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On new types of sets in ideal topological spaces

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 ON NEW TYPE OF SETS IN IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

A. Selvakumar1 and S. Jafari2

1
Department of Mathematics
Kongunadu Arts and Science College
Coimbatore-29,
Tamilnadu, India.
E-mail : selvam [email protected]
2
College of Vestsjaelland South,
Herrestraede 11,
4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the notion of Ig̃α -closed sets in ideal topolog-
ical spaces and investigate some of their properties. Furthur, we introduce
the concept of mildly Ig̃α -closed sets and Ig̃α normal space.
Keywords. τ ∗ -closed set, Ig̃α -closed set and mildly Ig̃α -closed set.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 54A05, 54D10, 54F65,
54G05.

1. INTRODUCTION and PRELIMINARIES

N. Levine [7,8] introduced the concept of generalized closed sets and semi-
closed sets in topological spaces. The concept of g̃α-closed sets were introduced
by R. Devi et al. [2]. J. Dontchev et al.[4] introduced the notion of the general-
ized closed sets in ideal topological space (i.e. I-g-closed sets) in 1999. In 2008,
Navaneethakrishnan and P. Joseph have studied some characterizations of normal
spaces via Ig open sets [10]. In this paper, we introduce the notion of Ig̃α -closed
sets in ideal topological spaces and investigate some of their properties. Further,

1
we introduce the concept of mildly Ig̃α -closed sets.

An ideal I [5] on a topological space (X, τ ) is a non-empty collection of subsets

of X satisfies

(a) A ∈ I and B ⊂ A implies B ∈ I and

(b) A ∈ I and B ∈ I implies A ∪ B ∈ I.

Given a topological space (X, τ ) with an ideal I on X and if P (X) is the set
of all subsets of X, a set operator (·)∗ : P (X) → P (X), called a local function [5]
of A with respect to τ and I is defined as follows: For A ⊂ X, A∗ (I, τ ) = {x ∈ X
:U ∩ A 6= I for every U ∈ τ (x)}, where τ (x) = {U ∈ τ : x ∈ U }. We will make use
of the basic facts about the local functions [5, Theorem 2.3] without mentioning it
explicitly. A Kuratowski closure operator cl∗ (·) for a topology τ ∗ (I, τ ), called the
τ ∗ -topology, finer than τ is defined by cl∗ (A)= A ∪ A∗ (I, τ ) [16]. When there is
no chance for confusion, we will simply write A∗ for A∗ (I, τ ) and τ ∗ for τ ∗ (I, τ ).
If I is an ideal on X, then (X, τ, I) is called ideal space. A subset A of an ideal
space (X, τ, I) is τ ∗ closed [5] if A∗ ⊂ A.

By a space, we always mean a topological space (X, τ ) with no separation

properties assumed. If A ⊂ X, cl(A) and int(A) will, respectively, denote the clo-
sure and interior of A in (X, τ ) and int∗ (A) will denote the interior of A in (X, τ ∗ ).

Definition 1.1. A subset A of a space (X, τ ) is called a

(a) semi-open set [8] if A ⊆ cl(int(A)) and a semi-closed set [8] if int(cl(A)) ⊆ A,

(b) α-open set [12] if A ⊆ int(cl(int(A))) and an α-closed set [12] if cl(int(cl(A))) ⊆
A and

(c) regular open [15] if A = int(cl(A)).

The semi-closure (resp. α-closure) of a subset A of a space (X, τ ) is the inter-

section of all semi-closed (resp. α-closed) sets that contain A and is denoted by

2
scl(A) (resp. αcl(A)).

Definition 1.2. A subset A of a topological space (X, τ ) is called

(a) a g-closed set [7] if cl(A) ⊂ U whenever A ⊂ U and U is open in (X, τ ),

(b) an αg-closed set [9] if αcl(A) ⊂ U whenever A ⊂ U and U is open in (X, τ ),

(c) a gb-closed set [18,20] if cl(A) ⊂ U whenever A ⊂ U and U is semi-open in

(X, τ ),

(d) a ∗ g-closed set [17] if cl(A) ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is gb-open in (X, τ ),

(e) a ] gs-closed set [19] if scl(A) ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is ∗ g-open in

(X, τ ) and

(f) a geα-closed set [2] if αcl(A) ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is ] gs-open set of

(X, τ ). The complement of an geα-closed set is called geα-open.
n o
The set ∩ F ⊂ X : F ⊇ A, F is geα -closed is called geα-closure of A and is
denoted by cle
g α(A).

