Witchcraft

D ear New Driver,
This manual covers everything you need to know for safe driving on Virginia roads – from street signs to
railroad crossings to the proper hand placement on your steering wheel.
But what you’re about to read in the next few paragraphs is the most important part of this driver’s
manual – the actions you must take to protect your life while driving.
At the Virginia D MV Highway Safety O ffice, we study data to understand the driving habits that are most
likely to kill Virginians. O ur goal is to use this information to keep you safe. So, please continue reading
and take seriously the things we’ve learned.
Guys – please read extra closely. 72% of all people killed in crashes in 2023 in Virginia were men.
That’s nearly three-quarters of fatalities despite being slightly less than half the population according to
census data. Men are driving too fast, they’re driving under the influence, they’re driving distracted and
they’re not wearing their seat belts. Women do these things too – but our data shows men do them more
and the consequences are deadly.
So, please read on and take these lessons to heart. It could make all the difference in saving your life or
the lives of others on the road.
H O W TO PR OTECT YO UR LIFE BEHIN D T HE W HEEL

1. Always wear your seat belt.
In 2023, 54% of vehicle occupants killed in a crash weren’t wearing a seat belt. Wearing a
seat belt greatly increases your chances of surviving a car crash.
2. Plan ahead for a sober ride home if you’re going out drinking.
Drunk driving crashes are 100% preventable yet, in 2023, 293 people died in alcohol-related
crashes in Virginia. Use a rideshare app, call a taxi or designate a non-drinking friend.
Remember, Virginia has a zero-tolerance law for underage drinking.
3. Avoid distractions when driving.
Always keep your eyes on the road and your hands on the wheel.
When reading or sending a text, your eyes are off the road for five seconds. At 55 mph,
you’ve traveled the length of a football field essentially blindfolded.
4. Follow the posted speed limit.
In 2023, 449 people died in speed-related crashes in Virginia. It’s important to monitor your
speed and drive the speed limit.
5. Keep a safe following distance between you and the car in front of you.
Use the two-, three-, and four-second rule when trying to determine your space behind the
vehicle in front of you. Increase your following distance when road conditions change.
So, as you start your journey toward getting your driver’s license, remember to follow the rules of the road
to keep yourself and others safe. By following these simple steps, you’re not just looking out for yourself
but also helping to reduce the number of crashes, injuries and fatalities on Virginia’s roads. Safety is
everyone’s responsibility and, as a new driver, it’s now yours too.
Safe travels,
Gerald F. Lackey, Ph.D.
D MV Commissioner
Virginia Driver’s Manual:
Table of Contents
Section 1 – Testing Searching ...........................................................................19

Two-part knowledge exam .................................................3 Blind spots .........................................................................20
Road skills test ...................................................................4 Sharing the road ................................................................20
Vision screening .................................................................4 Pedestrians ............................................................20
Vision standards ....................................................4 Bicycles .................................................................20
Mopeds .................................................................20
Motorcycles ...........................................................20
Section 2 – Signals, Signs and Light rail ................................................................21
Low speed vehicles ...............................................21
Pavement Markings Trucks, tractor-trailers, buses and RVs ....................21
Traffic signals ......................................................................5
Light to medium trailers .........................................21
Lane use signals .....................................................6
Backing .............................................................................22
Traffic signs ........................................................................6
Parking .............................................................................22
Sign colors .............................................................6
Visibility .............................................................................22
Sign shapes............................................................6
Lights .................................................................................23
Regulatory signs .....................................................7
H azardous conditions ........................................................23
Warning signs ........................................................8
Night driving .........................................................23
Work zones ...........................................................10
Fog ........................................................................23
Pavement markings ............................................................11
Rain ......................................................................23
Painted curbs .....................................................................13
Snow .....................................................................23
Dangerous driving behaviors ..............................................23
Aggressive driving ..................................................23
Section 3 – Safe Driving Distracted driving ..................................................24
H and position ....................................................................14
Drowsy driving ......................................................24
Speed limits .......................................................................14
Drinking and driving ..............................................24
Stopping ............................................................................15
Traffic crashes ....................................................................25
Yielding the right-of-way ....................................................16
D eer/large animal hazards ..................................................25
Roundabouts .....................................................................16
Traffic stops ........................................................................26
Changing lanes ..................................................................17
Passing .............................................................................17
O ver-correcting .................................................................18
Turning .............................................................................18
Section 4 – Seat Belts, Airbags, and
U-turns .............................................................................18 Child Safety Seats
Turn signals ........................................................................18 Seat belts ...........................................................................26
Maintaining a space cushion ..............................................19 Air bags .............................................................................27
Following distance .................................................19 Child safety seats ...............................................................27
V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L | 1
Table of Contents
Section 5 – Penalties
License suspension ............................................................28
License revocation .............................................................28
Conviction-related suspensions and revocations .................28
O ther D MV requirements, suspensions and revocations .....29
Driver Improvement Program ................................29
Medical review program ........................................29
Insurance monitoring program ...............................30
Suspension for failing to satisfy child
support-related requirements ................................30
Alcohol and the law ...........................................................30
Administrative License Suspension .........................30
O pen alcohol containers in vehicles ......................30
Transporting children while under the influence
of alcohol/drugs .....................................................30
Vehicle impoundment ...........................................30
Restitution .............................................................30
Alcohol related violations and penalties
involving persons under age 21 .............................30
Section 6 – License Types

Learner’s permit ................................................................31
Driver’s license ..................................................................32
Commercial driver’s license ...............................................32
School bus driver’s license .................................................32
International driver’s license ..............................................32
Section 7 – Other Important

Information
Receiving your license by mail ...........................................33
Address Changes ................................................................33
New to Virginia ..................................................................33
Titles, registrations, license plates, decals ............................33
Safety inspections ..............................................................33
Tire safety inspections ........................................................33
Insurance requirements .....................................................34
Applying to register to vote ................................................34
O rgan, eye and tissue donation ..........................................34
Section 8 – Sample Knowledge Exam

Sample exam .....................................................................35
2 | V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L
The exam may be taken only once per business day. An
audio version of the exam is available and the exam is offered
Section 1: in many different languages and American Sign Language.
Therefore, translators may not be used for tests in offered
Testing languages.
If you fail the knowledge exam three times, you will not be
able to take it a fourth time until you complete and pass the
classroom component of driver education.
You may have the option of completing an 8-hour course

based on the Virginia Driver’s Manual and approved by D MV
exclusively for satisfying the three-times-failure requirement.
This course is available at a driver training school and online.
Please see the requirements below based on your age.
Customers age 18 and older may complete a course
based on the Virginia Driver’s Manual. The completion
date of the driver’s manual course must be after the
date that you failed the knowledge exam the third time.
When you successfully complete the course and give
D MV your certificate of completion, you can take the
knowledge exam again.
Customers younger than 18 may complete the course
In this section you’ll learn about: based on the Virginia Driver’s Manual if they have
previously completed the classroom component of
Two-part knowledge exam
driver education. Before you can take this course, you
Road skills test must present your certificate of completion for the
Vision screening classroom component of driver education to the driver
Vision standards training school that will be conducting the driver’s
manual course. The completion date of the driver’s
manual course must be after the date that you failed the
knowledge exam the third time. When you successfully
complete the course and give D MV your certificate of
Tests will include a vision screening and may completion, you can take the knowledge exam again.
include a two-part knowledge exam and a road skills test. A
D MV representative will tell you which tests you need to take. When testing, you cannot:
get help while taking the exam
Two-Part Knowledge Exam help another person taking the exam
try to get test questions or answers before the exam
You will need to take the knowledge exam if you do not
hold a valid driver’s license from another U. S. state, give another person exam questions or answers
Canada, Germany, France, or the Republic of Korea. The use a cell phone during the exam
two-part knowledge exam is given on a computer and tests
your knowledge of traffic signs, motor vehicle laws, and A sample knowledge exam is in Section 8 of this manual and
safe driving. Exam questions are taken from information in at dmv.virginia.gov.
this manual. You must correctly answer all ten traffic sign
questions in part one of the exam before you can take part
two of the exam. Part two tests your general knowledge
Services for Persons With Disabilities
with multiple choice questions. You must answer at least 80 Customers with special needs or who require special help
percent of these questions correctly to pass part two. with applications or testing should tell a D MV staff member
at any D MV location.
If you fail the exam and you are under age 18, by law you
must wait a full 15 days before you can retake the exam. For
example, if you fail the exam on January 1, the earliest you
can take the exam again is January 17.
Section 1: Testing
Road Skills Test Vision Screening

You will need to take the road skills test if you do not hold To screen your vision, a D MV staff member will ask you to
a valid driver’s license from another U. S. state, Canada, look into a machine and read a series of letters or numbers.
Germany, France, the Republic of Korea, or Taiwan. You must The vision screening is not a medical exam. The screening
provide a vehicle for the road skills test (cannot be taken in shows whether your vision meets Virginia’s standards to safely
an autocycle). The vehicle must have a valid safety inspection drive. If you fail the vision screening, you may be asked to
sticker, license plates, registration card and decals, working visit an eye care professional.
brakes, safety belts, horn, lights, turn signals, mirrors and
speedometer. If you need to wear glasses or contact lenses to pass the vision
screening, you must wear them when you drive. Your license
To take the road skills test, the D MV examiner will require will display a C for this restriction. To have this restriction
that you either: removed after having laser surgery to correct your vision, you
present an acceptable driver’s education certificate of must visit a D MV customer service center and pass the vision
completion, or screening without wearing glasses or contact lenses or submit
a Vision Screening Report (MED 4).
complete a behind-the-wheel checklist (D MV form
CSMA 19 available at dmv.virginia.gov or any D MV
office) that describes specific driving tasks that you may Vision Standards
be asked to perform while taking the road skills test. A Driver’s license – unrestricted
licensed driver will need to certify on the form that he/
she has been with you while you practiced the driving 20/40 or better vision in one or both eyes, and
tasks and that you have complied with all requirements 110 degrees, or better, horizontal vision in one or both
for learner’s permit holders while operating a motor eyes, or comparable measurement that shows a field of
vehicle. vision within this range.
For applicants under 18, the road skills test will be given as Driving – restricted to daylight hours only
part of the driver education course taken at a public, private 20/70 or better vision in one or both eyes, and
or commercial driving school. If you are home schooled, refer
to the H ome-Schooled In-Car Driver Education Information 70 degrees, or better, horizontal vision. If you have
Sheet (HS 3) for more information about taking the road skills vision in only one eye, you must have horizontal vision
test. of at least 30 degrees or better when looking toward
your nose and 40 degrees or better when looking
Applicants age 18 or older must hold the learner’s permit for toward your temple, or comparable measurement that
60 days prior to the first road skills test or complete a course shows a field of vision within this range.
of driver’s education at a driver training school approved by
D MV or the D epartment of Education. For applicants who A daylight driving only restricted license permits you to drive
choose to take driver’s education, the road skills test will be only during the period of time beginning a half-hour after
administered by the driver training school. For those who opt sunrise and ending a half-hour before sunset.
to hold a learner’s permit for 60 days, the road skills test will
Bioptic telescopic lenses: If you wear bioptic telescopic
be given by a D MV staff member. The test may be taken only
lenses, read the D MV publication Driver’s Licensing
once per business day. If you fail the road skills test, you must
Information for Bioptic Telescopic Lense Wearers (MED 44)
wait two days to take it again. If you fail the road skills test
available at dmv.virginia.gov or contact D MV
at D MV three times, you will not be able to take it a fourth
at (804) 497-7100.
time until you complete and pass the in-vehicle part of driver
education at a driver training school approved by D MV or
the D epartment of Education. The completion date for the
in-vehicle part must be after the date you failed the road skills
test the third time. O nce you successfully complete the
in-vehicle part and give D MV your certificate of completion,
you can take the road skills test again.
Section 2:
You may not turn right on red if signs are posted at the
intersection that read “No Turn on Red,” or if a red arrow
pointing to the right is displayed.
Signals, Signs and Left turn on red: You may turn left at a red light if you are on
Pavement Markings
a one-way street and turning left onto another one-way street
while the traffic signal displays a red light. Before turning, you
must come to a complete stop. Look both ways and yield the
right-of-way to pedestrians and other traffic. Be sure to check
for less visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles, and
mopeds. You may not turn left on red if signs are posted at
the intersection that read “No Turn on Red,” or if a red arrow
pointing to the left is displayed.
Red arrow: A red arrow means you must stop if you intend
to move in the direction of the arrow. You may not proceed
in the direction of the arrow as long as the red
arrow is displayed, unless signs are posted at
the intersection that read “Right on Red Arrow
After Stop” or “Left on Red Arrow After Stop.”
Virginia law prohibits right and left turns at red
arrow lights.
Note: If you are traveling in another state, make sure you know
In this section you’ll learn about: its laws for right and left turns at red and red arrow lights.
Traffic signals
Traffic signs Flashing red light: At a flashing red light, come
to a complete stop and yield to oncoming
Pavement markings
vehicles and pedestrians. You may go when the
Painted curbs way is clear. At a railroad crossing, you must
come to a complete stop even if you don’t see a
train.
Flashing red arrow: At a flashing red arrow, come to a

