Q2) 1. Mechanism of Gas Expulsion during Aeration.

Ans: (a) Desorption Exp: Desorption

is the process by which dissolved gases like CO₂ are released from the water to the air during
aeration. The other options relate to particle movement or buoyancy, not gas expulsion. 2.
Particles Whose Surface Properties Change with Contact. Ans: (c) Flocculating Particles
Exp: Flocculating particles change their surface properties when they come into contact with
coagulants, forming larger aggregates (flocs). Other particle types like discrete or suspended
do not show such changes upon contact. 3. Rate of Filtration of Slow Sand Filter ranges
between. Ans. (d) 100-200 L/hr.m². Exp: The rate of filtration for a slow sand filter typically
ranges from 100 to 200 liters per hour per square meter of filter area. This rate ensures
effective removal of contaminants while maintaining the biological activity necessary for the
filtration process. 4. The Total Residual Chlorine in Water is Equivalent to Ans: (c) (HOCI +
OCI⁻) and (NH₂Cl + NHCl₂ + NCl₃). both Exp: Total residual chlorine includes both free
chlorine (HOCI + OCI⁻) and combined chlorine forms like NH₂Cl, NHCl₂, and NCl₃. 5.
Single stage re-carbonation is required primarily for water with. Ans: (c)High Ca and Mg
Exp: Single-stage re-carbonation is primarily needed for water with high calcium (Ca) and
magnesium (Mg) content to stabilize it after lime-soda softening. The process helps prevent
scaling by controlling calcium carbonate precipitation and adjusting the water's pH.
Q1) Two-film theory → Ammonia: The two-film theory explains mass transfer between two
phases, like gas and liquid. In environmental engineering, it is relevant for ammonia
stripping, where ammonia is transferred from water to air in wastewater treatment. Type-1
settling → Discrete Particles: Type-1 settling refers to the gravity settling of individual,
non-coagulating discrete particles in water. It occurs in primary sedimentation tanks where
particles settle independently without interacting with each other. Ozone → Pathogen:
Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent used for disinfecting water by killing or inactivating
pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. It’s an effective method in water treatment
for ensuring microbial safety. Soda ash → Magnesium Hardness: Soda ash (sodium
carbonate) is used in water softening to remove magnesium hardness by precipitating
magnesium ions as insoluble magnesium carbonate. It’s commonly used to treat hard water.
Alum → Colloidal Particles: Alum (aluminum sulfate) is used as a coagulant in water
treatment to remove colloidal particles. It causes small, suspended particles to clump together
into larger flocs, which can then be easily settled or filtered out.
Q3) a) Filter is backwashed when head loss through it reaches the maximum permissible
limit. [Filters are used to remove particulates from water, and as particles accumulate,
resistance to flow (head loss) increases. When this head loss reaches a set limit, backwashing
is necessary to clean the filter and restore its efficiency.] b) Resin is a network of
crosslinked polymers attached to ionic groups. [In ion exchange water treatment, resins are
composed of crosslinked polymer structures that have ionic groups (e.g., carboxyl or
sulfonate groups). These ionic groups interact with dissolved ions in the water, allowing for
ion exchange to purify the water.] c) Dissolved species are concentrated on the solid surface
by physical adsorption or chemical adsorption to the surface. [Physical adsorption
involves weak van der Waals forces between the dissolved species and the surface, while
chemical adsorption forms stronger covalent or ionic bonds. Both mechanisms are key in
processes like activated carbon filtration for water treatment.] d) Reverse osmosis is a
membrane treatment process used to separate total dissolved solids from water. [Reverse
osmosis uses a semipermeable membrane to remove dissolved ions and other impurities by
applying pressure, forcing water through the membrane and leaving behind dissolved solids,
making it a common process in desalination and water purification.] e) Sedimentation tank is
designed on the basis of surface overflow rate and detention time. [Surface overflow rate
determines how much water can flow through the tank without disturbing settling particles,
while detention time is the duration water stays in the tank, allowing suspended solids
enough time to settle at the bottom for removal.]
Q4) a) The solubility of gases is governed by which law? Provide equations. Ans:
Henry's Law governs the solubility of gases. It states that the solubility of a gas (C) in a
liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure (P) over the liquid. b) Explain point
source of water pollution with examples. Ans: Point Source Pollution refers to
contamination originating from a single, identifiable source. Examples: Industrial discharge
pipes, sewage treatment plants. c) What causes hardness in water? Mention the effects of
hard water. Ans: Hardness in Water is caused by dissolved calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium
(Mg²⁺) ions. Effects: Reduces soap efficiency, causes scaling in boilers and pipes. d) What is
the design parameter of Flocculation? What are it's ranges with reason? Ans: Depth - 3
to 4m, width - 12m, Lengths < 48m, overflow rate - 0.6 to 1m/h, Detention time - 4 to 6hr,
Horizontal flow velocity - 9m/s e) Mention any two methods used for backwashing
granular media filter beds. Ans: Backwashing Methods: 1) Air Scour: Introducing air to
agitate the media. 2) Water Backwash: Using water to lift and clean the media.
Q5) (TDS level: Is the water muddy: presence of biological impurities) Serial A (below
500ppm, No, No): No purifier needed as TDS is below 500 ppm, and water has no
impurities. Serial B (below 500ppm, No, Yes): UV or UF purifier for biological impurities as
TDS is below 500 ppm. Serial C (below 500ppm, Yes, No): UF purifier for muddy water and
UV for biological impurities. Serial D (below 500ppm, Yes, Yes): Combination of UF + UV
for muddy water and biological impurities. Serial E (above 500ppm, No, No): RO purifier
for high TDS. Serial F (above 500ppm, No, Yes): RO + UV purifier for high TDS and
biological impurities. Serial G (above 500ppm, Yes, No): RO for high TDS and muddy
water. Serial H (above 500ppm, Yes, Yes): RO + UF + UV for high TDS, muddy water, and
biological impurities. (b) What are the main components of an RO water purifier? Ans:
Sediment filter: Removes larger particles like dirt and rust. Carbon filter: Reduces chlorine,
odors, and organic contaminants. RO membrane: Removes dissolved salts, heavy metals, and
contaminants. UV filter (optional): Kills biological impurities. Post-carbon filter: Improves
taste and odor after purification.6) a) draw flow chart of treatment units present in IIT
Guwahati Ans: Pre Sedimentation-> Aeration -> Alum mixing -> Rapid Flash Mixing ->
Clarification -> Filtration -> Disinfection Which Water Purifier Should I Choose? 1) Soft
water has a low TDS level; UF water purifiers work pretty well for it. 2) For soft water with a
high level of biological contamination, go for a UV or UF+UV water purifier. 3) Hard water
contains a higher level of TDS, apart from specific toxins; so, RO purifiers are well suited for
purifying it. 4) For hard water with a high level of biological contamination, go for a RO+UV
or RO+UV+UF water purifier. 5) UF filters are best used in combination with another water
purification system, as they don't kill any microorganisms in contaminated water. UF filters
only remove suspended solids from water. 6) Activated carbon-based water purifiers are
ideally suited to remove excess chlorine from water.