Definition 1.3. A subset A of an ideal topological space (X, τ, I) is called

(a) an Ig closed [4] if A∗ ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is open in (X, I, τ ),

(b) an Irg closed [11] if A∗ ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is regular open in

(X, I, τ ),

(c) an Iαgg closed [13] if A∗ ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is αg-open in (X, I, τ ),

(d) an I-R closed [1] if A = cl∗ (int(A)) and

(e) a pre-I-closed [3] if cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ A.

Lemma 1.4. [14] Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space A ⊆ X.If A ⊆ A∗ ,

then A∗ = cl(A∗ ) = cl(A) = cl∗ (A).

3
Lemma 1.5. [5] Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A, B be sub-
sets of X. Then the following properties hold:

(a) A ⊂ B implies A∗ ⊂ B ∗

(b) A∗ = cl(A∗ ) ⊂ cl(A)

(c) (A∗ )∗ ⊂ A∗

(d) (A ∪ B)∗ = A∗ ∪ B ∗

2. Properties of Ig̃α -closed sets in an ideal topological spaces

Definition 2.1. A subset A of an ideal space (X, τ, I) is said to be Ig̃α -closed set
if A∗ ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open set.

Theorem 2.2.

(a) Every ∗-closed set is Ig̃α -closed set.

(b) Every Iαgg -closed set is Ig̃α -closed set.

(c) Every Ig̃α -closed set is Irg -closed set.

(d) Every Ig̃α -closed set is Ig -closed set.

Proof.

(a) It is obvious.

(b) Let A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open set and hence αg-open set. Since A is Iαgg -
closed, we have A∗ ⊆ U . Therefore A is Ig̃α -closed set.

(c) Let A ⊆ U and U is regular open set and hence g̃α-open set. Since A is
Ig̃α -closed, we have A∗ ⊆ U . Therefore A is Irg -closed set.

4
 (d) Let A ⊆ U and U is open set and hence g̃α-open set. Since A is Ig̃α -closed,
we have A∗ ⊆ U . Therefore A is Ig -closed set.

The converse of the above theorems need not be true by the following examples.

Example 2.3.

(a) Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space such that X = {a, b, c}, τ =
{X, φ, {a, b}} and I = {φ}. Then {a, c} is Ig̃α -closed set but not ∗-closed.

(b) Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space such that X = {a, b, c}, τ =
{X, φ, {a}, {b, c}} and I = {φ, {c}}. Then {b} is Ig̃α -closed set but not
Iαgg -closed.

(c) Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space such that X = {a, b, c, d}, τ =
{X, φ, {a}, {b}, {a, b}} and I = {φ}. Then {c} is Irg -closed set but not
Ig̃α -closed.

(d) Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space such that X = {a, b, c}, τ =
{X, φ, {a}} and I = {φ, {a}}. Then {a, c} is Ig -closed set but not Ig̃α -closed.

Theorem 2.4. The union of two Ig̃α -closed sets are Ig̃α -closed set.
Proof. Let A and B are Ig̃α -closed sets. Let U be a Ig̃α -open set containing
A ∪ B. Since A and B are Ig̃α -closed sets, A∗ ⊆ U and B ∗ ⊆ U . We have
(A ∪ B)∗ = A∗ ∪ B ∗ , (A ∪ B)∗ ⊆ U . Therefore A ∪ B is Ig̃α -closed set.

Remark 2.5. The intersection of two Ig̃α -closed sets need not be Ig̃α -closed.
Proof. It follows from the following example.

Example 2.6. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space such that X = {a, b, c, d},
τ = {X, φ, {a}, {b}, {a, b}} and I = {φ}. Then A = {a, c} and B = {a, d} are
Ig̃α -closed set but A ∩ B = {a} is not Ig̃α -closed.

5
Theorem 2.7. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space. For every A ∈ I,
A is Ig̃α -closed.
Proof. Let A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open set. Since A∗ = φ, A∗ ⊆ U . Therefore A is
Ig̃α -closed.

Theorem 2.8. If (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space, then A∗ is always Ig̃α -

closed for every subset A of X.
Proof. Let A∗ ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open set. Since (A∗ )∗ ⊆ A∗ , we have (A∗ )∗ ⊆ U
implies A∗ ⊆ U . Hence A∗ is Ig̃α -closed.