complete stop, yield the right-of-way to vehicles coming from
Traffic signals, signs and the other direction and pedestrians in the intersection, and
pavement markings are used for traffic proceed in the direction of the arrow when the way is clear.
control to provide a smooth, orderly flow of traffic. It is
important to understand and obey them. It is illegal to avoid Yellow light or arrow: A yellow
these traffic controls by cutting through a parking lot or field. light or arrow are cautions warning
that the light is about to change.
O bey all signs and signals unless directed by a police officer; If you have not entered the
always follow the officer’s direction. intersection, stop; or, if unsafe to
stop, cautiously go through it. If
Traffic Signals you are already in the intersection, go through it cautiously.
Traffic signals apply to drivers, motorcycle riders, bicyclists, Do not speed up to beat the light.
moped-riders and pedestrians.
Flashing yellow light: A flashing yellow light
Red light: At a red light, come to a complete stop means slow down and proceed with caution.
at the stop line or, if there is no stop line, before Flashing yellow lights are at locations with
entering the intersection or before reaching the higher-than-normal hazardous conditions.
crosswalk. Remain stopped as long as the signal is
red, unless turns are allowed. Flashing yellow arrow: At a flashing yellow arrow, you may
turn in the direction of the arrow, if the way is clear. Yield
Right turn on red: You may turn right while the traffic signal the right-of-way to vehicles coming from the other direction
displays a red light. Before turning, you must come to a and pedestrians in the intersection. Be sure to check for less
complete stop. Look both ways and yield the right-of-way to visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles, and mopeds. If
pedestrians and other traffic. Be sure to check for less visible a traffic light changes from red to flashing yellow arrow while a
vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles and mopeds. pedestrian is in the intersection, allow the pedestrian to cross
the street before turning.
Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings
Green light or arrow: At a green light, you may go if the way Traffic Signs
is clear. At a green arrow, you may go in the direction of the
arrow if the way is clear. If you The color and shape of a traffic sign communicates
are turning without a green arrow, important information about the sign’s message. In poor
you must yield the right-of-way visibility conditions, such as heavy fog, you may be able to
to vehicles coming from the other make out only the shape of a sign. As you approach a sign and
direction and pedestrians in the while still distant, you may see the color long before you can
intersection. Be sure to check for read the message or see the symbol, giving you some advance
less visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles, and mopeds. information.
If a traffic light changes from red to green while a pedestrian
is in the street, allow the pedestrian to cross the street before Sign Colors
turning. Sign colors help you know what the intention of the sign is.
Out of service signals: When traffic signals are not working Red used with white conveys stop, yield, do not, and no. Stop
because of a power outage or other problem and not displaying signs, yield signs, do not enter or wrong way signs, the circle
any lights, you are required to stop, proceeding through the and slash in a no turn sign, and the restrictions in a parking sign
intersection as though it were an all-way stop. This does not are examples.
apply if a law enforcement officer or other authorized person is
directing traffic at the intersection, or if portable stop signs are in Black used with white conveys regulatory information. Speed
use. limit, do not pass, no turns are examples where the operation is
regulated by law and the black and white sign would be found.
Lane use signals indicate lanes where you can and
cannot drive during different hours of the day. Yellow used with black conveys a warning. Curve ahead,
stop ahead, overhead clearances, slippery when wet, are all
Red X: Never drive in a lane marked with examples. A specialized class of warning signs uses a strong
a red X signal. yellow/green color with black to advise of school zone,
pedestrian and/or bicyclist activities.
Yellow X or Yellow Diagonal Green and white, blue and white, and brown and white signs
Downward Arrow: These signals are used to provide helpful information. The green sign is used
mean that you should move out to provide destination types of information, while the blue sign
of the lane as soon as safely is used to inform regarding motorists services. The brown sign is
possible. used to advise of historical or cultural interests that might exist
in the area.
Green Arrow: You are permitted to drive in a
lane marked with a green arrow signal. Orange and black and pink and black signs are used to
advise and warn in construction (orange) and incident (pink)
areas. They are used with black and white signs that convey
Left-turn Arrow: You are permitted to enter in a regulations that might exist only because of the construction
lane marked with a one-way or effort or the incident.
two-way arrow only to turn in the
Sign Shapes
direction of the arrow.
Octagon (Stop): This eight-sided
shape always means stop. You
Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons must come to a complete stop
(PHBs): PHBs appear over intersections without stoplights and at the sign, stop line, pedestrian
alert drivers when pedestrians are at crosswalk or curb. Wait for any
a crosswalk. O ne yellow light at the vehicle or pedestrian to clear the way. At some intersections
bottom flashes when a pedestrian you’ll find a sign beneath the stop sign that reads “All Way” or
activates the PHB. Next, the yellow “4 Way.” At these intersections all vehicles on all roads leading
light turns solid to alert drivers to into the intersection must stop. If you get to the intersection
prepare to stop. Then, the top two at the same time as other vehicles, the driver on the left must
red lights on the PHB turn solid yield to the driver on the right.
while a walk signal appears at the
crosswalk, and drivers must stop. Triangle (Yield): You must
Lastly, while the walk signal counts slow down as you come to the
down for the pedestrians, the PHB’s two red lights alternate intersection. Be prepared to stop.
flashing, telling the driver that if the crosswalk is now clear, they Let any vehicles, pedestrians or
may proceed with caution. bicyclists safely pass before you
proceed.
Rectangle (Regulatory or Guide): No Right Turn: Right turns are illegal. Do not
Vertical signs generally give make a right turn when you see this sign.
instructions or tell you the law.
H orizontal signs may give directions
or information.
No U-Turn: U-turns are illegal. Do not make
Diamond (Warning): These signs warn a U-turn when you see this sign.
you of special conditions or hazards ahead.
Slow down and drive with caution. Be ready
to stop.
Pentagon (School Zone/School Crossing): No Turn on Red: You may not turn on the
This five-sided shape marks red light. Wait for the signal to turn green.
school zones and warns you
about school crossings. Two
signs may be used together to
show the actual location of the
crosswalk. Do Not Pass: This sign marks the beginning
of a no passing zone. You may not pass cars
ahead of you in your lane, even if the way is
Regulatory signs inform you of the law; clear.
you must obey their instructions. Remember
that a red circle with a slash means N O —
the symbol inside the circle tells you what is Left Turn Yield on Green: This sign is used
prohibited. with a traffic signal. It tells you that the traffic
turning left at a green light does not have the
Speed Limit: These signs tell you the maximum legal speed right-of-way and must yield to traffic coming
that you may drive on the road where the sign is posted when from the other direction. Stop and look for
weather conditions are good. Some roads oncoming traffic, then proceed with caution.
have electronic speed limit signs that change
based on weather or traffic conditions. During
rain, snow and ice, you may receive a ticket Keep Right: A traffic island, median or barrier is
for driving too fast for the conditions even ahead. Keep to the side indicated by the arrow.
if you are driving at or less than the posted
speed limit.
Do Not Enter – Wrong Way: These signs mean you cannot Lane Use Control: These
drive in that direction. If you drive past these signs are used where turns are
signs you are going in the required or where special turning
wrong direction and could movements are permitted for
get into a head-on crash with specific lanes. Traffic in the lane
vehicles headed your way. must turn in the direction of
Immediately slow down, pull the arrow.
over, and cautiously turn around.
High Occupancy Vehicle: These signs

One Way: Traffic flows only indicate lanes reserved for buses and
in the direction of the arrow. vehicles with a driver and one or more
passengers as specified on the sign.
Disabled Parking: Parking spaces marked

with these signs are reserved for people with
No Left Turn: Left turns are against the law. disabled parking permits.
In Virginia, U-turns are considered as two left
turns and are illegal if this sign is posted.
Warning signs alert you to possible hazards ahead. Slow Slippery When Wet: When pavement is
down and watch for other pavement markings, signs, signals wet, reduce your speed. Do not brake hard
or work zones that may follow. or change direction suddenly. Increase the
distance between your car and the one ahead
of you.
Advisory Speed: This sign indicates the
maximum safe speed for a highway exit. Low Clearance Sign: The overpass ahead has
a low clearance. Do not proceed if your vehicle
is taller than the height shown on the sign.
Reduced Speed Limit Ahead: Prepare

to reduce your speed; the speed limit is Hill: A steep grade is ahead. Check your
changing ahead. brakes.
Deer Crossing: D eer cross the roadway in

Stop Ahead/Yield Ahead: A stop this area. Slow down, be alert and be ready
sign or yield sign is ahead. Slow to stop.
down and be ready to stop.
Horse-Drawn Buggies: Regularly travel in this

area. Slow down and don’t use the horn. State
law requires motorists to pass with at least
Signal Ahead: Traffic signals are
three feet of clearance when the way is clear.
ahead. Slow down and be ready to stop.
No Passing Zone: This sign marks the Tractors and Farm Equipment: Regularly
beginning of a no passing zone. You may not travel in this area. Be ready to slow down or
pass cars ahead of you in your lane, even if stop. O nly pass when the way is clear.
the way is clear.
Pedestrian Crossing: Watch for

