Thai Journal of Mathematics

Volume 12 (2014) Number 2 : 499–507

http://thaijmath.in.cmu.ac.th
ISSN 1686-0209

ωα-Compactness and ωα-Connectedness

in Topological Spaces

P. G. Patil

Department of Mathematics
SKSVM Agadi College of Engineering and Technology
Laxmeshwar-582116, Karnataka, India
e-mail : [email protected]

Abstract : In this paper the concepts of ωα-compactness and ωα-connectedness

are introduced and some of their properties are obtained using ωα-closed sets.

Keywords : ωα-closed; ωα-continuous; ωα-compactness; ωα-connectedness.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification : 54D05; 54D30.

1 Introduction
The notions of compactness and connectedness are very useful and fundamen-
tal notions of general topology also in the other advanced branches of mathematics.
Many researchers [1–6] have investigated the basic properties of compactness and
connectedness.
Recently, Benchalli et al. [7, 8] introduced and studied a new class of closed
sets called ωα-closed sets and continuous maps in topological space. The aim of
this paper is to introduce the concept of ωα-compactness and ωα-connectedness
in topological spaces and is to give some characterization of ωα-compactness and
ωα-connectedness. Further it is proved that ωα-connectedness is preserved under
ωα- irresolute surjections.

Copyright ⃝ c 2014 by the Mathematical Association of Thailand.

All rights reserved.
500 T hai J. M ath. 12 (2014)/ P.G. Patil

2 Preliminaries
Throughout this paper (X, τ ), (Y, σ) and (Z, η)(or simply X, Y and Z) repre-
sent topological spaces on which no separation axioms are assumed unless other-
wise metioned. For a subset A of (X, τ ), cl(A), Int(A), αcl(A) and Ac denote the
closure of A, inerior of A, α-closure of A and the compliment of A in X respecively.
The following definitions are useful in the sequel.

Definition 2.1. Let (X, τ ) be a topological space.Then,

1. A subset A of X is called ωα-closed set [7] if αcl(A) ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U
and U is ω-open in (X, τ ).
2. A topological space (X, τ ) is said to be GO-compact [1] (resp. αGO-compact
[2]) if every g-open(resp. αg-open) cover of (X, τ ) has a finite subcover.
3. A topological space (X, τ ) is said to be GP R-compact [4] (resp. ω-compact
[6]) if every GP R-open(resp. ω-open) cover of (X, τ ) has a finite subcover.
4. A map f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is called ωα-continuous [8] (resp. ωα-irresolute) if
the inverse image of every closed (resp. ωα-closed) set in (Y, σ) is ωα-closed
in (X, τ ).
5. f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is called strongly ωα-continuous [9] (resp. perfectly ωα-
continuous) if the inverse image of every ωα-closed (resp. ωα-closed) set in
(Y, σ) is closed (resp. clopen) in (X, τ ).
6. f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is called strongly g ∗ -continuous [5] if the inverse image
of every strongly g closed set in (Y, σ) is closed in (X, τ )
7. A topological space (X, τ ) is said to be Tωα -space [7] (resp αg Tωα , ωα Tstg
space) if every ωα-closed (resp. αg-closed, ωα-closed) set is closed (resp.
ωα-closed, strongly g-closed).

3 ωα-Compactness in Topological Spaces

In this section, we introduce the concept of ωα-compactness and studied some
of their properties.

Definition 3.1. A collection {Ai : i ∈ I} of ωα-open sets in a ∪ topological space

(X, τ ) is called a ωα- open cover of a subset A in (X, τ ) if A ⊆ i∈I Ai .

Definition 3.2. A topological space(X, τ ) is called ωα-compact if every ωα-open

cover of (X, τ ) has a finite subcover.

Definition 3.3. A subset A of a topological space (X, τ ) is called ωα-compact

τ ) if for every collection {Ai : i ∈ I} of ωα-open subsets ∪
relative to (X, ∪ of (X, τ )
such that A ⊆ i∈I Ai , there exists a finite subset I0 of I such that A ⊆ i∈I0 Ai .
ωα-Compactness and ωα-Connectedness in Topological Spaces 501

Theorem 3.1. A ωα-closed subset of ωα- compact space (X, τ ) is ωα- compact
relative to (X, τ ).