>> Different Water purifiers brand in India and How to choose your water
Purifier Different Types of Impurities Found Commonly in Drinking Water
row1{Type of impurity}1.Un-dissolved solids such as sand and mud 2.Dissolved inorganic
salts like Sodium & Potassium 3.Dissolved inorganic compounds like Calcium &
Magnesium 4.Organic compounds 5.Disinfectants like Chlorine 6.Biological impurities like
bacteria & viruses row2{Most common water source} 1.River, borewell, or piped water
where pipes are damaged 2.Borewells and seawater 3.Borewells and river water 4.Lakes and
ponds 5.Municipal piped water supply 6.Piped water where pipes are damaged, water tankers
row3{Effect on drinking water} 1.Muddy or turbid appearance 2.Salty or brackish taste
3.Hardness and scale formation 4.Foul smell or bad odor 5.Bitter taste 6.Biological
contamination, waterborne disease Main Components of RO Water Purifier •Sediment
Pre-filter: In the first stage of purification, the input water is filtered using a pre-sediment
filter. Pre-sediment filter not only removes fine and coarse particulate impurities/dirt but also
improves the life of the RO/UF membrane resulting in a lower cost of maintenance. If the
purifier does not include this as a standard feature then it can be added separately as well.
•Activated Carbon Pre-filter: Activated carbon pre-filter removes chlorine and organic
impurities like harmful pesticides from the water. Activated carbon pre-filter also adsorbs bad
odor and taste-causing organic compounds from water. •RO/UF membranes: Water is fed into
the RO membrane at high pressure using an in-built water pump. RO membrane removes the
hardness, dissolved salts, pesticides, and heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and mercury. It also
removes microbial contaminants like viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and cysts. The UF
membrane also works like the RO membrane but it does not remove the dissolved solids.
Some purifiers use both RO and a UF membrane, the output water from both the membranes
is mixed to control the TDS level of purified water. •TDS controller: TDS controller is used
for controlling the TDS level of the output water. RO process not only removes bad
impurities but also removes essential minerals like Calcium & Magnesium. TDS controller
retains adequate quantities of essential minerals in the purified water by adjusting the ratio of
water from the RO membrane (low TDS) and UF membrane (normal TDS) in the final mix
•UV Filter: A UV filter uses a high-intensity UV bulb to kill or inactivate any virus, bacteria,
and parasites to deliver safe water. •Carbon Post-filter: Carbon Post-filter acts as a polisher
and enhances the taste of purified water. It also removes any foul smell from water. •Storage
Tank: This stores the purified water for later use. Make sure the storage tank is made of food-
grade, non-toxic material. Some of the high-end water purifiers now come with a stainless
steel water storage tank. You should also check the capacity of the storage tank. •Display:
Most of the RO water purifiers come with a basic display for on/off, tank full, etc. Some
advanced purifiers also come with fault alerts, filter change alerts, UV fail, TDS level
indicators, purity indicators, etc
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