Merge: Two lanes of traffic moving in the same people who are walking, riding
direction are about to become one. Drivers in bicycles or other devices entering
both lanes are responsible for merging safely. a crosswalk or crossing your path.
Slow down and be prepared to
stop. A second sign with an arrow
may show the actual location of
Lane Reduction: The right lane ends soon. the crosswalk.
Drivers in the right lane must merge left when
space opens up. Drivers in the left lane should
allow other vehicles to merge smoothly. Bicycle Crossing/Bike Path:
Bicycles regularly cross or ride
beside traffic in this area. Drive
with caution. A second sign with
Divided Highway Begins: The highway ahead
an arrow may show the actual
is split into two separate roadways by
location of the bike crossing.
a median or divider and each roadway is
one-way. Keep right.
School Zone/School Crossing:

Divided Highway Ends: The highway ahead Watch out for children crossing
no longer has a median or divider. Traffic goes the street or playing. Be ready to
in both directions. Keep right. slow down or stop at school zones
and surrounding areas. O bey
the speed limit and signals from
crossing guards. A second sign
with an arrow may show the actual location of the sidewalk.
Open Joints: Slow down. O pen joints on Right and Left Curves: The road ahead
bridges or ramps could cause a motorcyclist curves right, then left. Slow down.
to lose control of the motorcycle.
Right Curve with Safe Speed Indicator:

Expansion Joints: This sign is used when a The road ahead curves right. Slow down
joint across lanes creates a bump or is wide to the safe speed indicated.
enough to cause loss of traction in
wet weather.
Winding Road: The road ahead winds with

a series of turns or curves. O n all curves, slow
Intersections: An intersection
down for better control.
is ahead. Be alert for vehicles
entering the road on which you
are traveling.
Low Ground Railroad Crossing: A steep slope
where the railroad tracks cross the road may
Y Intersection: You must bear either right or
cause the bottom of low vehicles to get caught
left ahead.
or drag on the tracks.
Railroad Crossing: Advance warning signs are

T Intersection: The roadway you are traveling placed before a railroad crossing. These signs
on ends ahead at a stop sign. You must turn warn you to look, listen, slow down and be
right or left after yielding to oncoming traffic prepared to stop for trains or any vehicles using
and pedestrians. the rails.
Roundabout: These signs indicate a circular

Railroad Crossbuck: This sign is a warning of a railroad
intersection with an island in the center
crossing. Look, listen, slow down and be
is ahead. Also called traffic circles, these
prepared to stop for trains or any vehicles
intersections may have one or more lanes.
using the rails. Trains may be approaching
Entering traffic must yield the right-of-way
from either direction. If there is more than one
to traffic already in the circle and travel in a
track, trains may be approaching from either
counter clockwise direction.
direction on either track.
Right Curve – Side Road: The road ahead

Railroad Crossbuck and Flashing Lights: Flashing lights may
curves right and a side road joins from the
be used with crossbuck signs. Always stop
left within the curve. Be alert for vehicles
when the light begins to flash and be alert for
entering the roadway you are traveling on.
approaching trains. Do not proceed until all
trains or any other vehicles using the rails have
passed, the tracks are clear, and the lights are
Sharp Right Turn: Slow down and be no longer flashing. Be especially alert at multi-
prepared for a sharp right turn in the track crossings because a second train could
road ahead. be approaching from the opposite direction.
Crossbuck, Flashing Lights and Gate: Gates

are used with flashing light signals at some
Sharp Right and Left Turns: Slow down crossings. Stop when the lights begin to flash and
and be prepared for the road ahead to before the gate lowers. Remain stopped until the
turn sharply right, then left. gates are raised and the lights stop flashing. Do
not attempt to drive around the
lowered gate.
Pavement markings, consisting of an X and RR, may be Rough Road, Bump, or Uneven Lanes: These signs are used
painted on the pavement at the approach to some crossings. when certain road conditions, such as loose gravel or road
When approaching railroad tracks, be alert. Trains may construction, affect the roadway surface and create potentially
approach the difficult
crossing at any conditions
time and from for motorists,
either direction. especially
Unless you can motorcyclists.
clear the tracks
completely, never
start across the
tracks. Make sure
there is room for
your vehicle on Road Construction Ahead – Detour: These
the other side of signs indicate a change in the traffic pattern
the tracks before or route ahead. Slow down. Unusual or
proceeding. potentially dangerous conditions are ahead.
Note: School buses must always stop at railroad crossings,

even when the lights are not flashing.
If a dangerous condition exists at a rail crossing, call the Flashing Arrow Boards: Large flashing arrow
number listed on the emergency boards or flashing message signs in work
sign. This will allow the rail zones direct drivers to proceed into different
company to stop or reroute traffic lanes and inform them that part of the
approaching rail traffic until the road ahead is closed.
hazard is removed. Be sure to give
the posted crossing number so
that the hazard can be identified Flaggers: Flaggers are highway
correctly. workers who normally wear orange
or yellow vests, or yellow-green shirts
or jackets. They use STO P/SLO W
paddles or red flags to stop or direct
traffic through the work zone, and
to let other workers or construction
vehicles cross the road.
Photo Speed Enforcement: This

sign indicates that automated photo
enforcement is in place for speeding in
a work zone. Always obey the posted
speed limit in a work zone.
If your car stalls on the tracks, don’t hesitate. Get out of the Traffic Control Devices:
car right away and run diagonally away from the tracks in the Barricades, vertical signs, concrete
direction of the oncoming train. barriers, drums and cones are the most
common devices used to guide drivers
In a work zone, the lives of highway workers depend on safely through work zones. When
drivers like you obeying the posted speed limits and avoiding driving near the devices, keep your
distractions. If you are convicted of exceeding the speed limit vehicle in the middle of the lane and
in a highway work zone, you may be fined up to $500. If you obey the posted speed limit. As you
are convicted of using a handheld communications device in leave the work zone, stay in your lane
a highway work zone, you will be fined $250. Remember, the and maintain your speed. Don’t change
color orange marks a work zone and means slow down and be lanes until you are completely clear of
alert. the work zone.
Message Boards: You may see portable or permanent message A broken yellow line
boards along roadways. They provide information about traffic, alongside a solid yellow
road, weather or other hazardous conditions. Always obey any line means that passing is
directions posted on these message boards. For information allowed from the side of
about road conditions or road construction in advance of your the broken line, but not
trip, visit www.virginiadot.org, www.511virginia.org or call 511. from the side of the solid
line.
Rumble Strips Ahead signs warn motorists of
black or orange strips placed across the travel Vehicles on the solid
lanes in advance of work zones, including a yellow line side may only
flagger or lane closure. Rumble strips should cross the line to pass
be slowly driven over, not swerved around. pedestrians, bicyclists,
and riders of scooters or
skateboards, when the
Slow Moving Vehicles traveling at 25 opposite lane is clear and you can pass safely.
MPH or less, such as farm equipment, horse-
drawn vehicles or highway work vehicles,
must display these signs when using a public Double solid yellow
highway. Be prepared to adjust your speed or lines mark the center of
position when you see a vehicle with one of the road and separate
these signs. traffic traveling in two
different directions.
Passing is not allowed in
Pavement Markings either direction. You may
not cross the lines unless
Road markings guide and warn drivers as well as regulate you are making a left turn
traffic. Markings may be red, yellow or white. They may be or passing pedestrians,
used alone or in combinations. Each has a different meaning. bicyclists, and riders of
scooters or skateboards,
Red markings are generally not used; but, some communities when the opposite lane
do use red curbs to indicate no parking zones. is clear and you can pass
safely.
Red reflectors on the pavement show areas not to be entered
or used. They are positioned on the road surface so that only
traffic flowing in the wrong direction would observe them.
Broken white lines
Yellow center lines mean two-way traffic, flowing in separate lanes of traffic
opposite directions. going in the same
direction. You may change
lanes with caution.
Broken yellow center

lines mean that passing Dotted white lines are actually small rectangles in a series
on the left is allowed in where each is closely spaced to the next. They are used to
either direction when show lane assignment in intersections and interchanges where
the way ahead is clear. there might otherwise be a tendency to drift out of a lane or
an area of intended use. O ften they are used to guide two
turning lanes through the intersection. Dotted white lines
are also used to denote the opening of a turn lane at an
intersection and entrance/exit lanes at interchanges.
Many two-lane roads in Virginia do not have lane markings

to separate the lanes. O n an unmarked two-lane road, you
may pass a slow moving vehicle on the left side if there are no
signs prohibiting passing. Make sure that the way is clear.
Solid white lines Yield line is a line of

show turn lanes triangles extending across
and discourage the roadway that may be used
with a yield sign to
lane changes near
show the point at which
intersections,
you must yield or stop, if
interchange/
necessary. A yield line is
on- and off-
often seen at the entrance
ramps, and at
of a roundabout.
other locations
where lane
changes might be
dangerous. Solid On three-lane roads with traffic moving in both directions,
white lines also road markings show when drivers may use the center lane for
mark the right making left turns or for passing.
edge of pavement.
Arrows used with If the center lane is marked by a single broken yellow line
white lines indicate which turn may be made from the lane. on both sides, drivers traveling in either direction may use
Stop lines, crosswalks and parking spaces also are marked by the center lane for passing.
white lines.
White lane arrows are curved or straight. If you are in a lane If both sides of the center
marked with a curved arrow or a curved arrow and the word lane are marked by a solid
O NLY, you must turn in the direction of the arrow. If your lane yellow line and a broken
is marked with both a curved and straight arrow, you may turn yellow line, drivers traveling
or go straight. in either direction may use
the lane for making left turns.
However, they may not travel
Wrong-way arrows indicate that traffic further than 150 feet in this
only moves in the direction indicated lane.
by the arrow. If you drive against the
direction of these arrows, you are going
in the wrong direction and could get into A shared lane marking, or
a head-on crash with vehicles headed sharrow, consists of a bicycle
your way. Immediately slow down and symbol with a double
pull over. chevron arrow above it and
is used on travel lanes too
narrow for motor vehicles
and bicycles to share side-by-
side. Sharrows clarify where
bicyclists are encouraged to
Double solid white lines separate lanes of traffic going in
ride in the lane and remind
the same direction. Most
drivers to expect bicyclists
often they are used to
on the road.
designate special use
lane from conventional
lanes, as when used Bicycle lanes are indicated by a solid
to separate a High or dashed white line or green pavement
O ccupancy Vehicle lanes markings, and a bicyclist symbol. A bicycle
from the other lanes of lane is for the preferential use of bicyclists.
an expressway. You may Drivers should not drive in the bicycle lane
not cross these lines. You except when necessary to turn left or right.
may enter the designated Before turning, check your mirrors for
special use lane only bicyclists that may be behind you and yield
where signs and markings to bicycles in the lane.
allow.
Bicycle boxes are painted on the road at intersections. They A diamond-shaped marking may also indicate that the lane is
contain a white bicycle symbol. Bike boxes and the bike reserved for use as a bus lane.
lanes approaching and leaving the box may be painted green.
Drivers must stop for a red traffic signal behind all bicycle Toll Plazas and Lanes
boxes, not inside the box. Bicycle riders will move into the
box in front of drivers at the intersection. Right turns on red All toll facilities in Virginia accept payment using E-ZPass toll
are not allowed at these intersections. If turning right on a transponders. Transponders allow drivers to pay electronically
green light, drivers must signal and yield to bicycles on the without having to stop to pay with cash. If you have a
right. transponder, as you approach a toll plaza look for and follow
signs with the purple E-ZPass logo. If you do not have a
transponder, as you approach a toll plaza, look for and follow
signs for cash only lanes.
Slow down as you approach toll plazas. Be extra cautious as

