Asia Pacific Journal of Allied Health Sciences | Volume 6, No.

1 | June 2023
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Asia Pacific Journal of
Extent of the Implementation of DOH Programs Allied Health Sciences
for Teenage Pregnancy Vol. 6. No 1, pp 69-76
June 2023
ISSN 2704-3568
Mrs. Maximina Blanco, Mrs. Maria Sheila Clanor & Dr. Bella Magnaye
College of Nursing, Lyceum of the Philippines University – Batangas
[email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]

Abstract – One of the common social problem which is not resolved in many countries is the teenage
pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy occurs within the ages from 13-19 becoming pregnant. This study aimed to
determine the government and nongovernment initiatives towards prevention of teenage pregnancy in
Batangas City. Specifically, it pursued to determine the prevalence of teenage pregnancy for year 2012-
2016; assess the implementation of organizations initiatives and lastly propose programs to enhance the
initiatives towards prevention of teenage pregnancy. A quantitative design was utilized, and descriptive
statistics was used in the analysis of data. The result shows that moderately implemented programs and
initiatives of the government and non-government organizations. The proposed program may enhance the
implementation of government and nongovernment agencies. The empowerment of barangay health
workers in prevention of teenage pregnancy with the involvement of parents and female adolescent thru
seminars and counseling, the allocation of sufficient budget in the implementation of programs, and the
monitoring of compliance to reproductive health programs undertaken by private and public schools was
recommended.

