1.3. Medical Terminology

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Introduced by Hung Do Tran
Objectives
1. To recognize the origin of medical terms
2. To understand the medical terms of root, prefix, suffix
3. To know the medical terms of combining form

Introduction to Medical Terminology
Medical terminology is language used to describe anatomical structures,
procedures, conditions, processes of diseases, and treatments. At first glance,
medical terms may appear intimidating, but once you understand the basic word
structure and the definitions of some common word elements, the meaning of
thousands of medical terms can be easily parsed.
Most medical terms adhere to a fixed structure of a prefix, root, and suffix.
These word components are assembled like building blocks to create a vast
vocabulary.
Greeks are considered the founders of rational medicine and medical terms
are primarily derived from Greek and Latin. Over centuries, the language of
medicine has evolved into multiple national medical languages. Today, medical
English is the dominant language for international communication. English is used
in most influential medical journals and it has become the language of choice at
international conferences.
Basic Term Structure
Medical terms are comprised of these standard word parts:
Prefix
When included, the prefix appears at the beginning of a medical term and
usually indicates a location, direction, type, quality, or quantity.
Root
The root gives a term its essential meaning. Nearly all medical terms contain
at least one root. When a prefix is absent, the term begins with a root.
Suffix
The suffix appears at the end of a term and may indicate a specialty, test,
procedure, function, disorder, or status. Otherwise, it may simply define whether
the word is a noun, verb, or adjective.
Combining vowel
A combining vowel (usually the letter “o”) may be added between word
parts to aid in pronunciation.
Breaking a word down into its component parts should help readers
determine the meaning of an unfamiliar term. For example, hypothermia has the
prefix hypo- (meaning below normal), the root therm (heat or warmth), and the
suffix -ia (condition).
Word Roots
A root is the foundational element of any medical term. Roots often indicate
a body part or system.
Common word roots
Head
brain enceph
ear ot, aur
eardrum tympan, myring
eye ophthalm, ocul
face faci
nose rhin
skull crani
tongue lingu
tooth odont, dent
Heart and Circulatory

aorta aort
arteries arteri
blood hem, sangu
blood vessels angi
heart cardi
veins ven, phleb
Bones and Muscles

arm brachi
back dorsa
bone oste
foot pod, ped
muscle myo
rib cost
shoulder scapul
wrist carp
Digestive System
appendix append
colon col
esophagus esophag
intestine (usually small) enter
kidney ren, neph
liver hepat
stomach gastr
Other Common Roots

cancer carci
drug chem
electric electr
heat therm
knowledge gnos
life bi
pressure bar
returned sound echo
Compound Words
A medical word may include multiple roots. This frequently occurs when
referencing more than one body part or system. For example, cardio-pulmo-nary
means pertaining to the heart and lungs; gastro-entero-logy means the study of the
stomach and intestines.
Combining Forms
A combining vowel is used when a root is followed by another word part
that begins with a consonant. A combining vowel (usually the letter ‘o’) is added
after the root (e.g. neur-o-logy) to aid pronunciation. The root and vowel together
(e.g. neur-o) are called the combining form. For simplicity, combining vowel
options are omitted from the word part tables.
Prefixes
A prefix modifies the meaning of the word root. It may indicate a location,
type, quality, body category, or quantity. The prefix is optional and does not appear
in all medical terms.
Common prefixes:
Size
large macro-, mega(lo)-
small micro-
Number
half semi-
half (one side) hemi-
one mono-, uni-
two | three | four bi- | tri- | quad(ri)-
equal equi-
many poly-
Level
above normal hyper-
below normal hypo-
normal/good eu-
Time or Speed
before pro-, pre-, ante-
after post-
back/backward retro-
again re-
fast tachy-
slow brady-
new neo-
time, long time chron-
Location or Relationship
away from ab-
above supra-
around peri-
across trans-
between inter-
out of, outside ex-, ec(t)-
self auto-
through, completely dia-
together con-
toward ad-
within, inside end(o)-
Function or Quality
against anti-, contra-
bad mal-
cause eti-
self auto-
without a-, de-
abnormal, bad dys-
Suffixes
Medical terms always end with a suffix. 3 The suffix usually indicates a
specialty, test, procedure, function, condition/disorder, or status. For example,
“itis” means inflammation and “ectomy” means removal.
Alternatively, the suffix may simply make the word a noun or adjective. For
example, the endings -a, -e, -um, and -us are commonly used to create a singular
noun (e.g. crani-um).
Though the suffix appears at the end of the term, it often comes first in the
definition. For example, appendicitis means inflammation (-itis) of the
appendix. Accordingly, it is sometimes helpful to read unfamiliar medical terms
from right to left.
Occasionally, a medical term may be comprised of a prefix and suffix. For
example, apnea includes the prefix a- (without) and suffix -pnea (breathing).
Common suffixes (letters in parenthesis are not always present):
Basic Noun and Adjective Suffixes

(noun form) -a, -e, -um, -is
causing -genic
condition -ia, -ism, -sis, -y
specialty -iatry, -iatrics, -ics
specialist -ian, -ist
structure -um, -us
study of -logy
-ac, -ar(y), -(e/i)al, -ic(al), -ior, -ory,, -
pertaining to
ous, -tic
Tests and Procedures

removal of -ectomy
image/record -gram
recording instrument -graph(y)
cut in -otomy
visual examination -scopy
opening -stomy
Pathology or Function
blood (condition of) -emia
breathing -pnea
inflammation -itis
condition or disease -osis
deficiency -penia
disease -pathy
excessive flow -rrhag(e/ia)
mass, tumor -oma
Plural Forms
Adding an “s” or “es” to the end of a word is often the straightforward
method to make a word plural in English and many modern Romance languages.
In medical terminology, however, things are a little more complicated. The plural
form of each word is based on the last two letters of the singular suffix.
There are several exceptions. For example, “virus” is a Latin term without a plural
form. “Viruses” is the accepted plural form. Elsewhere, the suffix “s” or “es” has
occasionally prevailed in common usage. For example, the plural form of
“hematoma” is “hematomas” rather than “hematomata.”
Common singular endings and corresponding plural endings:
Plural Forms
Singular Plural
a ae
en ina
ex, ix, yx ices
is es
ma mata
(a/i/y)nx nges
um a
us i (i)
References
1. Banay, G L. “An Introduction to Medical Terminology I. Greek and Latin
Derivations.” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association vol. 36, 1 (1948).
2. Wulff, Henrik R. “The language of medicine.” Journal of the Royal Society of
Medicine vol. 97,4 (2004): 187-8.
3. Ehrlich, Ann; Schroeder, Carol L. Introduction to Medical Terminology. Centage
Learning, 2015.
4. Nath, Judi Lindsley; Lindsley, Kelsey P. A Short Course in Medical Terminology.
Wolters Kluwer Health, 2018.
Cohen, Barbara J. Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide. 6th ed. Baltimore,
MD: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011. Table 2-4

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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Introduced by Hung Do Tran

3. To know the medical terms of combining form

Heart and Circulatory

Bones and Muscles

Other Common Roots

Basic Noun and Adjective Suffixes

Tests and Procedures

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