you approach, enter, and depart toll plazas. There may be
other drivers changing lanes and/or toll employees crossing
the lanes.
Some toll roads have high speed lanes reserved for vehicles
with E-ZPass transponders. Do not enter those lanes unless
you have a transponder. However, if you do enter one of those
lanes by mistake, do not stop. Stopping is unsafe and could
cause a rear-end crash. Cameras will photograph the car’s
license plate number and the registered vehicle’s owner will be
billed for the toll.
Bus-only lanes are indicated

by BUS O NLY markings and/or
red-colored pavement.
High Occupancy Vehicles (H OV)

lanes are marked on highways by
a diamond shape in the center of
the lane. H O V lanes may also be
special lanes separated by a barrier
or solid double white lines. During A painted curb means that you must follow special rules to
heavy traffic periods, H O V park there. Check with the locality for specific meanings.
lanes are reserved for Generally, the colors on the curb mean:
buses, vanpools, carpools,
other high occupancy White — Stop only long enough to pick up or drop
vehicles, motorcycles, and off passengers.
certain clean special fuel
vehicles. Road signs show Yellow — Stop only long enough to load or unload.
the minimum number of Stay with your car.
passengers a vehicle must
carry (excluding motorcycles Red — Do not stop, stand or park.
and clean fuel vehicles) to
use the H O V lanes and
the times that H O V restrictions are in effect. If the lanes are
separated by a barrier, they are reversible. This means that
during certain times of the day, traffic flows one way. During
other times of the day, traffic flows in the opposite direction.
Section 3: Safe Driving
Every time you get behind the wheel, you accept
Section 3: responsibility for your actions. You must obey Virginia’s traffic
laws, and ensure the safety of you, your passengers, and other
motorists, pedestrians and bicyclists on the roadways.
Safe Driving Hand Position
Sit straight but relaxed and place your hands on the steering
wheel. If your steering wheel were a clock, your hands should
be at the 8 o’clock and 4 o’clock positions. H old the wheel
with your fingers and thumbs. Avoid gripping it with your
palms.
In this section you’ll learn about:

Hand position
Speed limits
Stopping
Yielding the right-of-way
Roundabouts
Speed Limits
Changing lanes
Over-correcting A speed limit is the maximum legal speed you can travel on
a road under ideal conditions. You may drive slower than
Turning
the speed limit, as long as you don’t impede the normal
U-turns movement of traffic, but it is illegal to drive any faster. By law
Turn signals you must drive slower where signs indicate a school zone
speed limit or work zone speed limit is in effect, and/or if
Maintaining a space cushion
conditions such as road construction or bad weather make
Searching the posted speed unsafe. According to Virginia law, if you are
Blind spots driving 20 or more miles per hour (MPH) above the speed
Sharing the road limit, or over 85 MPH , a law enforcement officer may charge
you with reckless driving, regardless of the speed limit. It is
Backing considered a misdemeanor criminal offense if convicted of
Parking reckless driving. The court may require a fine, suspend your
Visibility driving privilege and/or impose a jail sentence. If the violation
results in death and the operator’s license was suspended
Lights
or revoked at the time of the offense, it may be considered
Hazardous conditions a felony, which carries more serious consequences. You are
Dangerous driving behaviors subject to an additional $100 fine if convicted of driving
between 81 and 85 MPH in a 65-MPH zone. It is illegal to
Traffic crashes
use radar detectors in Virginia.
Deer hazards
Traffic stops
Unless there is a speed limit sign stating otherwise, the You do not have to stop if
maximum speed limit for passenger vehicles and motorcycles you are traveling in the
is 25 MPH for school, business and opposite direction on a
residential areas; 35 MPH for unpaved roadway with a median or
roads and 55 MPH for all other roads. barrier dividing the road
Some school zones may have automated and the bus is on the
photo enforcement, as indicated by signs opposite side of the median
with the message “Speed Photo Enforced” or barrier. H owever, be
or similar. prepared for unexpected
actions by persons exiting
the school bus.
Stopping
You must always stop your vehicle:
at all stop signs, red traffic lights and flashing red signals
when entering a street or crossing over a sidewalk from
a driveway, alley, building or parking lot Stopping Distance
at railroad crossings with flashing signals Three factors determine the distance that it takes to stop
your vehicle: perception time, reaction distance and braking
when signaled by flaggers directing traffic distance.
for pedestrians attempting to cross the street at a
crosswalk Perception time: The time it takes you to recognize a hazard.
at the direction of a police officer. If you don’t obey a
law enforcement officer’s signal to stop and the officer Reaction distance: The distance your vehicle travels between
pursues you and is killed as a direct result of the pursuit, the time you recognize a problem and the time you apply the
you will be guilty of a Class 4 felony. brakes.
at the scene of a crash in which you are involved Braking distance: The distance your car travels after you
apply the brakes.
When approaching a stop sign and the car in front of you
proceeds, stop at the sign and proceed when the way is clear. Perception time, reaction distance and braking distance are
affected by weather, visibility, and your mental and physical
condition. Braking distance is also affected by how fast your
Stopping for School Buses
vehicle is traveling, the condition of your brakes and tires,
In the following pictures, the red vehicles and the pavement condition. For example, wet pavement can
must stop and remain stopped until all double your braking distance.
children are clear of the roadway and the
bus moves again.
Average stopping distance on dry, level pavement.
You must stop for stopped
school buses with flashing
red lights and an extended
stop sign when you
approach from any
direction on a highway,
private road or school
driveway. Stop and remain
stopped until all persons
are clear and the bus
moves again.
Source: Code of Virginia Section 46.2-880
You must also stop if the
bus is loading or unloading
passengers and the signals
are not on. A ntilock Brakes
If your vehicle has antilock brakes, be sure that you
understand how they work. Check your vehicle owner’s
manual and practice braking before you go out on the
road. Remember, never pump antilock brakes.
Yielding the Right-of-Way When passing stationary vehicles that have activated
vehicular hazard warning signal flashers, displayed
Yield also means to stop if you cannot merge safely into the caution signs, or been marked with properly lit flares or
flow of traffic. torches, you are required to make a lane change and
proceed with caution.
Examples of yielding the right-of-way: When passing stationary vehicles in the process of trash
When vehicles from different directions arrive at an collection on a highway of at least four lanes, change to
intersection at different times, the vehicle that arrives a lane not next to the vehicle, if you can change lanes
first goes first. safely. If on a highway of fewer than four lanes or if you
are unable to change lanes, slow down to 10 miles per
When vehicles from different directions arrive at the
hour below the posted speed limit and pass at least two
same time at an intersection with no signs or signals, the
feet to the left of the vehicle.
driver on the left must allow the driver on the right to
go first. When passing a stationary mail vehicle, proceed
with caution and maintain a safe speed for highway
If the traffic lights at an intersection are not working,
conditions.
all vehicles coming to the intersection must stop. The
driver on the left must yield to the driver on the right. Drivers are required to also change lanes and proceed
with caution for stationary vehicles displaying hazard
Drivers entering an interstate from an entrance ramp
lights, warning signs, or flares.
must yield the right-of-way to traffic already on the
highway. You may not park within 500 feet of where fire trucks or
equipment are stopped answering an alarm.
Drivers entering any intersection or roundabout must
yield to traffic already in it. Approaching vehicles – same direction
When entering a roadway from a private road or Never follow an emergency vehicle closer than 500 feet
driveway, you must stop and yield to all traffic and when its lights are flashing.
pedestrians. When police, fire and rescue vehicles or ambulances
You must yield to pedestrians or bicyclists who are approach you from behind your vehicle using a siren,
crossing a street within a clearly marked crosswalk or at flashing lights or both, you must immediately yield the
an unmarked intersection. Remember that turns on red right-of-way. Safely pull over to the right edge of the road
are especially hazardous to pedestrians. Avoid conflict and stop until the emergency vehicle has passed.
with pedestrians and bicyclists; permit them to cross the Approaching vehicles – opposite direction
street safely. When emergency vehicles approach you in the opposite
You must yield to funeral processions. Do not cut lane on an undivided highway, you must pull over to the
through, join or interfere with a funeral procession. edge of the road and stop until the emergency vehicle
Unless led by a police escort, the lead vehicle in a passes.
funeral procession must obey all traffic signs and signals. These requirements do not apply in highway work zones.
O ther drivers in the procession may follow carefully
without stopping and may use hazard lights (flashers) to
indicate they are in the procession.
Roundabouts
You must yield to all military convoys. Never cut
through or join a military convoy. Roundabouts are circular intersections with
an island in the center and have one or
more lanes. Entering traffic must yield the
Yielding to Vehicles with Flashing Lights
right-of-way to pedestrians, and to traffic
Drivers must take specific actions when they see vehicles with already in the circle. Each road approaching
flashing or blinking blue, red, amber (yellow) or white lights on the roundabout is marked with a yield sign
roadways. and may also have yield line markings on the pavement.
Stationary (Stopped) vehicles Drivers must pay attention and obey the signs. After entering
When approaching a stationary emergency vehicle or the roundabout, drivers must travel in a counter-clockwise
tow truck with flashing lights on a highway, proceed with direction.
caution and, if reasonable, with due regard for safety
and traffic conditions, change to a lane not next to the When approaching a roundabout, slow down. Use your turn
vehicle. If you are unable to safely change lanes, reduce signals to indicate where you want to go. If you plan to turn
your speed and proceed with caution. Violations can right, stay to the right as you enter the roundabout. If you
result in court suspension of your driver’s license and plan to go straight, you may stay in either lane (if it is a dual
demerit points on your driving record. lane circular intersection). If you plan to turn left, stay to the
left as you enter the roundabout.
More information about driving safely through a roundabout quickly glance over your shoulder and check for any vehicles
is available at the Virginia D epartment of Transportation web that may be in your blind spot.
site at http://www.virginiadot.org/info/faq-roundabouts.asp.
Whether you are changing lanes, passing, entering or exiting a
highway, always use your turn signals and check traffic to the
rear and sides. When driving on a multi-lane highway, stay in
the right lane if you are driving slower than the traffic around
you. The left lane is for passing only.
When passing, use the left lane and avoid cruising. The left
lane is for passing only, not cruising.
Passing
When passing another vehicle:
check the traffic
ahead of you,
behind you and
in your blind spot
before you attempt
to pass. Signal and
then accelerate to
pass. Return to the
right lane as soon
as you can see the
front of the passed
vehicle in your
Tips for driving safely through a roundabout: rearview mirror.
As you approach the roundabout, slow down; look for it is against the
the street and direction signs. This will help you know law to exceed the
which exit to take. These signs should be posted along speed limit as you
the roadside before you reach the roundabout. pass.
When you arrive at the roundabout, yield the right-of- complete the pass before you reach a No Passing zone.
way to pedestrians and bicyclists. You also must yield If you’re still in the left lane when you reach the zone,
to any vehicles already in the roundabout. Sometimes you’re breaking the law.
your entry point will be controlled by a stop or yield
you may pass on the right if the vehicle you are passing
sign, or traffic signal. When the way is clear, you may
has signaled and is making a left turn. Be cautious
enter the roundabout.
because the vehicle you are passing may be blocking
While inside the roundabout, stay in your lane until you your view or blocking the view of other drivers. You
are ready to exit. Use your vehicle’s right turn signal to may not pass on the right if you must drive off the
let drivers around you know what you want to do. pavement or main portion of the roadway to get around
Do not change lanes or take an exit before checking the other vehicle.
for vehicles that may be continuing through the when approaching or passing a person riding a bicycle,
roundabout in the lane next to you or behind you. moped, or power-assisted bicycle or other device,
Expect vehicles to be in blind spots you cannot see in reduce speed and pass at least three feet to the left.
your rearview or side mirrors. Q uickly glance over your
shoulder and check for any vehicles that may be in your When being passed, don’t speed up. Maintain a steady
blind spot. speed or slow down.
Passing is unlawful and unsafe:

Changing Lanes on hills, curves, at intersections or railroad crossings,
except on roads with two or more lanes of traffic
Before changing lanes, check your side and rearview mirrors
moving in the same direction
for traffic approaching you from behind. Then, use your turn
signal to let other drivers know you plan to change lanes. off the pavement or on the shoulder of the road
Check for other drivers who also may be moving into the when a school bus is stopped to load or unload
same lane. Just before you begin moving into the other lane, passengers on a public road (unless a physical barrier
or unpaved median separates traffic going in either When two vehicles are
direction) or on a private road approaching each other
when a solid line marks the left side of your lane and signaling to turn left,
both vehicles should turn in
when approaching a crosswalk and the vehicle front of each other so that
ahead of you or the lane next to you is stopped the passenger sides of the
vehicles are beside each
Over-correcting other.
O ver-correcting occurs when the driver turns the steering

wheel more sharply than expected, causing the rear wheels of
the vehicle to slide toward the outside of the turn. This may
result in the loss of vehicle control.
U-Turns
Most over-correction crashes are single vehicle crashes and
U-turns are not legal everywhere. Before
are often preventable. A driver should remain alert at all
you make a U-turn, check for No U-Turn
times. Reduce speed and use extra caution while driving on
or No Left Turn signs. In business districts,
curved roads. If you veer off the road, curved or straight, do
cities and towns, U-turns are allowed only
not panic. Gradually reduce your speed, look in the direction
at intersections. Never make a U-turn on a
you want to go, slowly steer back onto the roadway.
highway.
Turning When making a U-turn, turn on your left-turn signal, stop,

and yield for approaching traffic. When the way is clear,
To make a right turn you should be in the lane furthest proceed into the outside or right hand lane traveling in the
to the right. Signal your intent to turn by using the proper opposite direction.
turn signal. You should signal at least three or four seconds,
100 feet, ahead of the turn. Look to your left and right to
check the intersection for pedestrians and traffic. Then brake Turn Signals
smoothly before and during the turn. If there is a red traffic
When you plan to change lanes, turn, or enter or exit a
light or a stop sign at the intersection, come to a complete
highway, first give the proper turn signal. Using your turn
stop before you make the turn. Turn into the lane closest to
signal, which is required by law, communicates your intended
the curb unless pavement markings lead you otherwise, and
movement to drivers around you. D evelop a good habit and
then change lanes if needed.
use turn signals or hand signals even if no other traffic is on
To make a left turn you should be in the furthest left lane the road.
possible, turning into the leftmost lane on the intersecting
road, unless pavement markings lead you otherwise; or,
Hand Signals
unless multiple left turn lanes are provided. If multiple left
turn lanes are provided, you should choose the lane that will
best serve your need once you enter the intersecting road.
Signal your intent to turn by using the proper turn signal. You
should signal at least three to four seconds, 100 feet, ahead of
Left Turn Right Turn Slow or Stop
the turn. Look in all directions, checking the intersection for
Left hand and Left hand and Left hand and
pedestrians and traffic coming from the opposite direction.
arm pointing arm pointing arm pointing
Keep your front wheels pointed straight ahead until you are
straight out upward downward
actually going to make the left turn. This prevents you from
being pushed into oncoming traffic if another vehicle crashes
into you from behind. When the way is clear, make the left
When you plan to turn, signal three or four seconds, 100 feet,
turn, yield to any vehicles (including bicycles and pedestrians)
ahead of your turn. Be aware that drivers planning to turn into
approaching from the opposite direction.
your lane may not know exactly where you will turn; drivers
may pull out in front of you. Be alert.
After you complete the turn or lane change, be sure the turn
signal stops flashing.
Maintaining a Space Cushion Increase your following distance when driving:

behind a large vehicle that blocks your vision
Space around your vehicle gives you distance to react in
in bad weather or heavy traffic
emergencies and avoid a crash. Create a space cushion
around your vehicle by staying in the middle of your lane. when exiting an expressway
Make sure there is enough room ahead of your vehicle and behind a motorcycle or bicycle
behind it for other vehicles to pass or stop safely. when being tailgated
Use the two-, three- and four-second rule to determine if Tailgating is when one driver follows another too closely.
you are following far enough behind the vehicle ahead of If you find yourself in this situation, do not brake suddenly.
you. If possible, move over to another lane, or gently tap your
brakes to flash your brake lights and slow down. This should
Following Distance encourage the tailgater to pass you or slow down.
At these speeds and on dry surfaces, this distance,
Help the driver behind you by maintaining a safe following
in seconds, allows the driver to steer and brake out
distance and a steady speed. Tap your brakes to warn the
of a problem area.
driver behind you when you plan to slow down or stop.
2 seconds Under 35 MPH
3 seconds 35-45 MPH
Searching
4 seconds 46-70 MPH
* The space cushions above do not work if you’re speeding Searching means looking at the entire scene for anything that
over 70. might come into your path. As you search the road, avoid
staring at one thing. Keep your eyes moving and learn to read
the road and your surroundings.
H ere’s how the following distance
rule works. Looking ahead will help you identify risks early and provide
Glance at the vehicle ahead you with more time to react. Expert drivers try to focus
as it passes a fixed object, their eyes 20 to 30 seconds ahead. In the city, that equals
such as an overpass, sign, approximately one block. Avoid staring at the middle of the
fence, corner or other fixed road. Scan from side to side, checking for traffic signs and
mark. signals, cars or people that might be in the road by the time
you reach them.
Begin counting the seconds
it takes you to reach the
Search for clues on the road. Look for exhaust smoke, brake
same place in the road.
or back-up lights and turned wheels on vehicles. Clues like
If you reach the mark before these warn that the vehicles may pull into your path. Watch
you have counted off two, for pedestrians, bicyclists and other slow moving vehicles that
three, or four seconds, may be in the road ahead.
depending on speed, you’re
following too closely. Slow When driving in rural areas, watch for hidden intersections
down and increase your and driveways, curves, hills and different road conditions.
following distance. Watch for other vehicles, especially trucks, oversized and slow-
For bad weather conditions, moving farm vehicles, and bicycles.
heavy traffic, poor
pavement or if your vehicle Check from left to right and then left again before entering
is in poor condition, add an intersection. Whenever you reach a place in the road
extra seconds to increase where other cars, people or animals may cross your path, look
your following distance. both ways to be sure it is clear. These include intersections,
crosswalks, shopping centers, construction areas and
Drivers need to change following distance when speed or playgrounds. At any intersection, look to the left first, since
road conditions change. H and response time is close to a cars coming from the left will be closer to you. Then look to
half second. Foot response time is normally three-quarters the right and take one more quick look to the left before you
of a second. This does not take into account any delay in drive through.
perception time as a result of the driver being tired, on
Look behind. Use your rearview mirror to check the traffic
medication, distracted, etc. Road conditions, speed, driver
behind you frequently, about every 10 seconds. This will alert
alertness, and the weight of the vehicle you are driving all
you if someone is moving up too quickly or tailgating you.
change the ability to stop.
Check the traffic behind you when changing lanes, backing up,
slowing down quickly or driving down a long, steep hill.
Blind Spots overtaken from the rear by a faster-moving vehicle, bicyclists