Proof. Let A be a ωα- closed subset of a topological space (X, τ ). Then Ac is

ωα-open in (X, τ ). Let S = {Ai : i ∈ I} be an ωα-open cover of A by ωα-
∗
∪τ ).c Then S = S ∪ A is a ωα- open cover of (X, τ ).That
c
open subsets
∪ in (X,
is X = ( i∈I Ai ) A . By hypothesis (X, τ ) is ωα-compact and hence S ∗ is
reducible to a finite subcover of (X, τ ) say X = Ai1 ∪Ai2 ∪· · ·∪Ain ∪Ac , Aik ∈ S ∗ .
But A and Ac are disjoint. Hence A ⊆ Ai1 ∪ Ai2 ∪ · · · ∪ Ain ∈ S. Thus a ωα-
open cover S of A contains a finite subcover. Hence A is ωα-compact relative to
(X, τ ).

Theorem 3.2. Every ωα-compact space is compact.

Proof. Let (X, τ ) be a ωα-compact space. Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an open cover of

(X, τ ). By [7], {Ai : i ∈ I} is a ωα-open cover of (X, τ ). Since (X, τ ) is ωα-
compact,ωα-open cover{Ai : i ∈ I} of (X, τ ) has a finite subcover say {Ai : i =
1, . . . , n} for X. Hence (X, τ ) is compact.

Theorem 3.3. If (X, τ ) is compact and Tωα -space, then (X, τ ) is ωα- compact.

Theorem 3.4. Every αGO-compact space is ωα-compact.

Proof. Let (X, τ ) be a αGO-compact space. Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an ωα-open

cover of (X, τ ) by ωα-open sets in (X, τ ). From [7], {Ai : i ∈ I} is αg-open
cover of (X, τ ) by αg-open sets. Since (X, τ ) is αGO compact, the αg-open cover
{Ai : i ∈ I} of (X, τ ) has a finite subcover say {Ai : i = 1, . . . , n} of (X, τ ).Hence
(X, τ ) is ωα-compact.

Theorem 3.5. If (X, τ ) is ωα-compact and αg Tωα , then (X, τ ) is αGO-compact.

Theorem 3.6. Every GP R compact space is ωα-compact.

Proof. Let (X, τ ) be a GP R-copmact space. Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an ωα-open cover

of (X, τ ) by ωα-open sets. From [7], {Ai : i ∈ I} is gpr-open cover of (X, τ ), since
(X, τ ) is GP R-compact, the gpr-open cover {Ai : i ∈ I} of (X, τ ) has a finite sub
cover say {Ai : i = 1, . . . , n}. Hence (X, τ ) is ωα-compact.

Theorem 3.7. A ωα-closed subset of αGO-compact space (X, τ ) is αGO-compact

relative to (X, τ ).

Proof. From [7], every ωα-closed set is αg-closed and since αg-closed subset of a
αGO-compact space is αGO-compact relative to (X, τ ) [2], the result follows.

Theorem 3.8. The image of a ωα-compact space under ωα-continuous onto map
is compact.
502 T hai J. M ath. 12 (2014)/ P.G. Patil

Proof. Let f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) be a ωα-continuoous map from ωα-compact space

(X, τ ) on to a topological space (Y, σ). Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an open cover of
(Y, σ). Then {f −1 (Ai ) : i ∈ I} is a ωα open cover of (X, τ ), as f is ωα- continuous.
Since (X, τ ) is ωα-compact, the ωα-open cover of (X, τ ),{f −1 ∪(A i ) : i ∈ I} has a
−1 n −1
finite subcover say
∪n {f (A i ) : i = 1, . .
∪n . , n}. Therefore X = i=1 f (Ai ) which
implies f (X) = i=1 (Ai ). Then Y = i=1 (Ai ).That is {A1 , A2 , . . . , An } is a finite
subcover of {Ai : i ∈ I} for (Y, σ). Hence (Y, σ) is compact.