Keywords – Teenage pregnancy, prevalence

INTRODUCTION on Population stated that there is a strike of rise of cases

Being in the teenage phase of life and finding out of pregnancy among adolescents in the Philippines
that one is expecting a baby, especially if the pregnancy from 1,700 cases in the year 2014 to 1, 986 cases in
is unintended and not wanted, can put enormous stress 2015..
on an individual and to the family. However, there is One out of ten adolescent women aged fifteen to
support available to help them to make the wisest nineteen has experience childbearing: which eight
choice currently. percent of it are already female parent and other two
Teenage pregnancy, one of the common social percent are expecting to give birth with their first child
problems that are not resolved in many countries as per the outcome of the 2013 National Demographic
including the Philippines. Teenage pregnancy occurs and Health Survey (NDHS). Compared to the part of
within the ages from 13-19 and it can affect the the young adult women who have started children
physical, emotional, social, psychological and spiritual bearing happen to be higher among those who belongs
balance of a teenager who become a parent at a very to the poor households, as opposed to those who were
young age [1]. classified as wealthy households, thirty seven percent
Teenage pregnancy results to take away the time for young women from the lowest wealth quintile
and opportunity for a girl to savor the phase of being a versus thirteen percent for women from the highest
teenager, without any other responsibilities but to take wealth quintile [2].
care of her body and her own future. Since a pregnant In order to minimize the increasing cases of
woman has the responsibility to take care of her child, teenage pregnancy, programs are implemented by the
schooling may be stopped and landing in a good job Government and Non-Government Organizations.
during pregnancy may be consequently difficult. Some of these programs are widely implemented in
City Health Office record revealed 826 cases of Barangays, in schools and in the city. Programs such as
teenage pregnancy in Batangas City on year 2015, the Health Teen Kiosk which are built within the school
wherein in every Barangay there are cases of teenage premises, Reproductive Health and Sex Education,
pregnancy and the lowest was at 10 years of age Health Education in schools, Adolescent Health and
(Batangas News, 2015). On recent years, Commission Development, Adolescent Youth and Health
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Development Programs (AYHDP), Information pregnancy and those who live in the identified top 10
Education Campaign, Babaenihan Campaign, Forums Barangay with highest numbers of teenage pregnancy
and Counselling on Teenage Pregnancy and the from year 2012-2016. The first requirement was that
Reproductive Health Law. the participant is pregnant and experienced teenage
According to studies, the government have been pregnancy, the researchers obtain participants who are
putting an effort in promoting programs that might help not just in the prevalence list but also those who are
in ending or at least decreasing the rate of early pregnant during the researchers conduct the study.
pregnancy cases among teenagers. But despite the Purposive sampling was used by the researchers to
efforts of the government and the behaviors of the obtain target participants quickly.
teenagers, the programs seem to be ineffective as
proven by continuous increase of teenage pregnancy Data Instrument
cases here in the Philippines. The researchers used a self-made questionnaire to
This is not only a concern by the government, but gather facts and essential data. To come up with the
definitely feared by parents, this matter caught the questionnaires, the researchers do the records review.
attention of the researchers since the problem is at its The questionnaire was adopted and modified from
peak now. The researchers strongly believed that in a existing programs with regards to teenage pregnancy,
small little way this study become an eye opener to at was validated by experts in the field of research. The
least remind teenagers the effect of pregnancy at a very questionnaires consist of two parts. The first part is all
young age. about the government and programs consisting of 17
items to prevent teenage pregnancy.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The other part consists of assessment for the
This study aimed to find out the extent of the implementations done by the government and non-
implementation of government programs towards government organizations, the researchers guide the
prevention of teenage pregnancy in Batangas City. participants during the time they answer the
Specifically, it determines the prevalence of teenage questionnaires. An informed consent had been
pregnancy for year 2016 - 2019; assess the presented, explained, and signed by the respondents,
implementations of their initiatives by the government. assuring of their protections against exploitation. The
Based on the findings, the proposed program was made researcher also guaranteed the respondents that all
to enhance the initiatives towards prevention of teenage information provided will be treated with utmost
pregnancy. confidentiality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers reviewed literature to produce the
Research design topic proposal. After the approval of the topic, they
The researchers utilized simple descriptive continue gathering the needed information from books
method of research. This tends to observe, describe and and other materials and develop the research proposal.
document aspects of situation as it naturally occurs. They also asked the help of City Health Office to
Simple descriptive design involves collection of data to provide them the data on the cases of teenage
describe characteristics of a population being studied, pregnancy for them to identify which among the
which also focus with describing the characteristics of Barangay in Batangas City have highest number of
the population in order to find out the connection of teenage pregnancy cases.
certain characteristics in the population, it does not
answer questions about how/when/why the Data Analysis
characteristics occurred [3]. The study used descriptive statistics. Descriptive
This design best fit the present research as it statistics is used to describe and synthesize data. It used
sought to describe the variables being studied. weighted mean to determine the degree of response on
the variables being studied. On the other hand, ranking
was also used to know the highest and lowest indicators
Respondents of the Study in each indicator. SPPSS package was utilized to
The participants in this study were teenager’s ages analyze the data.
from 16-19 years old who experienced teenage
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Ethical Consideration was evident, but in the year 2018 it decreased in
Permission was obtained before conducting the numbers, but still considered high. The third among the
face-to-face interview that was set at a convenient time highest number of teenage pregnancies is Barangay
of the teenage mothers. Prior to beginning of the Balete with a total of 101 cases and is consistently
questionnaire, the researchers obtained the informants’ increasing yearly, these records are very alarming
informed consent. The questionnaire was answered by considering that those mentioned Barangays are
the respondents with accuracy, honestly, and utmost situated within the heart of Batangas City where health
objectivity. All responses were considered beneficial to facilities, educations, and acquisition of learning’s are
the attainment and completion of the research study. In accessible. On the contrary some study from National
doing so, it was ensured that the questions asked in the Conference of State Legislatures [4], shows that youth
questionnaire are relevant and only confined on the live in high poverty areas and with low access to
mentioned objectives and variables of the research topic education is at greater risk for teen pregnancies.
and that there was no intrusion of the privacy or Further, Weiss [5], stated that although the birth
sensibilities of the respondents. The researchers assured rate for teenage pregnancy is falling for years, in the
that the data obtained will be treated with utmost respect industrialized countries early pregnancy has go on as
and with strict confidentiality and other condition set by the highest rate. It was recorded that about eighty-five
them was respected. percent of those early or teen pregnancies are not
planned. This posts an increased risk of problems in any
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION population inflicted with teen pregnancies. As
mentioned the biggest risk for teenage mothers is
Table 1 caused by not attending prenatal care on time. About
Prevalence of Teenage Pregnancy in Batangas seven percent of those teen mothers do not receive any
City from Year 2016-2018 care at all. The reasons why the number of teenage
BARANGAY 2016 2017 2018 pregnancies here in our country, particularly in those 3
BALETE 18 32 51 mentioned Barangay, keeps on soaring at a very
CUTA 60 46 46 alarming level are their poor socio-economic status that
STA. CLARA 44 59 41
enables them to comply or apply what is needed to
BALAGTAS 35 32 40
STA.RITA 49 34 38 prevent teenage pregnancy and too, their willingness to
LIBJO 39 39 34 participate with the mentioned programs although the
KUMINTANG 21 24 32 BHW keeps on convincing and inviting the population
ILAYA of those teenage mothers. The majority of the
KUMINTANG 25 24 32 population often neglects these initiatives. Such factors
IBABA were supported by our data-gathering procedures
TINGA LABAC 16 17 29 conducted interviews, dissemination of our provided
WAWA 49 37 25 questionnaires, and interpretation of the results.
ALANGILAN 34 35 25 Table 2 shows the government initiatives to
prevent teenage pregnancy. Among the programs
Table 1 presents the distribution of the prevalence initiates by the government to prevent teenage
of teenage pregnancy from different Barangay’s in pregnancies all of them are moderately implemented
Batangas City. The first three Barangay with the with a composite mean of 2.96, this is relatively due the
highest number of cases in less than 5 years are, Cuta culture and beliefs of the Filipinos where reproductive
with the sum of 152 cases, and it shows that in the year health is not openly discussed in the family context.
2016 there is a notable increased of the number for This is supported by Rahman [6] it was stated that
early pregnancies and it was the highest recorded factors adding to the increasing number of teenage
number of pregnancies among the stated Barangays, pregnancies is failing to practice safe sex using
although it can be noted that in Cuta the two succeeding contraceptives, he also teenage pregnancy is religious
years had the same number of teenage pregnancies, still affiliation, and the Catholic Church heavily influenced
forty-six is considered high numbers. Second to the the Filipino family towards family planning.
highest numbers of teenage pregnancy is Sta. Clara
with a total of 144 cases in less than 5 years. In the year
2017 a sudden increased in the number of pregnancies
Table 2
Government Initiatives to Prevent Teenage Pregnancy
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Programs Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank
1. Programs and Health Education 3.41 Moderately Implemented 1
among High School Students
2. Programs on Reproductive Health 3.08 Moderately Implemented 3
and Sex Education
3. Forum and counseling about 3.17 Moderately Implemented 2
teenage pregnancy
4. Health Teen Kiosk to address 2.71 Moderately Implemented 7
issues and teenage concerns
5. Provisions of Adolescent Youth 2.74 Moderately Implemented 6
and Health Development program
(AYHDP)
6. Intensify the IEC (Information 2.81 Moderately Implemented 4.5
Education Campaign) among the
teachers, families, peers and
adolescents
7. Provision of Adolescent Health 2.81 Moderately Implemented 4.5
and Development (AHD) in school
and local government units
Composite Mean 2.96 Moderately Implemented
Legend: 3.50 – 4.00 = Highly Implemented; 2.50 – 3.49 = Moderately Implemented; 1.50 – 2.49 Less Implemented; 1.00 – 1.49 = Not Implemented

