purpose of the mission. The step down of the voltage is carried
over as the TNEB sanding substations, to which the power of the Neyveli plant is fed,
are rated at 220 kV.

EQUIPMENTS IN NNTPP SWITCHYARD:

● Bus isolators and line isolators

● Current transformers
● Gas compartments which is wounded around the bus bars

43
● Circuit Breakers and relays
● Lightning arresters

44
●
●
●
●

Capacitor voltage transformers

Surge arresters
Wave traps
Tie lines
43

46
5.4 400 KV SWITCHYARD & 220 KV SWITCHYARD:

47
48
5.4.1 400KV SWITCH YARD

400kV gas insulated indoor switchyard will be provided to evacuate power to PGCIL.
Each generator will be connected to the 400kV switchyard through a generator
transformer.
One & half breaker arrangement will be adopted for the switchyard. The following will
be connected to the switchyard:

● Nos. generator transformer feeders

● Nos. of 400/220kV ICT
● 4 Nos. outgoing line feeders
● FEEDER 1-SALEM
● FEEDER 2-PONDICHERRY
● FEEDER 3-KALIVANTHAPATTU
● FEEDER 4-PUGALUR

Nos. bus reactor feeders (The actual number of bus reactors and reactor ratings will be
based on grid authority requirements)
The switchyard will be provided with necessary current transformers, surge arrestors,
protective relays, metering etc. Tariff metering will be provided with separate metering
panel. Tariff energy meters will have accuracy class of 0.2S and will have facility for CT
accuracy compensation. Dedicated instrument transformers (CT of 0.2S class and
EMVT of 0.2S class) will be provided for tariff metering system.

5.4.2 220 KV SWITCHYARD:

49
Two inter-connection transformers (ICT) are provided to transform the 400KV rated
voltage into 220KV for the mission. This step down of voltage is carried since the
sanding TNEB substations to which the Neyveli plants feed power is rated at 220 KV.

5.5 INTERCONNECTING TRANSFORMER:

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An interconnection transformer is used to connect a distribution generation unit (DG) to
an existing power system and to provide the required isolation. Utilities recommend the
use of an interconnection transformer for the following reasons:

· Elimination of potential zero sequence or dc elements in generated voltages. This

increases the protection offered by the interconnection transformer.

· As a filter inductor, the transformer improves the quality of current injected by the current
generation unit.

Transformer connections play an important role in the way the DG unit interacts with one
utility system and the utility system interacts with the DG unit.

5.6 BUSBAR:
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A busbar (or bus bar) is an electricity element that makes complex power distributions
simpler, more affordable and flexible. Busbar is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed
inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power
distribution. The bus bar system consists with an isolator and the circuit breaker.
Busbars allow new circuits to branch off anywhere along the route of the busway rather
than branching the main supply at one location.

Purpose of a Busbar:

52
A busbar is an electrical junction used for collecting electric power from the incoming
feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. The main purpose of a busbar is
to carry electricity and distribute it. Busbars are used to make the systems more
efficient. They can be an excellent solution for complicated electrical systems. Busbar
systems has been using almost for 100 years, but, modern systems require a more
efficient way to distribute energy made busbars more important. Busbars allow to
improve efficiency in a variety of electrical systems and they come in different shapes
and materials. There are copper and aluminium busbars, also they can be insulated or
uninsulated according to system’s requirements.

5.7 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is a switch-like device that cuts off the faulty current and acts as a
switch to protect the electrical system from harm. When a circuit is closed, the contacts
touch and carry the current in this condition. In a closed-circuit breaker, the current
carrying contacts are called current-carrying electrodes that engage each other as a
result of the pressure from a spring. Switching and maintenance is done by opening or
closing the circuit breaker arms. The circuit breaker arms are opened by applying
pressure on the trigger. When a faulty current flows through any part of a system, the
circuit breaker trip coil gets energised and moves away from each other to open the
Circuit.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

● Air circuit breakers

● SF6 circuit breakers
● Vacuum circuit breakers
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 ● Oil circuit breakers
5.7.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

SF6 (Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker) is a type of circuit breaker in which sulfurous
hexafluorides (SF6) are used as the medium for extinguishing. The SF6 attracts free
electrons from the sulphur hexafluoride gas. When the circuit contacts are open, the
gas passes through the chamber and strikes the arc. The SF6 absorbs the free
electrons, resulting in immovable negative ions. In order for SF6 to completely
extinguish, the insulation of the medium must be increased. The fixed and moving
contacts are placed into the arc chamber with the gas.