Theorem 3.9. If a map f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is ωα-irresolute and a subset S of

X is ωα-compact relative to (X, τ ), then the image f (S) is ωα-compact relative to
(Y, σ).

Proof. Let {Ai : i ∈ I}∪be a collection of ωα-open sets in (Y, σ), such that f (S) ⊆
∪ −1
(Ai ), where {f −1 (Ai : i ∈ I} is ωα-open set in
n
i∈I Ai . Then S ⊆ i=1 f
(X, τ ). Since S is ωα-compact relative ∪n to (X, τ ), there exists finite
∪nsubcollection
{A1 , A2 , . . . , An } such that S ⊆ i=1 f −1 (Ai ). That is f (S) ⊆ i=1 Ai . Hence
f (S) is ωα-compact relative to (Y, σ).

Theorem 3.10. If a map f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is strongly ωα-continuous map from

a compact space (X, τ ) onto a topological space (Y, σ), then (Y, σ) is ωα-compact.

Proof. Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an ωα-open cover of (Y σ). Since f is strongly ωα-

continuous, {f −1 (Ai : i ∈ I} is an open cover of (X, τ ). Again since (X, τ ) is
compact, the open cover {f −1 (Ai ) : i ∈ I} ∪nof (X, τ ) has a finite subcover say
−1 −1
{f
∪n (Ai ) : i = 1, . . . , n}.
∪n Therefore X = i=1 f (Ai ), which implies f (X) =
A
i=1 i , so that Y = A
i=1 i . That is {A1 , A2 , . . . , An } is a finite subcover of
{Ai : i ∈ I} for (Y σ). Hence (Y, σ) is compact.

Theorem 3.11. If a map f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is perfectly ωα-continuous map from

a compact spce (X, τ ) onto a topological space (Y, σ), then (Y, σ) is ωα-compact.

Theorem 3.12. A topological space (X, τ ) is ωα-compact if and only if every

family of ωα-closed sets of (X, τ ) having finite intersection property has a non-
empty intersection.

Proof. Suppose (X, τ ) is ωα-compact. Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be a family of ωα closed

sets with finite
∩ intersection property. ∩ ∪
Suppose i∈I Ai = ϕ. Then X − i∈I Ai = X. This implies i∈I (X − Ai ) =
X. Thus the cover {X − Ai : i ∈ I} is a ωα-open cover of (X, τ ). Then, the ωα-
open cover {X − A ∪i : i ∈ I} has a finite subcover say {X∩− Ai : i = 1, . . . , n}.
n
This implies X = i∈I ∩n (X − A i ) which implies X =
∩n X − i=1 Ai , which implies
X − X = X − [X − ∩ i=1 A i ] which implies ϕ = i=1 A i . This contradicts the
assumption. Hence i∈I Ai ̸= ϕ.
Conversely suppose (X, τ ) is not ωα-compact. Then there exists an ωα-open
cover of (X, τ ) say {Gi : i ∈ I} having no finite subcover. This implies ∪n for any
finite subfamily {G∪ i : i = 1, . . . , n} of {Gi : i ∈ I},∩ we have i=1 Gi ̸= X,
n
which implies X − i=1 Gi ̸= X − X, which implies i∈I (X − Gi ) ̸= ϕ. Then
ωα-Compactness and ωα-Connectedness in Topological Spaces 503

the family {X − Gi :∩i ∈ I} of ωα- closed sets has a finite intersection

∪n property.
Also
∪n by assumption i∈I (X − G i ) ̸
= ϕ which implies X − i=1 Gi ̸
= ϕ, so that
i=1 G i ̸
= X. This implies {Gi : i ∈ I} is not a cover of (X, τ ). This contradicts
the fact that {Gi : i ∈ I} is a cover for (X, τ ). Therefore a ωα-open cover
{Gi : i ∈ I} of (X, τ ) has a finite subcover {Gi : i = 1, . . . , n}. Hence (X, τ ) is
ωα-compact.

