CONTENT PAGE

 CERTIFICATE 01
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 02
 INTRODUCTION 03
 STEPS FOR TREATMENT OF WATER 04

1-screening 04

2-storage 04

3-coagulation and Sedimentation 04

4-Filtration 05

5-Disinfection 06

 OTHER WATER PURIFICATION 07

TECHNIQUES
1-Boiling 07
2-distillation 07
3-Carbon Filtering 07
4-Reverse Osmosis 08
5-Water Conditioning 08
6-Iron Exchange 08
 7-Electrode Ionizatio 08
8-Plumbo-solvency Reduction 09
 BIBILOGRAPHY 10

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “ARITRI GUHA” of
class XI has satisfactorily completed the
investigatory experiment on
“STUDY OF METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF
WATER”
under the guidance of “SABHYASANCHI
BHATTACHARJEE”
during the 2022-2023 session
_____________________________

Teacher’s sign

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'd like to express my greatest gratitude to our chemistry teacher
Mr.Sabhyasanchi Bhattacharjee and our principal
who have helped & supported me throughout my
project. I'm grateful to for her continuous support for the project,
from initial advice &encouragement to this day.
Special thanks of mine goes to my classmates who helped me in
completing the project by giving interesting ideas, thoughts & made
this project easy and accurate.
I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided support & interest
who inspired me & encouraged me to go my own way, without which
I would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I
want to thanks my friends who appreciated me for my work &
motivated me.

________________

Student’s sign
 INTRODUCTION
Water purification is the process of removal of contaminants from raw water to
produce water that i fit for human consumption Water supplied for human
consumption should be free of colour, turbidity taste, odour and pathogenic
bacteria. It should also be relatively free of hardness. Water being a prod solvent
dissolves minerals and picks up contaminants as it passes through the earth. The
contaminants may include bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi and man made chemical
pollutants. It becomes in this way natural carrier for a number of human and
animal infections particularly of the entire group of intestinal tract diseases.
Therefore, it is very important to treat water for removal of these contaminants.
The various steps for treatment of water for purifications are discussed below.
 STEPS FOR TREATMENT OF WATER

1. Screening

The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris like sticks,
leaves, trash, fish, etc. by passing raw water through screen with small holes.
Ground water does not need screening before other purification steps. Virtually
all modern water supplies for urban communities are drawn from surface sources
rather than from underground.

2. Storage

Water from rivers may be stored in reservoirs for periods between a few days and
many months to allow natural biological purification to take place. During storage
solid impurities also settle down. Many bacteria find water an unnatural habitat
and decrease in a storage reservoir through simple devitalization.

3. Coagulation and Sedimentation

Natural storage alone cannot accomplish complete purification of water.
Therefore, artificially controlled sedimentation basins are used for further
removal of suspended impurities. In these the conditions of entrance and exit are
carefully regulated. In order to facilitate settling, artificial stimulation of the
settling is provided through introduction of active chemicals called coagulants.The
primary purpose of coagulants is to provide a nucleus for agglomeration of
suspended particles and increase their specific gravity to cause more rapid
settling. The joining of particles so that they form larger settleable particles is
called flocculation and the larger formed particles are called floc. One of the
commonest coagulant is ordinary alum or aluminium sulphate. It is one of the
best and almost universally applied chemical for purposes of coagulation. Some
other coagulants are ion (III) sulphate or chloride, lime, etc.

As particles settle to the bottom of the basin, a layer of sludge is

formed on the floor of the tank. The amount of sludge that is generated is quite
large. It may be upto 3-5% of the total volume of water that is treated. The sludge
is removed from the bottom of the tank from time to time.

4. Filtration
After removal of most floc by sedimentation, the water is subjected to filtration to
remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled floc. The most common type
of filter is a rapid sand filter. In this type of filter water moves vertically through
sand which often has a layer of activated carbon above the sand. The top layer
removes compounds which impart taste and odour to the water. The space
between sand particles is larger than the size of the suspended particles. Most
particles pass through the surface layer but are trapped in pore spaces or adhere
to sand particles. So, it is not just the top layer of the filter that cleans the water,
but effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. The filter is cleaned by
back flushing .e., by passing water through the filter in the direction opposite to
the normal direction.

When sufficient land and space is available, water may treated through
slow sand filters. Slow sand filters are constructed using graded layers of sand
with the coarsest at the base and finest at the top. Slow sand filters rely on
biological treatment processes for their action rather than physical filtration.
When a new slow sand filter is brought into use, raw water is circulated through
the filter. Within a few hours, a film of bacteria, fungi and algae builds on the
surface of the sand. It is this layer that removes all the impurities. A slow sand
filter may remain in service for many weeks or even months.