Theorem 2.9. If (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space, then every Ig̃α -closed,
g̃α-open set is ∗-closed set.
Proof. Since A is Ig̃α -closed and g̃α-open set. Then A∗ ⊆ A, A ⊆ A and A is
g̃α-open. Hence A is ∗-closed set.

Theorem 2.10. If (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X, then the following are equivalent.

(a) A is Ig̃α -closed.

(b) cl∗ (A) ⊆ U , A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open in X.

(c) For all x ∈ cl∗ (A), g̃αcl{x} ∩ A 6= φ.

(d) cl∗ (A) − A contains no non-empty g̃α-closed set.

(e) A∗ − A contains no non-empty g̃α-closed set.

Proof. (a) ⇒ (b) If A is Ig̃α -closed, then A∗ ⊆ U , A ⊆ U and U g̃α-open in X

and so cl∗ (A) = A ∪ A∗ ⊆ U , A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open in X.
(b) ⇒ (c) Suppose x ∈ cl∗ (A). If g̃αcl{x} ∩ A = φ, then A ⊆ X − g̃αcl{x}. By
(b) cl∗ (A) ⊆ X − g̃α{x}, a contradiction.
(c) ⇒ (d) Suppose F ⊆ cl∗ (A) − A, F is g̃α-closed and x ∈ F . Since F ⊆ X − A

6
and F is g̃α-closed, then A ⊆ X − F and F is g̃α-closed, g̃αcl{x} ∩ A = φ. Since
x ∈ cl∗ (A), by (c) g̃αcl{x} ∩ A 6= φ. Therefore cl∗ (A) − A contains no non-empty
g̃α-closed set.
(d) ⇒ (e) Since cl∗ (A)−A = (A∪A∗ )−A = (A∪A∗ )∩Ac = (A∩Ac )∪(A∗ ∩Ac ) =
A∗ ∩ Ac = A∗ − A. Therefore A∗ − A contains no non-empty g̃α-closed set.
(e) ⇒ (a) Let A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-closed set. Therefore X − U ⊆ X − A and
A∗ ∩ (X − U ) ⊆ A∗ ∩ (X − A) = A∗ − A. Since A∗ is always closed set, so
A∗ ∩ (X − U ) is g̃α-closed set contained in A∗ − A. Therefore A∗ ∩ (X − U ) = φ
and hence A∗ ⊆ U which implies A is Ig̃α -closed.

Theorem 2.11. If (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A be an Ig̃α -closed,

then the following are equivalent.

(a) A is a ∗-closed set.

(b) cl∗ (A) − A is a g̃α-closed set.

(c) A∗ − A is a g̃α-closed set.

Proof. (a) ⇒ (b) If A ia ∗-closed, then A∗ ⊆ A and so cl∗ (A)−A = (A∪A∗ )−A =
φ. Hence cl∗ (A) − A is g̃α-closed.
(b) ⇒ (c) Since cl∗ (A)−A = (A∪A∗ )−A = (A∪A∗ )∩Ac = (A∩Ac )∪(A∗ ∩Ac ) =
A∗ ∩ Ac = A∗ − A and so A∗ − A is g̃α-closed.
(c) ⇒ (a) If A∗ − A is a g̃α-closed set and A is Ig̃α -closed set, by Theorem 2.10.
A∗ − A = φ and so A is ∗-closed.

Theorem 2.12. If (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X. Then A is Ig̃α -closed if and only if A = F − N where F is ∗-closed and N
contains no non-empty g̃α-closed set.
Proof. If A is Ig̃α -closed, then by Theorem 2.10. N = A∗ − A contains no non-
empty g̃α-closed set. If F =cl∗ (A), then F is ∗-closed such that F −N = (A∪A∗ )−
(A∗ − A) = (A ∪ A∗ ) ∩ (A∗ ∩ Ac )c = (A ∪ A∗ ) ∩ (A ∪ (A∗ )c ) = A ∪ (A∗ ∩ (A∗ )c ) = A.