It can be noted that all programs initiated by the Even the WHO also cites that the high rate of early
government to prevent teenage pregnancy are all pregnancy worldwide is due to lack of sex education.
moderately implemented and the highest among is Furthermore, based on the study from the (WHO),
health education among high school students followed teenagers feel uncomfortable to avail of buy
by forum and counseling and lastly reproductive health contraception utilities, also teenagers may not afford
and sex education with a weighted mean of 3.41,3.17 contraceptives and not all birth control pills are
and 3.08 respectively. available legally for the youth.
Programs and health education among high-school In addition, Natividad [9] stated that Filipinos in
students, ranked as the highest among the indicators. It younger years have limited access to sex education and
ranked first because the high school students are prone Adolescent Sexuality and Reproductive Health
to these phenomena, so government efforts are geared (ASRH) services. Based on the article about 78 percent
towards educating high school students and give an of teenagers don’t use contraceptives or protection
effort to prevent teenage pregnancy. Health education against different diseases and infection that can
was included in the curriculum of the high school acquired during sexual intercourse. With this, Southern
students, therefore more information was received by Leyte and Eastern Samar started to implement the
the students about teenage pregnancy, and aside from it ASRH intervention where the rate of early pregnancy
the government as well as the non-government are multiplied. Programs that give peer education and
agencies initiates and do their part to educate the counseling in ASRH and its rights were implemented
teenagers about teen pregnancy prevention. This is specifically the Youth- Friend Spaces. This kind of
supported by the study of Mendez [7], wherein it was measures helps to prevent the early pregnancy by
stated that health education among teens is very giving the right information about the risk and results
important in preventing teenage pregnancy. of early pregnancy on the young mothers of the infants.
According to Padilla [8], statistics showed that Forum and counseling about teenage pregnancy is
increasing numbers of pregnancy are alarming. Even second among the indicators. These forums are
though reproductive health law has already been undertaken in the Barangay level wherein health care
passed, this country is still lacking on knowledge about workers provide counseling and seminars about
sexuality inside the schools around the Philippines. teenage pregnancy to their respective constituents. It is
Which moves to teach sex education as a separate because as mentioned, teenagers tend to ignore those
subject is very important, but it is being contradicted by programs that are specifically made for them by the
the Catholic Church. government. They don’t see it as an advantage or a
precaution to prevent early pregnancy. In addition,

