Study of methods of purification of water project class 11 pdf

Study of the methods of purification of water chemistry project class 11 pdf. Study of methods of purification of water project class 11 pdf download. Water has been essential for human life on Earth. Maintaining its quality is crucial for our well-being. Unfortunately, about 30% of the world's population lacks access to clean drinking water,
according to the United Nations. To provide safe and reliable water, purification is necessary. Sources of Water Pollution Water pollution can be categorized into two types: natural and man-made. The latter includes urbanization and industrialization. The sources of pollution are: * Agricultural pollutants * Sewage * Industrial waste products *
Physical pollutants (heat, radioactive substances) Interesting Science Videos Water purification involves removing impurities, microorganisms (bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi), parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, etc.), minerals (toxic metals like lead, copper, iron, nitrate, arsenic, manganese), and contaminants from raw water. Water Purification
Consuming untreated or contaminated water can be detrimental to our health, causing various health issues. After treatment, a small amount of disinfectant remains to prevent re-contamination during distribution. The purified water is suitable for drinking or industrial use. Water purification also improves the taste, smell, and appearance of water.
Methods Water purification methods can be broadly categorized into two types: natural and artificial. Natural methods include aeration, sedimentation, sunlight, dilution, oxidation, and the use of plants and animals (aquatic) to purify water. Artificial methods, on the other hand, involve the use of physical and chemical processes to purify water. The
main goal of water purification is to make water clean and safe for consumption. The type and standard quality of water dictate the treatment method used. Groundwater, for instance, may require only disinfection, while surface water typically requires more extensive treatment. Surface water purification involves several steps: coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. This process is designed to remove impurities and contaminants from the water. On a large scale, water collection and storage are crucial components of this process. Storage not only provides a reserve of clean water but also allows for natural purification processes to occur. During storage, the water
quality improves through sedimentation, where suspended contaminants settle at the bottom of the container. This process also helps to reduce turbidity and allows light to pass through the water, reducing the need for filters. Additionally, chemical changes occur during storage, which can help to remove impurities from the water. One of the key
benefits of storing river water is the significant reduction in bacterial count. Pathogenic organisms gradually die off over time, making the water safer for consumption. However, long-term storage can also lead to the growth of algae, which can give the water an unpleasant odor and color. Another important method of water purification is filtration.
This process involves passing the water through a layer of sand and charcoal, which helps to eliminate smaller particles and reduce bacterial content. The turbidity of the water can be significantly reduced as well, making it appear clearer. There are two types of filters: slow sand filters and rapid gravity filters. Slow sand filters were first used in
Scotland and London in 1804 and have since become widely recognized as an approved standard procedure for purifying water. Rapid gravity filters, on the other hand, require less space and are less expensive to design and maintain. Sedimentation: A settling reservoir for particles, where the supernatant water holds suspended solids until they sink
to the sand surface. Mechanical straining: The remaining particles are trapped by the interstices between sand grains, retaining any that cannot pass through. Adhesion: Suspended particles settle on the sand grain surface and adhere to the biological layer due to adhesion forces. Biochemical processes in the biological layer convert organic matter
into inert substances, eliminate bacteria, oxidize ammonical nitrogen, and convert soluble iron and manganese compounds into insoluble hydroxides that stick to the sand surface. This process is simple to construct and operate, with a low construction cost compared to rapid sand filters. The physical, chemical, and bacteriological quality of treated
water is very high, with bacterial removal rates reaching 99.8-99.9%. E. coli levels drop by 99.9%, and overall bacterial counts decrease by 99.99%. The rapid sand filter was first introduced in the USA in 1885, since when it has gained popularity worldwide, including developing countries. The filtration rate is around 4000-7500 L/m2/hr, with sand
granular size (diameter mm) ranging from 0.4 to 0.7. Pretreatment of water includes coagulation and sedimentation steps. Backwashing helps clean the filter by flushing out trapped particles. Prior water storage is required before filtration can begin. The bacterial removal rate ranges from 98-99%. Rapid sand filtration operates through five stages:
addition of iron or aluminum salts as coagulants, followed by violent mixing to create sticky flocs that attract dirt particles. The treated water then undergoes slow and gentle stirring in a flocculation chamber before being transferred to sedimentation tanks for gravity settling and flocculent precipitation. Rapid sand filters are designed to purify water
by using raw water directly, eliminating the need for preliminary storage. The filter bed occupies minimal space and can be easily cleaned. In contrast, slow sand/biological filters require a separate sedimentation tank to remove sludge and molluscs that might grow if not properly maintained. Treated water from rapid sand filters enters a filtration