7
 Conversely suppose A = F − N where F is ∗-closed and N contains no non-
empty g̃α-closed set. Let U be a g̃α-open set such that A ⊆ U . Then F − N ⊆ U
implies F ∩ (X − U ) ⊆ N . Now A ⊆ F and F ∗ ⊆ F then A∗ ⊆ F ∗ and
so A∗ ∩ (X − U ) ⊆ F ∗ ∩ (X − U ) ⊆ F ∩ (X − U ) ⊆ N . By hypothesis, since
A∗ ∩(X −U ) is g̃α-closed, A∗ ∩(X −U ) = φ and so A∗ ⊆ U . Hence A is Ig̃α -closed.

Theorem 2.13. If (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space. If A and B are subset

of X such that A ⊆ B ⊆ cl∗ (A) and A is Ig̃α -closed, then B is g̃α-closed.
Proof. Since A is Ig̃α -closed, the by Theorem 2.10.(d) cl∗ (A) − A contains no
non-empty g̃α-closed set. Since cl∗ (B)−B ⊆ cl∗ (A)−A and so cl∗ (B)−B contains
no non-empty g̃α-closed set. Hence B is Ig̃α -closed set.

Theorem 2.14. If (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X. Then A is Ig̃α -open if and only if F ⊆ int∗ (A) whenever F is g̃α-closed and
F ⊆ A.
Proof. Suppose A is Ig̃α -open. If F is g̃α-closed and F ⊆ A, then X −A ⊆ X −F
and so cl∗ (X − A) ⊆ X − F by theorem 2.10. Therefore F ⊆ X− cl∗ (X − A) =
int∗ (A).

Conversely suppose the condition holds. Let U be a g̃α-open set such that
X − A ⊆ U . Then X − U ⊆ A and so X − U ⊆ int∗ (A) implies cl∗ (X − A) ⊆ U ,
by theorem 2.10, X − A is Ig̃α -closed. Hence A is Ig̃α -open set.

Theorem 2.15. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X. If A is Ig̃α -open and int∗ (A) ⊆ B ⊆ A, then B is Ig̃α -open.
Proof. Since A is Ig̃α -open, then X − A is Ig̃α -closed. By Theorem 2.10.
cl∗ (X − A) − (X − A) contains no non-empty g̃α-closed set. Since int∗ (A) ⊆
int∗ (B) which implies cl∗ (X − B) ⊆ cl∗ (X − A) and so cl∗ (X − B) − (X − B) ⊆
cl∗ (X − A) − (X − A). Hence B is Ig̃α -open.

Theorem 2.16. If (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

8
of X, then the following are equivalent.

(a) A is Ig̃α -closed.

(b) A ∪ (X − A∗ ) is Ig̃α -closed.

(c) A∗ − A is Ig̃α -open.

Proof. (a) ⇒ (b) Suppose A is Ig̃α -closed. If U is any g̃α-open set such that
A∪(X −A∗ ) ⊆ U , then X −U ⊆ X −(A∪(X −A∗ )) = X ∩(A∪(A∗ )c )c = A∗ ∩Ac =
A∗ − A. Since A is g̃α-closed, by Theorem 2.10(e), it follows that X − U = φ and
so X = U . Therefore A ∪ (X − A∗ ) ⊆ U which implies A ∪ (X − A∗ ) ⊆ X and so
(A ∪ (X − A∗ ))∗ ⊆ X ∗ ⊆ X = U . Hence A ∪ (X − A∗ ) is Ig̃α -closed.
(b) ⇒ (a) Suppose A ∪ (X − A∗ ) is Ig̃α -closed. If F is any g̃α-closed-set such
that F ⊆ A∗ − A, then F ⊆ A∗ and F does not contained in A which implies
(A − A∗ ) ⊆ X − F and A ⊆ X − F . Therefore A ∪ (X − A∗ ) ⊆ A ∪ (X − F ) =
X − F and X − F is g̃α-open. Since (A ∪ (X − A∗ ))∗ ⊆ X − F which implies
A∗ ∪ (X − A∗ )∗ ⊆ X − F and so A∗ ⊆ X − F which implies F ⊆ X − A∗ . Since
F ⊆ A∗ , it follows that F = φ. Hence A is Ig̃α -closed.
(b) ⇐⇒ (c) Since X − (A∗ − A) = X ∩ (A∗ ∩ Ac )c = X ∩ (A∗ c ∪ A) =
(X ∩ (A∗ )c ) ∪ (X ∩ A) = A ∪ (X − A∗ ).