Theorem 3.13. The image of a ωα-compact space under a strongly ωα-continuous

map is ωα-compact.

Theorem 3.14. The image of a ωα-compact space under a ωα-irresolute map is

ωα-compact.

Proof. Let f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is ωα-irresolute map from a compact space (X, τ )
onto a topological space (Y, σ). Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an ωα-open cover of (Y, σ).
Then {f −1 (Ai ) : i ∈ I} is a ωα-open cover of (X, τ ), since f is ωα-irresolute.
As (X, τ ) is ωα- compact, the ωα-open cover {f −1 (Ai ) : i ∈∪I} of (X, τ ) has a
say {f −1 (Ai ) :∪i = 1, . . . , n}. Therefore X = i=1 f −1 (Ai ).Then
n
finite subcover
∪n n
f (X) = i=1 Ai , that is Y = i=1 Ai . Thus {A1 , A2 , . . . , An } is a finite subcover
of {Ai : i ∈ I} for (Y, σ). Hence (Y, σ) is ωα- compact.

4 Countably ωα-Compactness in Topological

Spaces
In this section, we study the concept of Countably ωα-compactness and their
properties.

Definition 4.1. A topological space (X, τ ) is said to be countably ωα-compact if

every countable ωα-open cover of (X, τ ) has a finite subcover.

Theorem 4.1. If (X, τ ) is a countably ωα-compact space, then (X, τ ) is countably

compact

Theorem 4.2. If (X, τ ) is a countably compact and Tωα -space, then (X, τ ) is
countably ωα-compact.

Theorem 4.3. Every ωα-compact space is countably ωα-compact.

Theorem 4.4. If f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is ωα-continuous map form a countably

ωα-compact space (X, τ ) onto a topological space (Y, σ), then (Y, σ) is countably
compact.

Theorem 4.5. Let f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is strongly ωα-continuous map form

a countably compact space (X, τ ) onto a topological space (Y, σ), then (Y, σ)) is
countably ωα-compact.
504 T hai J. M ath. 12 (2014)/ P.G. Patil

Theorem 4.6. Let f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is strongly g ∗ -continuous map form a

countably compact space (X, τ ) onto a topological space (Y, σ) and if (Y, σ) is
ωα Tstg -space, then (Y, σ) countably ωα-compact.

Proof. Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an countably ωα-open cover of (Y, σ) by ωα-open sets.

Since (Y, σ) is ωα Tstg -space ,{Ai : i ∈ I} is countably strongly g-open cover of
(Y, σ). Then {f −1 (Ai ) : i ∈ I} is a countable open cover of (X, τ ), since f is
strongly g ∗ -continuous map. As (X, τ ) is countably compact, the countable open
cover {f −1 (Ai ) :∪i ∈ I} of (X, τ ) has a finite ∪
subcove say {f −1 (Ai ) ∪
: i = 1, . . . , n}.
n −1 n n
Therefore X = i=1 f (Ai ).Then f (X) = i=1 Ai , that is Y = i=1 Ai . Thus
{A1 , A2 , . . . , An } is a finite subcover of {Ai : i ∈ I} for (Y, σ). Hence (Y, σ) is
ωα-compact.

Theorem 4.7. If a map f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ)) is perfectly ωα-continuous map form
a countably compact space (X, τ ) onto a topological space (Y, σ), then (Y, σ) is
countably ωα-compact.

Theorem 4.8. The image of a countably ωα-compact space under ωα-irresolute

map is countably ωα-compact.

Theorem 4.9. A space (X, τ ) is countably ωα-compact if and only if every count-
able family of ωα-closed sets of (X, τ ) having finite intersection property has a
non-empty intersection.

Theorem 4.10. A ωα-closed subset of a countably ωα-compact space is countably

ωα-compact.

Definition 4.2. A topological space (X, τ ) is said to be ωα-Lindelöf space if every

ωα-open cover of (X, τ ) has a countable subcover.

Theorem 4.11. Every ωα-Lindelöf space is Lindelöf space.

Theorem 4.12. If (X, τ ) is Lindelöf and Tωα - space, then (X, τ ) is ωα-Lindelöf
space.