5. Disinfection
Water after filtration is subjected to disinfection. Water is disinfected to destroy
pathogens which passed through the filters. Possible pathogens include bacteria,
protozoa and viruses.

Chlorine gas and sodium hypochlorite are the most commonly used
disinfectants because they are exceedingly cheap, and their action is rapid. They
are effective in killing bacteria but have limited effectiveness against protozoa.
Chlorine gas and sodium hypochlorite both have strong disinfectant residuals in
the water even when water enters the distribution system. The main drawback in
using chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite is that these react with organic
compounds in the water to form potentially harmful levels of the chemical by-
products trihalomethanes and haloacetic acid, both of which are carcinogenic.
Chlorine also imparts some offensive taste and odour to the water. Formerly, it
was common practice to chlorinate water at the beginning of the purification
process, but this practice has been mostly abandoned to minimize the formation
of trihalomethanes.

Ozone, a very strong and wide spectrum disinfectant, is used in many

developed countries to disinfect water. It is most effective against protozoa and
works well against almost all other pathogens. Other advantages of ozone as
disinfectant are that it does not form any dangerous by-products and does not
impart any taste or odour to the water. One of the main problems with ozone is
that it leaves no disinfectant residual in the water.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can also be used to disinfect water. It is very

effective and can destroy even viruses. The main drawback of UV radiation is that
like ozone it also leaves no disinfectant residual in water.
OTHER WATER PURIFICATION
TECHNIQUES
Some more techniques for purifying water especially for private supplies are
discussed below:

1. Boiling
Water is heated for boiling to inactivate or kill the microorganisms that normally
live in water at room temperature. Near sea level boiling for about one minute is
sufficient. At high attitudes (greater than 2000 m above sea level) water has to be
boiled for about 3 minutes. In areas where water is decomposes bicarbonates,
resulting in the precipitation of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, etc.
This is the "fur" that builds up on kettle elements, etc.

2. Distillation
Distillation involves boiling the water to produce water vapour. The vapour on
coming in contact wit cold surface condenses as a liquid. Since the solutes are
normally not vaporized, they remain in the boiling solution. This method provides
99.9% pure water.

3. Carbon Filtering
Charcoal, a form of carbon with high surface area, has ability to remove many
impurities through adsorption. Water passing through activated charcoal granules
is common in household water filters. There are two types of carbon filters. One is
granular charcoal and the other is sub-micrometre solid block carbon filter. The
latter is more effective and removes most of the common contaminants such as
pesticides, disinfection by-products, mercury, volatile organic chemicals, etc.
4. Reverse Osmosis
In this process pressure is applied to impure water to force pure water through a
semi-permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis is very effective method of large
scale water purification. However, perfect semi-permeable membranes are
difficult to make. This treatment removes salts and colour compounds from water
but thorough pre-treatment, high pressures and careful cleaning is required
leading to high running costs.

5. Water Conditioning
This is a method for reducing the effects of hard water. In this method water with
high concentrations of hardness salts is treated with sodium carbonate (soda-ash)

which precipitates out the excess salts through common ion effect.

6. Ion Exchange
Most common ion exchange systems use a zeolite resin bed to replace unwanted
Ca and Mgions with Na ions. This is the common water softener. Zeolite resin is
recharged with sodium chloride solution. A more rigorous type of ion exchange
replaces all cations with H ions and all anions with hydroxide (OH) ions. These ion
exchange resins are recharged with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
respectively. The water obtained is completely free from mineral ions and is
called deionized water.

7. Electrode Ionization
In this method water is passed between the oppositely charged electrodes. Ion
selective membranes allow the positive ions to separate from water towards the
negative electrode and negative ions towards the positive electrode. Prior to
electrode ionization the water is usually subjected to reverse osmosis so as to
remove non-ionic organic contaminants. High purity deionized water is obtained
in this method
8. Plumbo-solvency Reduction
Plumbo-solvency refers to dissolution of lead from any lead pipes through which
water is carried. The problem of plumbo-solvency is more in areas with naturally
acidic waters of low conductivity. The plumbo-solvency can be reduced by
addition of small quantities of phosphate ion and increasing the pH. This results in
formation of layer of insoluble lead salts on the inner surface of the pipes. hand
boiling
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Chemistry practical book

 Toppersarena.com

 Wikipedia.org

 YouTube.com
 Brainly.com