Theorem 2.17. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space. Then every sub-
set X is Ig̃α -closed if and only if every g̃α-open set is ∗-closed.
Proof. Suppose every subset of X is Ig̃α -closed. If U ⊆ X is g̃α-open, then U is
Ig̃α -closed and so U ∗ ⊆ U . Hence U is ∗ -closed.

Conversely suppose that every g̃α-open set is ∗-closed. If U is g̃α-open such

that A ⊆ U ⊆ X, then A∗ ⊆ U ∗ ⊆ U and so A is Ig̃α -closed.

Theorem 2.18. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space. Then either {x}
is g̃α-closed or {x}c is Ig̃α -closed for every x ∈ X.
Proof. Suppose {x} is not g̃α-closed, then {x}c is not g̃α-open and the only g̃α-

9
open set coontaining {x}c is X and hence ({x}c )∗ ⊆ X. Thus {x}c is Ig̃α -closed.

Definition 2.19. An ideal topological space (X, τ, I),is said to be an Ig̃α normal
space if every pair of disjoint closed subsets A and B of X,there exist disjoint Ig̃α
open sets U and V such that A ⊆ U and B ⊆ V .

Theorem 2.20. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal space. Then the following are equivalent:

(i) X is Ig̃α normal.

(ii) For every closed set A and an open set V containing A there exist an Ig̃α
open set U such that A ⊂ U ⊂ cl∗ (U ) ⊂ V .

Proof.(i) ⇒ (ii) Let A be a closed set and V be an open set containing A. Then A
and X −V are disjoint closed set and so there exist disjoint Ig̃α open sets U and W
such that A ⊂ U and X − V ⊂ W . Now U ∩ W = φ implies that U ∩ int∗ (W ) = φ
which implies that U ⊂ X − int∗ (W ) = φ and so cl∗ (U ) ⊂ X − int∗ (W ). Again,
X − V ⊂ W implies that X − W ⊂ V where V is open which implies that
cl∗ (X−W ) ⊂ V and so X−int∗ (W ) ⊂ V . Thus A ⊂ U ⊂ cl∗ (U ) ⊂ X−int∗ (W ) ⊂
V . Therefore A ⊂ U ⊂ cl∗ (U ) ⊂ V , where U is Ig̃α open.
(ii) ⇒ (i) Let A and B be two disjoint closed subsets of X, by hypothesis, there
exists an Ig̃α open set U such that A ⊂ U ⊂ cl∗ (U ) ⊂ X − B. Now cl∗ (U ) ⊂ X − B
implies that B ⊂ X − cl∗ (U ). If X − cl∗ (U ) = W , then W is an Ig̃α open. Hence
U and W are the required disjoint Ig̃α open sets containing A and B respectively.
Therefore (X, τ, I) is Ig̃α normal.

3. Mildly Ig̃α -closed sets in an ideal topological spaces

Definition 3.1. A subset A of an ideal space (X, τ, I) is said to be mildly Ig̃α -

closed set if (int(A))∗ ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open set.

Theorem 3.2.

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 (a) Every Ig̃α -closed set is mildly Ig̃α -closed set.

(b) Every pre-I-closed set is mildly Ig̃α -closed set.

Proof.

(a) Let A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open set. Since A is Ig̃α -closed set, A∗ ⊆ U which
implies (int(A))∗ ⊆ U . Therefore A is mildly Ig̃α -closed set.

(b) Let A ⊆ U and U is g̃α-open set. Since A is pre-I-closed set, cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆
A ⊆ U . Therefore A is mildly Ig̃α -closed set.

The converse of Theorem 3.2 need not be true by the following examples.

Example 3.3.

(a) Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space such that X = {a, b, c, d}, τ =
{X, φ, {a}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}} and I = {φ, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. Then {c} is
mildly Ig̃α -closed set but not Ig̃α -closed.

(b) Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space such that X = {a, b, c, d}, τ =
{X, φ, {a}, {d}, {a, d}, {b, d}, {a, b, d}} and I = {φ}. Then {c, d} is mildly
Ig̃α -closed set but not pre∗ I-closed.

Remark 3.4. The union of two mildly Ig̃α -closed set in an ideal topological space
need not be a mildly Ig̃α -closed set.
Proof. It follows from the following example.

Example 3.5. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space such that X = {a, b, c, d},
τ = {X, φ, {a}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}} and I = {φ, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. Then {a} and
{b, c} are mildly Ig̃α -closed set but their union {a, b, c} is not mildly Ig̃α -closed.