Theorem 4.13. Every ωα-compact space is ωα-Lindelöf space.

Proof. Let (X, τ ) is ωα-compact space. Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an ωα-open cover

of (X, τ ). Then {Ai : i ∈ I} has a finite subcover say {Ai : i = 1, . . . , n}, since
(X, τ ) is ωα-compact. Since every finite subcover is always a countable subcover
and therefore, {Ai : i = 1, . . . , n} is countable subcover of {Ai : i ∈ I} for (X, τ ).
Hence (X, τ ) is ωα-Lindelöf space.

Theorem 4.14. If a map f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is ωα-continuous map form a ωα-

Lindelöf space (X, τ ) onto a topological space (Y, σ), then (Y, σ) is Lindelöf space.

Theorem 4.15. The image of a ωα-Lindelöf space under ωα-irresolute map is

ωα-Lindelöf.
ωα-Compactness and ωα-Connectedness in Topological Spaces 505

Proof. f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) is ωα-irresolute map form a ωα-Lindelöf space (X, τ )

onto a topological space (Y, σ). Let {Ai : i ∈ I} be an ωα-open cover of (Y, σ), then
{f −1 (Ai ) : i ∈ I} is an ωα-open cover of (X, τ ) as f is ωα-irresolute. Since (X, τ )
is ωα- Lindelöf, the ωα-open cover{f −1 (Ai ) : i ∈ I}∪of (X, τ ) has a countable
−1 n −1
subcover say {f ∪n (Ai ) : i = 1, . . . , n}. Therefore X = i=1 f (Ai ) which implies
f (X) = Y = i=1 Ai that is {A1 , A2 , . . . , An } is a countable subfamily of {Ai :
i ∈ I} for (Y, σ). Hence (Y, σ) is Lindelöf space.

Theorem 4.16. If (X, τ ) is ωα-Lindelöf and countably ωα-compact space then

(X, τ ) is ωα-compact.

Proof. Suppose (X, τ ) is ωα-Lindelöf and countably ωα-compact space. Let {Ai :
i ∈ I} be an ωα- open cover of (X, τ ). Since (X, τ ) is ωα-Lindelöf, {Ai : i ∈ I} has
a countable sucover say {Ain : n ∈ N }. Therefore, {Ain : n ∈ N } is a countable
subcover of (X, τ ) and {Ain : n ∈ N } is subfamily of {Ai : i ∈ I} and so {Ain : n ∈
N } is a countably ωα-open cover of (X, τ ). Again since (X, τ ) is countably ωα-
compact, {Ain : n ∈ N } has a finite subcover say {Aik : k = 1, . . . , n}. Therefore
{Aik : k = 1, . . . , n} ⊆ {Ain : n ∈ N } and {Ain : n ∈ N } ⊆ {Ai : i ∈ I}. Therefore
{Aik : k = 1, . . . , n} is a finite subcover of {Ai : i ∈ I} for (X, τ ). Hence (X, τ ) is
ωα-compact space.

Theorem 4.17. A ωα-closed subspace of a ωα-Lindelöf space is ωα-Lindelöf.

Proof. Let (X, τ ) be a ωα-Lindelöf space. Let (Y, τy ) be a ωα-closed subspace of

(X, τ ). Let G = {Gi : i ∈ I} be an ωα-open cover of (Y, τy ). Now Gi is ∩ open
in (Y, τy ) for all i ∈ I. Now Gi can be expressed as Y ∩ Hi ,that is Gi = Y Hi
for all i ∈ I where Hi is ωα-open in (X, τ ). Then {Hi : i ∈ I} ∪ (X − Y ) is an
ωα-open cover of (X, τ ). Since (X, τ ) is ωα-Lindelöf space, there is an ωα-open
cover of (X, τ ) which has a countable subcover say {Hin : n ∈ N } ∪ (X − Y ).
Let u = {Y ∩ Hin : n ∈ N }. But Y ∩ Hin = Gin , for all i ∈ I. Therefore
u = {Gin : n ∈ N } ⊆ {Gi : n ∈ I}, u is a countable subcover of G for (Y τy ).
Therefore every ωα-open cover of (Y, τy ) has a countable subcover u. Hence (Y τy )
is ωα-Lindelöf space.