riding side-by-side must move into a single-file formation as
Blind spots are danger areas where vehicles around you cannot soon as they can do so safely. Bicyclists may also be riding in
be easily seen. Before driving, adjust your vehicle’s mirrors. either direction on sidewalks.
Make sure the inside rear view mirror frames the entire back
window. Adjust both side mirrors so you can barely see the Bicyclists are subject to many of the same laws as drivers,
sides of your vehicle. however, some may not know or obey the rules. Slow down
when you approach bicyclists. Using marked bicycle lanes is
The best way to see a car in your blind spot is by quickly prohibited by motor vehicles, including while passing. State
turning your head and glancing over your shoulder to ensure law requires motorists to pass cyclists with at least three feet of
the way is clear before changing lanes or passing another clearance. If the lane is not wide enough to allow for a three-
vehicle. foot clearance, the motorist must change lanes to pass safely.
Give bicyclists plenty of room when passing and be prepared
Avoid driving in someone else’s blind spot. This can be just as to stop suddenly. Check your blind spots. A bicycle’s small
dangerous as not checking your own blind spot. Speed up or size allows it to slip into your blind spot easily. Always check
drop back; but, don’t stay in the other driver’s blind spot. for bicyclists before you pull out, change lanes, turn, back up,
open the door, or proceed through an intersection.
Sharing the Road Mopeds: It is against the law to operate a moped faster
Drivers share the road with many other users: moped and than 35 MPH or on an interstate highway. Any person who
motorcycle riders, trucks and buses, recreational vehicles and operates a moped faster than 35 MPH is considered to be
other vehicles of all shapes and sizes. Drivers also share the operating a motorcycle which must meet Virginia registration
road with vulnerable road users including pedestrians and requirements. In addition, the operator would be required to
those on bicycles, wheel chairs, skateboards, roller skates, hold a valid driver’s license with a motorcycle classification or
scooters, animals and animal-drawn vehicles. It is illegal to a driver’s license restricted to operating motorcycles only.
drive distracted and carelessly around vulnerable road users.
It is your responsibility to adjust your driving to avoid others’ Moped riders must be at least age 16 and obey all rules of the
mistakes and assure everyone’s safety. road. They must carry some form of government-issued photo
identification (does not have to be a driver’s license) that includes
Pedestrians are especially prone to serious injury when struck. name, address and date of birth. As a driver, treat moped riders
with the same care given to any other vehicle driver.
Be careful around schools, playgrounds
and in residential areas where people may Riders and passengers must wear helmets, and use eye
be playing or crossing the street. protection if the moped does not have a windshield. The
Be especially aware of pedestrians when moped must be titled and registered with D MV.
making a right or left turn. They have
the right-of-way. Allow pedestrians to Although you do not need a driver’s license to operate a
completely cross the street before beginning your turn. moped, you may not operate a moped if you have been
declared a habitual offender and your license is suspended or
Passing at a crosswalk is illegal. You may not see
revoked for driving while intoxicated.
pedestrians crossing the road in front of other vehicles.
Be alert for pedestrians crossing the road. Stop and Motorcycles: More than half of all fatal motorcycle crashes
remain stopped until pedestrians have passed the lane in involve automobiles. Many crashes are caused by the
which your vehicle is stopped. motorist’s failure to see a motorcycle in traffic.
Drivers are required to come to a full stop for a Look twice for motorcyclists. In more than half of all
pedestrian using a cane or guide dog, as this indicates crashes involving motorcycles and automobiles, the
blindness or vision impairment. Remember that the other driver didn’t see the motorcycle until it was too
elderly and people with disabilities may move slowly. late. Drivers are conditioned to look for four-wheeled
vehicles; but they don’t expect to see two-wheeled
Bicycles: Bicycles are considered vehicles and have the same vehicles. A motorcycle’s size also makes it difficult to
right-of-way as motor vehicles. Bicyclists are see.
allowed to ride in the center of the lane,
Check your blind spots. A motorcycle’s size allows it
when necessary, such as when they are about
to slip into your blind spot easily. Always check for
to turn left or when the lane is too narrow to
motorcycles before you pull out, change lanes, turn,
share side-by-side with a car. Bicyclists are
back up or proceed through an intersection.
legally allowed on all public roads except
interstates and most freeways (limited access Never tailgate a motorcycle (or any other vehicle). Allow
highways). Bicyclists may ride no more than two abreast yourself plenty of braking distance by adding an extra
and may not impede the normal flow of traffic. When being second to the following distance rule. In inclement
weather, double this distance.
Anticipate the motorcyclist’s movements. Although a Side No-Zones: Trucks, tractor-trailers, buses and RVs
motorcycle is not as wide as the lane, the rider will use have big No-Zones on both sides that are dangerous
the entire lane as traffic situations and road conditions because these vehicles must make wide turns. These
change. A slight change or debris on the road surface No-Zones or blind spots are much larger than your car’s
can be a major obstacle for a motorcyclist. Expect the blind spots. If you can’t see the driver’s face in his side
motorcycle to make sudden moves within the lane. view mirror, then
Never drive beside a motorcycle in the same lane. he can’t see you.
Yield to motorcycles. The size of a motorcycle can Rear No-Zone:
cause you to misjudge the motorcycle’s speed and Trucks, tractor-
distance. Before pulling out into traffic, check twice for trailers, buses and
motorcycles and use extra caution before you pull out RVs have huge
in front of one. No-Zones directly
If you want to obtain a motorcycle learner’s permit or license, behind them. The
refer to the Virginia Motorcycle O perator Manual (D MV 2) at driver can’t see
dmv.virginia.gov. your car behind
his vehicle and you
Light Rail: There is a light rail train system in Norfolk called can’t see what’s
The Tide. Light rail trains share the road with motor vehicles happening in
and bicyclists, and they intersect with motor vehicle traffic at traffic ahead of his
27 locations along the 7.4 mile route. Stay safe when driving vehicle. If the truck,
around The Tide by obeying the tips below. bus or RV brakes or
stops suddenly, you
Pay attention to changing traffic patterns and always
have no place to go and could crash into the vehicle’s
follow the roadway.
rear-end. Always maintain a safe following distance.
Never drive around lowered crossing gates.
Front No-Zone: You could get rear-ended by a truck, bus
Always look both ways before turning across train or RV if you cut in front too soon after passing the vehicle
tracks. or if you cut in front and then suddenly slow down. The
Expect trains on any track at any time. truck, bus and RV drivers would be forced to slam on
Always obey signs and traffic signals. their brakes. These vehicles need nearly twice the time
and room to stop as cars. A truck and its trailer may be as
Never stop, pass or shift on train tracks. long as 65 feet and it may take you more than half a mile
Don’t cross train tracks unless you have enough room to of clear road to pass. When passing, look for the entire
cross without stopping and can clear the tracks to a safe front of the truck in your rearview mirror before pulling
distance. in front. And then, maintain your speed.
Wide Turns: Trucks, buses and RVs sometimes need to
For more info about light rail safety, visit www.gohrt.com or
swing wide to the left or right to safely make a turn. They
call (757) 222-6100.
can’t see the cars directly behind or beside them. In fact,
Low Speed Vehicles: These electrically- or gas-powered their blind spots may stretch up to 20 feet in front of
four-wheel vehicles have a maximum speed ranging from the cab and approximately 200 feet behind the vehicle.
21 to 25 MPH . Low speed vehicles may be operated on Never try to squeeze between a truck, bus or RV and the
public roads with speed limits of 35 MPH or less by licensed curb or another vehicle.
drivers or learner’s permit holders accompanied by a licensed
Light to Medium Trailers: These trailers are attached to
driver. Low speed vehicles must comply with all federal
mid-sized cars and trucks with safety chains and a trailer hitch.
safety standards and must meet Virginia’s requirements for
Large side mirrors are generally needed to increase visibility.
passenger vehicle registration and insurance coverage. Golf
Towing a trailer places additional stress on the vehicle; it takes
carts are not classified as low speed vehicles.
the vehicle twice as long to pass, stop, accelerate and turn.
Trucks, Tractor-Trailers, Buses and RVs: Trucks, tractor- Remember the No-Zones described under Trucks,
trailers, buses and recreational vehicles (RVs) – including Tractor-Trailers and RVs.
motor homes, campers and travel trailers – are longer, higher
and wider than other vehicles. They accelerate slowly and Before driving a vehicle with a light to medium trailer
require greater stopping and turning distances. Plus, there are attached, perform a safety inspection before each trip. Ensure:
danger areas around these vehicles where crashes are more the pin securing the ball mount to the receiver is intact
likely to occur. These areas are called No-Zones. No-Zones the hitch coupler is secured
on the side, front and rear also include blind spots where your
safety chains are properly attached
car disappears from the driver’s view. Learning the No-Zones
can save your life. the electrical plug is properly installed
brake lights, turn signals, and license plate lights are

functioning properly.
Without a curb:
Before pulling a trailer on public roads, find a location such as Turn the front
a vacant parking lot to practice and get the feel for how your wheels so that if the
vehicle and trailer will handle. vehicle rolls, the
rear of the vehicle
When driving a vehicle with a light to medium trailer will roll away from
attached: traffic.
always allow for the added length of the trailer when Parking Parking uphill
you change lanes downhill — no — no curb
if your trailer starts to sway, slow down curb Turn front Turn front
wheels right wheels right
when backing up, place your hand on the bottom of the
steering wheel. If you cannot see where you are backing
up, have someone outside to help guide you. To back Be aware of other traffic when exiting your vehicle. Look
the trailer to the left, use your left hand to move the for other cars, bicyclists, and pedestrians before opening the
wheel left. To back the trailer to the right, use your right door.
hand to move the wheel to the right.
You may not park:
Backing beside another parked vehicle (double parking)
on crosswalks or sidewalks
The most common mistake that drivers make when backing
in front of driveways
up is failing to look both ways behind them. Mirrors do not
give you a full view. To see as much as possible, turn your within areas where parking is prohibited by curbs
body and head to the right and look out through the rear painted yellow or No Parking signs
window. Back up slowly and check for pedestrians and in a parking space reserved for disabled persons
approaching traffic by glancing quickly to either side. in striped access aisles adjacent to a parking space
reserved for disabled persons
Parking on the hard surface of a road when no curb is present
within 15 feet of a fire hydrant
When parking on a public road, move as far from traffic as
possible. If you park on a shoulder, pull over as far on the within 20 feet of an intersection
shoulder as possible. If you park next to a curb, pull close to in a bike lane
it. You may not park more than one foot from the curb. O n a within 15 feet of the entrance to a fire, ambulance or
two-way street, park on the right side of the road. O n a rescue squad station
one-way road, park on either side.
within 500 feet of where fire trucks or equipment are
stopped answering an alarm
Parking on a hill within 50 feet of a railroad crossing
With a curb: Turn in such a way that you block or create a hazard for
the front wheels other vehicles in a designated traffic lane
of your vehicle to
prevent it from rolling
into the street.
Visibility
Most of what you do while driving depends on what you
see. To be a good driver, you need to know what to look
for, where to look, and how to adjust to possible problems.
The single biggest contributor to crashes is failing to identify
a risk. Always know where other vehicles are positioned
Parking Parking uphill
around you. You must look down the road, to the sides, and
downhill — with — with curb
behind your vehicle. You must also be alert for unexpected
curb Turn front Turn front
events, especially pedestrians and bicyclists. You must use
wheels right wheels left
your headlights at night and at other times when it’s hard to
see. You must be alert and pay attention to what is going on
around you.
Lights When rain begins, during the first half-hour, roads are more
likely to be slippery due to oil on the road surface mixing
Virginia law requires motorists to use headlights during with water. Use caution when driving through ponded water,
inclement weather such as rain, fog, snow or sleet when and avoid it if possible. Ponded water can cause vehicles to
visibility is reduced to 500 feet. You must use your headlights hydroplane or otherwise lose control.
whenever you use your windshield wipers as a result of bad
weather. Using headlights at all times, including during the day,
increases your vehicle’s visibility. Sno w
Remove snow and ice from your entire car, including the roof,
Hazardous Conditions hood and rear of the vehicle, before you start driving. Snow
and ice left on the car can fly off when the vehicle is moving
Driving becomes hazardous when visibility is reduced or when and create a hazard for other motorists. Be sure to clear all of
the road surface is covered with rain, snow or ice. Reducing your windows, mirrors and front and rear lights of snow or ice
your speed should be your first response to decreased visibility so you can see and communicate with other drivers.
and dangerous road conditions. Increase your space cushion
by doubling your normal following distance (refer to the Equip your car with all-weather snow tires or chains to help
Maintaining a Space Cushion section for more information). prevent skidding and reduce stopping distance.
Turn on your headlights.
Driving on packed snow is similar to driving on ice. When you
brake, apply the brakes gently. Slow down before stopping or
Night Driving turning.
At sunset, as soon as light begins to fade, turn on your
headlights to make your vehicle more visible to others. You When driving on slippery surfaces and you need to stop,
must use headlights from sunset to sunrise. release the accelerator and apply brakes gently. You have
the most traction and control when the front tires are rolling.
Use low-beams when driving in cities and towns, except Keeping a slow, steady speed – rather than hard braking – will
on streets where there is no lighting. Switch to low-beams allow you to control your vehicle.
whenever you meet oncoming traffic to avoid blinding the
other driver. When following, use low-beams whenever you Watch for ice on bridges and in shady areas. Bridges freeze
are within 200 feet of the vehicle ahead. before other road surfaces.
Use high-beam headlights on highways, unless another