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students are ashamed and embarrassed to express their the reason is they did not focus on the schools where
concerns and emotions especially with regards to adolescent can be mostly found but they more
teenage pregnancy. concentrated on supporting tertiary level hospitals.
Seminars, forums and meetings were conducted to Base on the observations, tertiary hospitals have
help prevent teenage pregnancies but cases of improved facilities and equipment while programs
pregnancies among teenagers are increasing. Health created by them were not disseminated and didn’t reach
indicators among high school students were also part of other Barangay where teens can be mostly found.
the program, however most of it implemented with Another program like intensifying the IEC among
moderation due to the culture of the Filipinos as well as families and provision of adolescent health and
family orientation where sex education is not part of the development in school and local government units both
usual conversation within the family circle. Base on the third on the least indicators.
observation and family practice, sexual activities are As per De Allegri and Sauerborn [11], Information
not openly discussed within the family. Education and communication campaign (IEC) is
This is supported by Padilla [8] that as stated by widely utilized to upgrade immunization and reduced
the WHO, the youth may be abashed to avail different the natality. It is also known as a practicable and
contraception utility. Also, teenagers may not be lucrative approach to direct wider factors specifically
legally allowed to avail contraceptives because of the health, risks, building and commitment, rearing
fees and the law. community engagement and advancement regarding to
Third on the list is the program on reproductive the development and application of health capability.
health and sex education. It was found out that it was It has been widely used to improve immunization
implemented but most of the time, the students don’t coverage, promote sexual and reproductive health,
participate in this kind of activities even if they were family planning and reduced fertility levels. It is also
interested to the issue. They were ashamed to discuss it known as a practicable and lucrative approach to
in front of other students. As a result, together with their addressing broader determinants of health, risk factors,
curiosity they are just exploring it by themselves or building trust and commitment, fostering community
with their partners to know the feelings of being in the participation and empowerment towards development
act of sexual intercourse, without realizing its effect and implementation of health initiatives.
and possible result. Roles of IEC in the achievement of health,
The effective strategy in improving the health of nutrition and population or the (HNP) goals and for the
adolescents is the engaging to peer education. Which appropriate and better health outcomes that
aims to develop the overall behavior of the teenagers recommends the inclusion in health programs that was
with regards to the various healthcare issues that recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO)
empowers them to compel with a healthier decision. and World Bank.Provisions of Adolescent Youth and
Moreover, the importance of peer education in Development program are the second lowest among the
connection to promote the health pf the youth is indicators. The program AYHDP does not give
focused [10]. emphasis on preventing teenage pregnancy because it
The lowest among the programs is the Teen gives more focus on promoting and enhancing the pro
Health Kiosk with a weighted mean of 2.71 followed social bonding, cognitive and developing self-
by Adolescent Youth and Health Development determination of the youth. It more focuses on the
Programs 2.74 and Adolescent Health and development of health among adolescent youth.
Development and Information Education Campaign In support to this, based on the research of Morris
with both weighted mean of 2.81 respectively. and Rushwan [12], promoting adolescent sexual and
Adolescent and Health Development Programs is reproductive health will improve their health
one of the programs in Batangas City, which focuses physically. But programs like this should be monitored
on educating youth on how to prevent teenage and well-sustained due to high risk to be neglected by
pregnancy. Together with the non-government agency, other countries. Their goal is to promote and enhance
USAID assisted the city in designing a service that will the prosocial bonding, cognitive, social and
link and give access not just to schools but also to rural emotionally competence, their belief and develop
areas and to tertiary-level hospital. independence. In addition, this service can make a big
Even the said program is implemented in Batangas effect to build up the school context and have an
City, it is not recognized, or the adolescent youth don’t encouraging environment. Various programs that may
have knowledge about this. As stated above, probably help develop their overall well-being and socializing
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skills specially with relatives, although there is no Another program is Conduct of U4U Teen Trail
statistically significant differences between programs. initiative – interactive approach that showcases
However, more research is still needed to view this different activities for the youth as the national health
program as a success. promotion template. It is a government program with
The Teen Health kiosk to address issues and different set of activities that can help them to decrease
teenage concern is the least among the rest. Since THK the continuous increase of rate of early pregnancy. But
is known to only two different schools in Batangas, the since most of the teenagers are not oriented and aware
item got the lowest weighted mean because it is not of the program, they do not pay much attention about
recognized by most of the students in rural and urban it.
areas of Batangas City. Therefore, there should be an awareness campaign
This is supported by the article Teen Health Kiosk about the program so that it will become known to the
(THK) [13] is one of the City Health Office projects. teenagers. Intensifying the program through seminars,
On March 30, 2016 they put up this room with the help symposium and in school programs or activities can
and support of Department of Education and the two- help both government and non-government agencies to
partner school, the Batangas National High School promote the Teen trail program. Teenagers are missing
(BNHS) and the Lyceum of the Philippines University this opportunity that might save them from engaging to
Batangas, High school Department. According to 2013 sexual act because they are not fully aware of the
“Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study”, there are program.
41 percent of teenagers in CALABARZON do not have The least among the indicators is the orientation
knowledge about sexuality and most of them got wrong regarding online access to Teen Health Kiosk (THK).
information from their classmates and friends. As per the online access to THK, not everyone has the
Thru observations on the schools with built THK, internet access especially teenagers who are
students were not that interested in these Teen Hub. categorized as out of school youth, also teenagers who
They were just reading the posters about it but don’t belong to low-income family. All of these factors are
pay attention on its benefits and how can it help them. blocking their ability to access more advance methods
Therefore, the utilization of THK to the students of the of initiatives. Some of them don’t even have any idea
school with built in hub is not encouraged. that these programs exist‖.
Mass media and Information Communication Further, as claimed to Young Adult Fertility and
Technology (ICT) use, Nonsexual Risk Behaviour, and Sexuality/YAFS [15] there are 41percent of teenagers
Early Sexual Initiation of the Youth in Central Luzon in CALABARZON do not have knowledge about
Pop-com III’s approach to promote the effect of sexuality. THK is a learning hub where adolescents or
traditional and social media on the sexual behavior of whoever that is 10-19 years of age are welcome in here.
youth, according to Pop-com III regional director Cura. It also added that this could be a peer hub where they
With these films, it aims to address rising cases of can discuss, share opinions and ideas about adolescent
teenage pregnancy, HIV (human immunodeficiency health, sexuality, healthy lifestyle and other life skills
virus) and other sexually transmitted diseases and but due to certain factors, few teenagers might not be
infections, as well as other youth-related concerns in able to access such initiative because of factors that
the region [14]. affects a teenager’s living status.