Theorem 3.6. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X. The following properties are equivalent

11
 (i) A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set

(ii) cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is a g̃α-open set in X.

Proof. (i)⇒(ii) Let A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I). Suppose that A ⊆ U
and U is a g̃α-open set in X. We have (int(A))∗ ⊆ U . Since int(A) ⊆ A ⊆ U then
(int(A))∗ ∪ (int(A)) ⊆ U ⇒ cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ U .
(ii)⇒(i) Let cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is a g̃α-open set in X. Since
(int(A))∗ ∪ (int(A)) ⊆ U then (int(A))∗ ⊆ U , A ⊆ U and U is a g̃α-open set in
X. Therefore A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I).

Theorem 3.7. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X. If A is a g̃α-open set and mildly Ig̃α -closed set then pre-I closed.
Proof. Let A be a g̃α-open set and mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I). Then
(int(A))∗ ⊆ A, A ⊆ A, A is g̃α-open set, by Theorem 3.6., cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ A,
A ⊆ A, A is g̃α-open set. Thus A is a pre-I closed set in (X, τ, I).

Theorem 3.8. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X. If A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set, then (intA)∗ -A contains no any nonempty
g̃α-closed set.
Proof. Let A be a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I). Suppose that U is g̃α-closed
set such that U ⊆ (int(A))∗ − A. Since A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set, X − U is
g̃α-open set and A ⊆ X − U then (int(A))∗ ⊆ X − U . We have U ⊆ X − (int(A))∗ .
Hence U ⊆ (int(A))∗ ∩ (X − (int(A))∗ ) = ∅. Thus (int(A))∗ − A contains no any
nonempty g̃α-closed set.

Theorem 3.9. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of U .If A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set then cl∗ (int(A)) − A contains no any nonempty
g̃α-closed set.
Proof. Suppose U is a g̃α-closed set such that U ⊆ cl∗ (int(A)) − A by Theorem
3.8. it follows from the fact that cl∗ (int(A)) − A = (int(A))∗ ∪ (int(A)) − A.

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Theorem 3.10. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset
of X. If A is mildly Ig̃α -closed set, then int(A) = H − K where H is I-R-closed
and K contains no any non-empty g̃α-closed set.
Proof. Let A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I). Take K = (int(A))∗ −
A. Then by Theorem 3.8., K contains no any nonempty g̃α-closed set. Take
H =cl∗ (int(A)). Then H =cl∗ (int(H)). Moreover we have H − K =cl∗ (int(A)) −
((int(A))∗ − A) =int(A) ∪ (int(A))∗ − ((int(A))∗ − A) =int(A) ∪ (int(A))∗ ∩ (X −
((int(A))∗ − A)) =int(A)

Theorem 3.11. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space. The following prop-
erties are equivalent.

(i) A pre-I closed for each mildly Ig̃α -closed set A in (X, τ, I).

(ii) Each singleton {x} of X is a g̃α-closed set or {x} is pre-I open.

Proof. (i)⇒(ii) Let A be pre-I closed for each mildly Ig̃α -closed set A in (X, τ, I)
and x ∈ X. We have cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ A for each mildly Ig̃α -closed set A in (X, τ, I).
Assume that {x} is not a g̃α-closed set. It follows that X is the only g̃α-open set
containing X − {x}. Then X − {x} is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I). Thus
cl∗ (int(X − {x}) ⊆ X − {x} and hence {x} ⊆ int∗ (cl({x})). Consequently {x} is
pre∗ I open.
(ii)⇒(i) Let A be a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I). Let x ∈ cl∗ (int(A)). Sup-
pose that {x} is pre-I-open. We have {x} ⊆ int∗ (cl{x}). Since x ∈ cl∗ (int(A)),
then int∗ (cl{x})∩int(A) 6= ∅. It follows that (cl{x})∩int(A) 6= ∅. We have
(cl{x})∩int(A) 6= ∅ and then {x})∩int(A) 6= ∅. Hence x ∈int(A). Thus we have
x ∈ A. Suppose that {x} is a g̃α-closed set. By theorem 3.9. cl∗ (int(A)) − A does
not contain {x}. Since x ∈cl∗ (int(A)), then we have x ∈ A. Thus cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ A
and hence A is pre-I-closed.

Theorem 3.12. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

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of X. Assume that A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set. The following properties are
equivalent.