5.8 BAY:

A bay is a section of a power line inside an electrical substation that

connects a circuit (e.g. a power line, transformer, etc.) to a busbar. Each bay typically
consists of a circuit breaker, a disconnector, an instrument transformer and a surge
arrester. Some examples of NNTPS bays include:

● Bay 201 (220KV) ICT-1 ● Bay 202

(220KV) ICT-2
● Bay 203 (220KV) STATION
TRANSFORMER-1 ● Bay 204 (220KV)
MINES FEEDER-1

5.9 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

54
Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT), also known as a capacitor voltage transformer
(CCVT), is a transformer used in a power system to attenuate high voltage signals and
deliver a low voltage signal to measure or operate a protective relay.

The CVT is also used in communication systems. In combination with wave traps, CVTs
filter high frequency communication signals from the power frequency. This creates a
carrier communication network across the transmission network, allowing
communication between substations.

A CVT is installed immediately after a Lightning Arrester and immediately before a

Wave trap.

Capacitive Voltage Transformer Working:

The capacitive potential divider is used in combination with the military transformer and
the inductive element. The capacitive potential divider step- down the extra high voltage
signals into a low voltage signal. The output voltage of the capacitive potential
transformer is further step-down by the help of the y transformer.

5.10 LIGHTNING ARRESTER:

55
Lightning arresters are devices that protect a circuit from the direct force of lightning
strikes. In this case, lightning strikes are simply high voltage surges with arcs of
isolation and spark and surge currents caused by lightning. These devices protect
power systems by directing high voltage surges towards the ground. Additionally, power
systems or over headlines can be protected by ground wire or earthing from direct
lightning strikes.

5.11 WAVE TRAP:

56
A wave trap is a device that stops high frequency carrier signals from entering the
substation side of the circuit. It is also called a line trap. Wave traps are connected in
series to the transmission line. Wave traps are designed to transmit the rated power
frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. They are also designed to resist substation fault currents.

5.12 SWITCH GEAR:

In a thermal power plant, switchgear is the equipment that controls, protects, and
isolates electrical circuits. Switchgear plays a vital role in the safe and dependable
operation of the plant’s electrical system. Switchgear’s primary purpose is to regulate
the flow of electrical energy within the plant, making sure that electrical equipment runs
safely and effectively. Switchgear helps to switch and isolate circuits during normal
operation, during maintenance, and in the event of fault or emergency.

Types of Switchgear:

57
Switchgear in a thermal power plant typically includes the following types:

Circuit Breakers: These are used to interrupt or break electrical circuits during
abnormal conditions like short circuits or overloads. Circuit breakers are designed to
protect equipment and personnel from damage.

Disconnect Switches: These switches are used to isolate or disconnect equipment

from the power supply for maintenance, repair, or in case of emergencies. They provide
a visible break in the circuit and ensure the safety of personnel working on the
equipment.

Protective Relays: Protective relays are devices that monitor electrical parameters
such as current, voltage, and frequency. They detect abnormalities or faults in the
system and send signals to the circuit breakers to trip and isolate the affected area.

Control Panels: Control panels consist of various switches, meters, and indicators
used to monitor and control the power plant's electrical system. They allow operators
to monitor parameters, operate equipment, and respond to alarms or abnormal
conditions.

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5.13 TRANSMISSION LINE:

A transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct

electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors
are long enough that the wave nature of the transmission must be taken into account.
This applies especially to radio-frequency engineering because the short wavelengths
mean that wave phenomena arise over very short distances (this can be as short as
millimetres depending on frequency). However, the theory of transmission lines was
historically developed to explain phenomena on very long telegraph lines, especially
submarine telegraph cables. Transmission line is the long conductor with special design
(bundled) to Carry bulk amount of generated power at very high voltage from one
station to another as per variation of the voltage level.

400KV DISTRIBUTED THROUGH NNTPS SWITCHYARD TO THE FOLLOWING AREAS:

● Pondicherry
● Salem
● Pugalur

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 CONCLUSION:

This internship has been a great experience for us. It has given us the opportunity to
apply the knowledge and skills we have gained in school to the real world. The
internship was a great way for us to relate theoretical knowledge to practical application.
We are grateful for the opportunity to work with such a talented team. This internship
has confirmed our love for the industry and strengthened our career goals. We are now
more confident in our choice of career path and look forward to exploring more
opportunities in this electrical field.

We would like to thank k.SRIDHAR/DCE/E/NNTPS and all those who supported us

throughout our internship. Their support, advice, and encouragement helped us grow
and develop.

In conclusion, our internship was a life-changing experience and one that we will
cherish forever. We look forward to using the knowledge gained here to further our
academic and professional endeavors.

We are grateful for this chance and look forward to continuing to contribute to the
industry’s development and innovation for years to come.

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REFERENCES:

1.https://www.nlcindia.in

2.https://www.simply.science/popups/Thermal-power-station.html

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