Program to Enhance Implementation and Initiatives towards Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy

PROGRAM ACTIVITIES EXPECTED OUTCOME

Information Dissemination Distribution of Teen leaflets to The target members of school
Development of IEC Material different high schools in distributed with flyers is met
(Teen leaflets) Batangas City

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Use of social media Create a social media account Increase numbers of followers in
page specific for awareness on social media account
prevention of teen age pregnancy

Coordinate with Barangay Provide a copy of the leaflets Enhanced Barangay Health
Health Center study to the Barangay Health Center Program towards
Worker prevention of Teenage
Pregnancy

Practice. 8th Edition. Philadelphia: Sangonet pulse.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Retrieved from:
Teenage pregnancy in the areas of Batangas City is http://www.ngopulse.org/newsflash/project-targets-
prevented in areas where programs are implemented. teenage-pregnancy
[4]
Despite the availability of programs implemented by National Conference of State Legislatures (2016).
the government to address the problem about teenage Teenage Pregnancy Prevention. Washington D.C:
pregnancy, in 2016 – 20a9 the rate of early pregnancy NCSL.org. Retrieved from:
is still increasing in numbers in some areas. The https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/teen-
proposed program may enhance the program pregnancy-prevention.aspx
[5]
implementation of government and nongovernment Weiss, R.E, (2017). Facts about TeenPregnancy.
agencies to increase the awareness about prevention of Newyork: VerywellFamily. Retrieved from:
teenage pregnancy. https://www.verywellfamily.com/facts-bout-teen-
Based on the established conclusion the pregnancy-2760041
[6]
researchers recommend that the programs should be Rahman, S. (2016). Philippine teen pregnancy rates
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health care facilities in program implementation Mendez, C. (2016). The President concerned about
through trainings and seminars. Allocation of sufficient increasing rate of teenage pregnancy. Philippines:
PhilStar. Retrieved: November 20, 2016 from
budget for the application of programs that is connected
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/11/20/164
to teenage and adolescent health and wellness. The
3746/rody-concernedabout-increasing-teenage-
barangay health workers may involve the parents and
pregnancies
female adolescents thru seminars and counseling. [8]
Padilla, C. (2017). The Reality of Abortion in the
Monitoring of compliance to reproductive health
Philippines. Philippines: Rappler. Retrieved:
programs undertaken by private and public schools.
September 15, 2015 from:
https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/ispeak/105680-
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