(i) A pre-I-closed.

(ii) cl∗ (int(A)) − A is a g̃α-closed set.

(iii) (int(A))∗ − A is a g̃α-closed set.

Proof. (i)⇒(ii) Let A be pre-I-closed. We have cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ A. Then

cl∗ (int(A)) − A = ∅. Thus cl∗ (int(A)) − A is a g̃α-closed set.
(ii)⇒(i) Let cl∗ (int(A)) − A be a g̃α-closed set. Since A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set
in (X, τ, I), then by Theroem 3.9. cl∗ (int(A)) − A = ∅. Hence cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ A.
Thus A is pre-I-closed.
(ii)⇐⇒(iii) It follows easily from that cl∗ (int(A)) − A = (int(A))∗ − A.

Theorem 3.13. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X be a mildly Ig̃α -closed set. Then A ∪ (X − (int(A))∗ ) is a mildly Ig̃α -closed
set in (X, τ, I).
Proof. Let A be a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I). Suppose U is a g̃α-open set
such that A ∪ (X − (int(A))∗ ) ⊆ U . We have X − U ⊆ X − (A ∪ (X − (int(A))∗ )) =
(X − A) ∩ (int(A))∗ = (int(A))∗ − A. Since X − U is a g̃α-closed set and A is
a mildly Ig̃α -closed set, it follows from Theorem 3.8. that X − U = ∅. Hence
X = U . Thus X is the only g̃α-open set containing A ∪ (X−int(A))∗ . Hence
A ∪ (X−int(A))∗ is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I).

Theorem 3.14. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X be a mildly Ig̃α -closed set. Then (int(A))∗ − A is a mildly Ig̃α -open set in
(X, τ, I).
Proof. Since X−(int(A)∗ − A) = A ∪ X−(int(A))∗ , it is follows from Theorem
3.13. that (int(A))∗ − A is a mildly Ig̃α -open set in (X, τ, I).

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Theorem 3.15. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset
of X be a mildly Ig̃α -closed set. Then the following properties are equivalent.

(i) A is ∗-closed and open set.

(ii) A is I-R closed and open set.

(iii) A is a mildly g̃α-closed and open set.

Proof. (i)⇒ (ii) ⇒ (iii): Obvious. (iii) ⇒ (i) Since A is mildly Ig̃α -closed and
open set, then cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ A and so A =cl∗ (int(A)). Then A is I-R closed and
hence it is ∗-closed.

Theorem 3.16. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X be a mildly Ig̃α -closed set. Then the following properties are equivalent.

(i) Each subset of (X, τ, I) is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set.

(ii) A is pre-I-closed for each g̃α-open set A in X.

Proof. (i)⇒ (ii) Suppose that each subset of (Xτ, I) is a mildly Ig̃α -closed
set. Let A be a g̃α-open set. Since A is mildly Ig̃α -closed set, then we have
cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ A. Thus A is pre-I-closed.
(ii)⇒ (i) Let A be a subset of (Xτ, I) and U be a g̃α-open set such that A ⊆ U .
We have cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ cl∗ (int(U )) ⊆ U . Thus A is mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I).

Theorem 3.17. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X. If A is mildly Ig̃α -closed set and A ⊆ U ⊆ cl∗ (int(A)), then U is mildly
Ig̃α -closed set.
Proof. Let U ⊆ K and K be a g̃α-open set in X. Since A ⊆ K and A is mildly
Ig̃α -closed set, then cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ K. Since U ⊆ cl∗ (int(A)), then cl∗ (int(U )) ⊆
cl∗ (int(A)) ⊆ K. Thus cl∗ (int(U )) ⊆ K and hence U is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set.

15
Theorem 3.18. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset
of X. If A is mildly Ig̃α -closed and open set, then cl∗ (A) is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set.
Proof. Let A be mildly Ig̃α -closed and open set in (Xτ, I). We have A ⊆ cl∗ (A) =
cl∗ (int(A)). Hence by Theorem 3.17 cl∗ (A) is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I).

Theorem 3.19. Let (X, τ, I) be an ideal topological space and A is a subset

of X. If A is nowhere dense set, then A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set.
Proof. Let A be a nowhere dense set in X. Since int(A) ⊆ int(cl(A)), then
int(A) = φ. Hence cl∗ (int(A)) = φ. Thus A is a mildly Ig̃α -closed set in (X, τ, I).

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