process that includes pretreatment, a filter box, and control valves. The filters absorb or hold back microorganisms, purifying the water as it passes through. The advantages of rapid sand filters include quick filtration (40-50 times faster than slow sand filters), ease of cleaning, flexible operation, and cost-effectiveness in the future. To meet
disinfection standards, chlorine is used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms without affecting water properties like pH or temperature. Chlorine gas is preferred due to its affordability, efficiency, rapid action, and ease of use, but it can be hazardous to eyes and toxic. The Paterson's chloronome instrument helps measure, control, and administer
chlorine gas. Chlorination effectively kills pathogenic bacteria but not spores or some viruses. It also oxidizes manganese, hydrogen sulfide, and iron, improving water taste and odor by destroying odor-producing components. It reduces algae growth and controls coagulation of acid and slime organisms while maintaining residual disinfection. To
ensure effective chlorination treatment, water should be clear and turbidity-free. However, high levels of turbidity can reduce the effectiveness of chlorine treatment. To eradicate bacteria and viruses, free chlorine must be present for at least 1 hour of contact. The recommended concentration for free chlorine is 0.5 mg/L, with a minimum contact
time of one hour. This ensures a margin of safety against microbial contamination during storage and distribution. Residual chlorine tests include Orthotolidine (OT) and Orthotolidine Arsenite (OTA). Although OT is less expensive, both methods can detect residual chlorine. Chlorine is effective in killing most bacterial contaminants but forms
carcinogenic halogenated compounds. It's a powerful oxidizing agent that was previously used in Europe and Canada, requiring chlorination and no residual effect. UV rays are another disinfection method, used in the UK, but it's more expensive. Water should be clear to ensure proper treatment. Chlorine doesn't kill bacteria or germs during
transmission through pipes connecting the treatment plant to taps. The combination of chlorine and ammonia forms less effective chloramine. Membrane-processes water treatment techniques, such as high-pressure processes and lower-pressure processes, offer promising options for reliable drinking water production. These processes include
reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. Reverse osmosis is a semi-advanced desalination system that applies pressure to a saltwater solution, forcing it through a semi-permeable membrane with pores smaller than 0.002 μm. It doesn't allow monovalent ions or organics with molecular weights greater than 50 daltons. Nanofiltration produces water more
quickly using less energy due to its loose structure and pore size of around 0.001-0.01 μm. It allows monovalent ions like sodium or potassium but not high proportions of divalent ions like calcium and magnesium. The advantages of nanofiltration include easy automation, compact size, broad-spectrum elimination of water impurities, ability to adjust
feed water quality, effective removal of color-forming organic compounds, and partial removal of dissolved ions. Ultrafiltration doesn't allow organic molecules with molecular weights greater than 800 daltons, with a pore size of 0.002-0.03 μm. Microfiltration removes particles larger than 0.05 μm. Water purification methods for household use
include boiling and chemical disinfection. Boiling involves heating water for 10-20 minutes to kill microorganisms, remove temporary hardness, and sterilize the water. Chemical disinfection can be achieved using bleaching powder, chlorine solution, chlorine tablets, high-test hypochlorite (HTH), iodine, or potassium permanganate. Bleaching powder
is an amorphous white powder with a pungent smell of chlorine. Freshly prepared bleaching powder contains 33% available chlorine and should be kept in a closed container to maintain its strength. A 5% solution can be used for disinfection. Chlorine solutions are available in various strengths, including ready-made solutions from the market.
Chlorine tablets, such as Halazone Tablets, are effective for small quantities of water. High-test hypochlorite (HTH) is a calcium compound that contains 60-70% available chlorine and can disinfect one liter of water per gram. Iodine is another treatment option for water disinfection, with 2 drops of a 2% ethanol solution sufficient for one liter of
water. Potassium permanganate is an oxidizing agent, but it has limited effectiveness as a water disinfectant. It may alter the color, smell, and taste of the water. Water purification techniques are crucial for ensuring access to safe drinking water, particularly in rural areas where wells are a primary source of supply. The Pasteur Chamberland filter
and Berkefeld Filter are two notable methods that utilize porcelain or infusorial candles to remove impurities and bacteria from water. While these filters can effectively eliminate bacterial contaminants, they do not provide complete protection against viruses. During epidemics, it is essential to disinfect wells to prevent the spread of diseases like
cholera and gastroenteritis. A simple and cost-effective method for well disinfection involves using a 2.5 g bleaching powder to treat 1,000 liters of water. After a one-hour contact period, the treated water can be safely consumed. In addition to traditional methods like filter candles and well disinfection, modern techniques such as nanofiltration have
also been explored for drinking water treatment. Research has shown that nanofiltration can be an effective tool for removing contaminants from water supplies.