5 ωα-Connectedness in Topological Spaces

Definition 5.1. A topological space (X, τ ) is said to be ωα-connected if X cannot
be written as a disjoint union of two non empty ωα-open sets.

A subset of (X, τ ) is ωα-connected if it is ωα-connected as a subspace.

Theorem 5.1. For a topological space (X, τ ) the following are equivalent:
1. (X, τ ) is ωα-connected
2. The only subsets of (X, τ ) which are both ωα-open and ωα-closed are the
empty set ϕ and X.
506 T hai J. M ath. 12 (2014)/ P.G. Patil

3. Each ωα-continuous map of (X, τ ) into a discrete space (Y, σ) with at least
two points is a constant map.

Proof. 1 ⇒ 2: Let G be a ωα-open and ωα-closed subset of (X, τ ). Then X − G is

also both ωα-open and ωα-closed. Then X = G ∪ (X − G) a disjoint union of two
non-empty ωα-open sets which contradicts the fact that (X, τ ) is ωα-connected.
Hence G = ϕ or X.
2 ⇒ 1: Suppose that X = A ∪ B where A and B are disjoint non-empty
ωα-open subsets of (X, τ ). Since A = X − B, then A is both ωα-open and ωα-
closed. By assumption A = ϕ or X, which is a contradiction. Hence (X, τ ) is
ωα-connected.
2 ⇒ 3: Let f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) be a ωα-continuous map, where (Y, σ) is
discrete space with at least two points. Then f −1 ({y}) is ωα- closed and ωα-open
for each y ∈ Y . That is (X, τ ) is covered by ωα -closed and ωα-open covering
{f −1 ({y}) : y ∈ Y }. By assumption, {f −1 ({y}) = ϕ or X for each y ∈ Y . If
{f −1 ({y}) = ϕ for each y ∈ Y , then f fails to be a map. Therefore there exist at
least one point say f −1 ({y1 }) ̸= ϕ, y1 ∈ Y such that f −1 ({y1 }) = X. This shows
that f is a constant map.
3 ⇒ 2: Let G be both ωα-open and ωα-closed in (X, τ ). Suppose G ̸= ϕ.
Let f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) be a ωα-continuous map defined by f (G) = {a} and
f (X − G) = {b} where a ̸= b and a, b ∈ Y . By assumption, f is constant so
G = X.

Theorem 5.2. Every ωα-connected space is connected but converse need not true
in general.

Example 5.3. Let X = {a, b, c} and τ = {ϕ, X}. Then (X, τ ) is connected but
not an ωα-connected space because X = {a} ∪ {b, c} wherer {a} and {b, c} are
ωα-open sets in (X, τ ).

Theorem 5.4. Let f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) be a ωα-continuous surjection and (X, τ )

is ωα-connected, then (Y, σ) is connected

Proof. Suppose that (Y, σ) is not connected. Let Y = A ∪ B where A and B

are disjoint non-empty open subsets in (Y, σ)). Since f is ωα-continuous, X =
f −1 (A) ∪ f −1 (B), where f −1 (A) and f −1 (B) are disjoint non-empty ωα-open
subsets in (X, τ ). This contradicts the fact that (X, τ ) is ωα-connected. Hence
(Y, σ) is connected.

Theorem 5.5. Suppose that (X, τ ) is Tωα - space, then (X, τ ) is connected if and
only if (X, τ ) is ωα-connected.

Theorem 5.6. Let f : (X, τ ) → (Y, σ) be a ωα-irresolute surjection and (X, τ ) is

ωα-connected, then (Y, σ) is ωα-connected.

Theorem 5.7. The image of a connected space under strongly ωα-continuous map
is ωα-connected.
ωα-Compactness and ωα-Connectedness in Topological Spaces 507

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(Received 25 October 2012)

(Accepted 10 July 2013)

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