vehicle is within 500 feet coming toward you. If the high- Dangerous Driving Behaviors
beams of an oncoming car are on, avoid looking directly at
the bright lights. Glance toward the side of the road, then
look quickly ahead to determine the other vehicle’s position. A ggressive Driving
Keep doing this until you have passed the other vehicle. Even This dangerous driving behavior is defined by Virginia law
if the other driver does not dim his headlights, do not turn on as the intent to harass, intimidate, injure or obstruct another
your high-beam headlights. person while committing one or more traffic offenses such
as failing to stop or yield the right-of-way, avoiding a traffic
control device or failing to give way to an overtaking vehicle.
Fog
Fog reflects light and can reflect your own headlights back into When aggressive drivers are behind the wheel, these
your eyes. Use low-beam headlights in heavy fog and look high-risk drivers take out their anger on other motorists.
for road edge markings to guide you. Even light fog reduces Their frustration levels run high while their concerns for fellow
visibility and your ability to judge distances, so slow down. motorists run low. They break the law by running stop signs
and red lights, speeding, tailgating, weaving in and out of
traffic, passing on the right (including on the shoulder and
Rain unpaved portions of the road), making improper and unsafe
Driving in heavy rain can be as hazardous as driving in fog, lane changes, as well as making hand and facial gestures,
especially if the wind is blowing. O ther vehicles to the rear screaming, honking and flashing their lights.
and in blind spot areas are especially difficult to see when it’s
raining. Protect yourself. If you see an aggressive driver, stay out of the
way. Don’t challenge the aggressive driver by speeding up or
Use your low-beam headlights to see and be seen. In light trying to out-maneuver him. Avoid eye contact and ignore his
rain or drizzle, turn on your windshield wipers to improve gestures and shouting.
visibility; using wipers for sprinkles may smear the windshield
and make it harder to see, so make sure you have windshield Remember, if you are convicted of aggressive driving, your
washer fluid. license could be suspended for ten days or for as long as six
months.
Distracted Driving Limit long distance driving. Stop at least every two
hours for rest.
Driving requires your full attention. There are many
distractions that may prevent drivers from focusing on Stop at a safe place and take a nap. As little as 10 to 20
driving: changing the music selection/podcast/GPS, talking to minutes of sleep can make a big difference.
passengers, observing outside surroundings, eating, using a If possible, drive with a companion and switch drivers
cell phone and more. When on the road, drivers should not when necessary. Always let a well-rested person drive.
use cell phones, computers or other distracting devices except
Avoid driving from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
to report a crash or emergency. Before engaging in distracting
behavior, pull over and stop the vehicle in a safe location. Rolling down a window, chewing gum, turning up the radio,
or consuming caffeine, energy drinks or other stimulants do
Virginia law prohibits drivers from holding cell phones or
not prevent drowsy driving and are not reliable methods for
any other wireless communication devices while driving
staying awake. Drowsy driving is a type of impaired driving
except in a driver emergency or the vehicle is lawfully parked
and puts the driver and everyone else on the roadway at risk
or stopped. A mobile phone or other telecommunications
for harm. If you observe a drowsy driver, find a safe place to
device may be used for navigation, as long as the driver is not
stop or ask a passenger to call law enforcement. Be able to
entering information or holding it while driving.
describe the location, vehicle and actions you observed.
Annually, driver distraction accounts for roughly 17 percent
of all traffic crashes in Virginia. Why is distracted driving so Drunk and Drugged Driving
deadly? Because while the driver is distracted, the vehicle may
Legally, drivers age 21 or older are considered to be driving
move into a high risk situation. The driver then loses precious
under the influence (DUI) if your blood alcohol content
seconds before recognizing the situation and must make an
(BAC) is .08 percent or higher. If your driving is impaired, you
emergency maneuver. Young distracted drivers are even more
can be convicted of driving under the influence with a BAC
susceptible. Failure to maintain proper control, following too
lower than .08 percent. If under age 21, you can be convicted
closely, and not yielding the right-of-way are common actions
of illegal consumption of alcohol if your BAC is at least .02
of young distracted drivers. Inexperience in handling or
but less than .08. If your BAC is .08 or higher you could be
controlling a vehicle during an emergency situation combined
convicted of a D UI. If your driving is impaired because you
with distracted driving (cell phone use, other passengers, eyes
are under the influence of any drug, you may face the same
not on the road, etc.) puts them at greater risk of a crash.
penalties as driving under the influence of alcohol.
Don’t let this happen to you. Take the following precautions.
Researchers estimate that between the hours of 10 PM and
Keep your eyes on the road and your hands on the 2 AM three out of every ten drivers are drunk. More than
wheel at all times. one-third of these drivers have been drinking at someone
Set or adjust the controls on the vehicle and other else’s home. Nearly 50 percent of the drivers arrested for
devices as soon as you get in the car and before you D UI are social to moderate drinkers. Don’t think that it won’t
begin driving. happen to you. In your lifetime, there’s a 50-50 chance that
Do not use a cell phone. you’ll be involved in an alcohol-related crash.
Just one alcoholic drink can affect your driving ability

Dro wsy Driving because even a small amount of alcohol affects the brain’s
functions – particularly vision, judgment, and coordination.
Constant yawning, head nodding, heavy eyelids, difficulty
remembering the last few miles driven, missing road signs or
Because alcohol affects your judgment and driving ability,
exits, unplanned lane changes, driving off the road or hitting
your chances of being in a crash are seven times greater if you
rumble strips are all signs of drowsy driving. Driving while you
drive after drinking than if you drive sober.
are sleepy increases your crash risk as you struggle to process
complex information coming from different places at once. Twelve ounces of beer is the same as a shot of liquor or a
You may make careless driving decisions, have trouble paying five-ounce glass of wine.
attention or actually fall asleep while driving.
Only time can decrease intoxication. Coffee, cold showers or
To avoid drowsy driving: exercise will not sober you up.
Get plenty of quality sleep before a trip.
Avoid alcoholic beverages and heavy foods. Alcohol-related crashes are not accidents. They can be
prevented! The only way to avoid the risks of drinking and
Beware of medications that can impair your driving driving is to decide before you start drinking that you are not
ability. going to drive. Remember, alcohol affects judgment. Making
the decision not to drive is a lot more difficult after one or
two drinks.
When attending a social event where alcohol will be name and address of each witness
consumed, plan ahead for a sober ride home by using name, address and insurance policy number of
alternative transportation or having a sober driver. other vehicle owners
Combining alcohol with other drugs usually multiplies the notify your insurance company immediately.
effects of both and can have a disastrous effect on your
ability to drive. O ne drink taken when you are on another Law enforcement officers are required to forward a written
drug – even an aspirin, or allergy or cold medicine – could crash report to D MV when a traffic crash results in injury or
have the same effect on your driving ability as drinking several the death of any person or total property damage is in excess
alcoholic beverages. of $1,500. All crash information will be recorded on the D MV
records of each driver involved in the crash.
Almost any drug can reduce your ability to drive safely.
It’s not just illegal drugs that cause problems. Many over-the- You must make a reasonable effort to find the owner of an
counter medications and prescription drugs for headaches, unattended vehicle or other property damaged in a crash.
hay fever, colds, allergies or nervous conditions can cause If you cannot locate anyone, leave a note that can be found
drowsiness and dizziness. This includes syrups, drops, sprays, easily at the scene of the crash. Include your name, telephone
pills and tablets. They often affect driver alertness and slow number, the date and time of the crash, and a description
reaction time. Although the possession of marijuana and of the damage. You must also report the crash to the police
marijuana products (over the age of 21) is legal, driving within 24 hours.
under the influence of marijuana is still illegal. Smoking or
consuming cannabis will affect how you drive.
Deer/Large Animal Hazards
Read the label before taking any drug or medicine. Look for Tens of thousands of crashes with deer, elk, and bears take
warnings about side effects. If you’re uncertain about the place in Virginia each year, resulting in fatalities, injuries and
effects of a drug, ask your pharmacist or doctor for advice. costly vehicle damage. To avoid hitting a deer or other large
Remember that, while the effects may vary among users, no animal:
drug is harmless.
Be alert at dusk and dawn especially in the fall.
Slow down if you see a large animal near or crossing the
Traffic Crashes road. Large animals frequently travel in groups; there
are likely others nearby.
If you are involved in a traffic crash, you must:
Use the horn to scare the animal away.
stop at the scene of the crash or as close to the scene
If a collision with a deer or other animal is unavoidable,
as possible without blocking traffic. Drivers must move
do not swerve. Brake firmly, stay in your lane, and come
vehicles from the road immediately if the vehicles are
to a controlled stop.
able to be moved, no one is injured and the driver is
capable of safely doing so. If you hit a large animal, report it to law enforcement.
be careful when exiting your vehicle. Keep your vehicle
between you and moving traffic if possible.
give any help you can if someone is injured. Do not
attempt to move an injured person from a wrecked
vehicle unless you have the necessary medical training
or there is an immediate danger such as fire.
report the crash to the police as quickly as possible.
Motor vehicle crashes involving property damage,
personal injury or death must be reported to the police.
exchange information with other people involved
in the crash as soon as possible. Be sure to get the
following information:
name, address and driver’s license number of
other drivers
license plate numbers of other vehicles
name and address of anyone who was injured
Section 4: Seat Belts, Air Bags and Child Safety Seats
Traffic Stops Section 4:

If you are stopped by a police officer:
Remain calm.
Seat Belts, Air Bags and
Pull your vehicle to the side of the road in a safe
location and park.
Child Safety Seats
Stay in your vehicle. Do not get out unless the officer
asks you to.
Turn on your flashers.
If you are pulled over at night, turn on your vehicle’s
interior lights.
Turn off your engine, radio, and any other device that
could block communication with the officer.
Roll down your window so that you can communicate
with the officer. An officer may approach your vehicle
on the driver or passenger side for safety reasons.
Keep your safety belt fastened and ask your passengers
to keep their belts fastened.
Keep your hands in plain view, preferably on the
steering wheel. Ask your passengers to keep their In this section you’ll learn about:
hands in plain view also. Seat belts
Do not make any movement that will make the officer Air bags
think you are hiding or reaching for something.
Child safety seats
Carry proper identification: a valid driver’s license,
proof of vehicle registration and proof of insurance. If
the officer asks for these documents, tell him where
they are and reach for them slowly, keeping one hand
on the steering wheel. Wearing seat belts, also called safety belts,
If the officer is driving an unmarked car or is not in can double your chances of surviving a crash and more than
uniform, you may ask to see his or her identification. double your chances of avoiding serious injury.
Answer the officer’s questions fully and clearly. If you
disagree with the officer, do not discuss your point of Seat Belts
view at that time. You will have your chance to make
your case in court. Under Virginia law, the driver and all front seat passengers
You will be asked to sign the citation. Sign the citation; must wear safety belts. A driver transporting anyone younger
this is not an admission of guilt. Refusal to sign the than age 18 must ensure that the passenger is properly
citation may result in your arrest. Or, you may be secured in a safety belt, booster seat or child safety seat no
required to go to the police station. matter where the child is seated in the vehicle.
Remember to wear your lap belt low on your lap and against
your thighs. Wear your shoulder belt over your shoulder and
across your chest. Never wear your shoulder belt behind your
back or under your arm. Your shoulder and lap belts should
be snug. Pregnant women are much safer if buckled up by
wearing the belt as low on the pelvis as possible.
Exception: A waiver of the seat belt requirement may be

granted by a licensed physician if the use of a safety belt is
not reasonable due to the driver’s or passenger’s physical or
medical condition. The person granted the waiver must carry
the physician’s signed written statement identifying the person
with the waiver and the reason for the waiver.
Air Bags A waiver of the child restraint law may be granted by
a licensed physician if using a child restraint would be
Air bags, when used properly with safety belts, cushion drivers unreasonable due to the child’s weight, physical fitness
and passengers as they move forward in a front-end crash. or other medical reasons. The person responsible for
By providing a cushion, the air bag keeps the head, neck and transporting this child must carry the signed written
chest from hitting the steering column or dashboard, and statement by the physician identifying the child and stating
reduces the force of impact. the grounds for the waiver.
If your vehicle is equipped with air bags: The driver is responsible for making sure that children are
properly secured. If you are convicted of violating the child
Always buckle up and have all passengers in the vehicle
restraint law, you will be fined $50. A second or subsequent
buckle up.
offense could mean a $500 penalty.
Move your seat back so that you are at least ten inches
from the steering wheel.
When traveling with children:
If your steering wheel is adjustable, tilt it downward.
This points the air bag toward your chest instead of your The safest place to install a child safety seat is in the
head and neck. center of the back seat.
Children ages 12 and under are safer buckled up in the Numerous child safety seat checks are held in localities
back seat. across Virginia. Attend one of these checks to make
sure that your child’s safety seat is installed correctly.
For more information about air bags, including applying for Visit www.vdh.virginia.gov for more information.
an on/off switch, contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Never hold a child in your lap. In a crash, the
Administration (N HTSA) at www.nhtsa.dot.gov or toll-free child may be crushed between your body and the
hotline at 1-800-424-9393. dashboard or the back of the seat.
Make sure that all car doors are securely closed and
locked before driving. If your car is equipped with
Child Safety Seats a child safety lock, turn it on. Don’t allow children
to play with door handles or locks. If you must open
Securing a child in a correctly installed child safety seat can
a door, pull the vehicle off the road and come to a
significantly reduce the possibility of death or injury.
complete stop.
All children under age 8 must be properly secured in a Never allow children to ride in the luggage area of
child safety seat or booster seat when riding in vehicles hatchbacks, station wagons or vans.
manufactured after January 1, 1968. Children should ride Never leave a hatchback open when a child is riding in
rear facing from birth to 2 years, or as long as the safety seat the back seat.
manufacturer allows. If the vehicle does not have a back seat,
It is illegal to transport children under age 16 in the
a rear facing child seat may be placed in the front passenger
bed of a pickup truck, even if equipped with a camper
seat if the vehicle is not equipped with a passenger side air
shell.
bag or if the passenger air bag is turned off. Children should
ride facing forward in a child safety seat or booster seat until
at least age 8, or until they can attain a proper seat belt fit.
Criteria for sitting without a booster seat:

Lap belt lies snugly across the upper thighs
Shoulder belt lies snugly across the shoulder and chest
Tall enough to sit without slouching
Able to keep knees naturally bent over the edge of the
vehicle seat
Able to sit all the way back against the vehicle seat back
Able to keep feet flat on the floor
Able to sit this way for entire trip
Section 5: Penalties
If you break certain laws or

Section 5: repeatedly violate the laws of Virginia, your driving privilege
may be suspended or revoked by the court and/or D MV.
Penalties If your license is suspended, your privilege to drive has

been withdrawn temporarily. You may pay the required
fees and reinstate your license at the end of the suspension
period. Also, you will be required to show proof of legal
presence, which means you are either a U.S. citizen or legally
authorized by the federal government to be in the U.S. During
the suspension period, if your license has been expired for
one year or more, you must show proof of legal presence and
pass the two-part knowledge, road skills and vision exams to
have your driving privilege reinstated.
Revocation means that your privilege to drive has been

terminated. Your driving privilege may be restored if you
re-apply for a driver’s license and show proof of legal
presence after the revocation period has passed. You must
successfully complete the vision screening, two-part
knowledge exam and road skills tests and pay the required
fees when you re-apply.
In this section you’ll learn about: Conviction-Related Suspensions and

License suspension Revocations
License revocation
Conviction-related suspensions and The court or D MV will suspend or revoke your privilege to
revocations drive if you are convicted of any of the following offenses:
Other DMV requirements, suspensions operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of
and revocations alcohol or drugs (D UI)
Driver Improvement Program injuring another person as a result of operating a motor

vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs
Medical review program
operating a motor vehicle while suspended or revoked
Insurance monitoring program for a D UI
Suspension for failing to satisfy child operating a motor vehicle that is not equipped with the
support-related requirements ignition interlock device when it is required by the court
Alcohol and the law or D MV
Administrative License Suspension making a false statement to D MV
Open alcohol containers in vehicles failing to stop and identify yourself at the scene of a
Transporting children while under the crash if someone has been injured or killed
influence of alcohol/ drugs voluntary or involuntary manslaughter resulting from
Vehicle impoundment driving a motor vehicle
Restitution involuntary manslaughter resulting from operating a
motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol
Alcohol related violations and
penalties involving persons under committing a motor vehicle-related drug offense
age 21 committing a felony involving the use of a motor vehicle
taking a driver’s license exam for another person, or
appearing for another person to renew a license
eluding police
The court may suspend or revoke your driving privilege if you

are convicted of the following offenses:
reckless or aggressive driving
operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s If you receive 18 demerit points within 12 months or 24
license points within 24 months, D MV will suspend your driving
driving while your license is revoked or suspended for a privilege for 90 days and require that you complete a driver
non-D UI related conviction improvement clinic.
refusing to take a blood/breath test when charged with For more detailed information on the Driver Improvement
driving while under the influence of alcohol/drugs Program for juveniles and adults and the actions taken by
D MV, refer to dmv.virginia.gov or A Different Kind of Crash
Refer to the D MV website under Reinstating Driving Privileges
Course (D MV 114) brochure.
and Restricted Driving Privileges for information on other
reasons for suspensions/revocations, requirements to reinstate
your driving privilege, and eligibility for restricted driving M edical Revie w Program
privileges.
D MV is responsible for making sure that drivers are able to
safely operate motor vehicles. When D MV receives a report
that a driver may have a physical or mental condition that
Other DMV Requirements, affects his ability to drive safely, a medical review of the driver
Suspensions and Revocations may be conducted. D MV is concerned about any condition
that impairs the driver’s:
Driver Im prove m ent Program level of consciousness
If you are a Virginia resident, D MV is responsible for perception (vision)
maintaining a driving record of all convictions received from judgment
the court. When convictions are added to your record, D MV motor skills
assigns demerit points to traffic offenses and moving
violations. D MV also monitors your driving record to see how D epending upon the situation, D MV may require you
many demerit points you receive within a 12-month and to submit a medical or vision report completed by your
24-month period. Convictions may be assigned three, four or physician and/or to pass the two-part knowledge exam and/or
six demerit points. For more information, refer to the road skills test.
Moving Violations and Points Assessment (D MV 115)
publication available at dmv.virginia.gov or D MV customer O nce the medical review is completed, D MV will decide
service centers. whether to:
suspend your driving privilege
Under Age 18: If you are convicted of a demerit point
traffic violation (or safety belt/child restraint violation) restrict your driving privilege
committed when you were under age 18, D MV will require require you to submit periodic medical and/or vision
that you complete a driver improvement clinic. If you do reports, or
not complete the clinic within 90 days, D MV will suspend
end the medical review with no other requirements
your driving privilege until you complete the clinic and pay a
reinstatement fee. If D MV suspends your driving privilege as a result of medical
review action, you will not be required to present legal
After your second conviction for a demerit point traffic
presence proof documents to reinstate your driving privilege
violation (or safety belt/child restraint violation) committed
unless required to do so for another suspension/revocation or
when you were under age 18, D MV will suspend your driving
your license expires.
privilege for 90 days. Your third conviction will result in a
revocation of your driving privilege for one year or until you Refer to the D MV publication, Medical Fitness for Safe
reach age 18, whichever is longer. Driving (MED 80), for more detailed information on the
Medical Review Program.
Age 18 or 19: D MV will require you to complete a driver
improvement clinic if you are convicted of a demerit point or
safety belt/child restraint violation committed while you were Insurance M onitoring Program
age 18 or 19.
D MV is responsible for making sure that all owners of vehicles
with a valid registration comply with the Virginia laws on
Age 18 or Older: D MV will require you to complete a driver
insurance requirements. When registering a motor vehicle,
improvement clinic if you accumulate 12 demerit points
you must sign a statement on the registration application that
within 12 months or 18 points within 24 months. If you do
you have liability insurance coverage for your motor vehicle,
not complete the clinic within 90 days, D MV will suspend
or pay the $500 uninsured motor vehicle fee. D MV will
your driving privilege.
suspend your driving privilege if:
you do not submit the requested insurance policy O pen Alcohol Containers in Vehicles
information to verify that you have liability insurance
You may be charged with drinking while operating a motor
coverage
vehicle if you:
there is a break in your insurance policy coverage and
are stopped by law enforcement and you have an open
you do not return your license plates to D MV
container of alcohol in the passenger area and the
Refer to dmv.virginia.gov for more detailed information on contents have been partially removed, and
Insurance Monitoring activities by D MV. show signs that you have been drinking
The passenger area means the area that seats the driver and
passengers and any area within the driver’s reach, including
Suspensions for Failing to Satisfy Child
an unlocked glove compartment.
Support-Related Require m ents
The Division of Child Support Enforcement will direct D MV
to suspend your driving privilege if you: Transporting Children W hile Under the
are late making child support payments by 90 days or Influence of Alcohol/Drugs
$5,000, or Conviction of any D UI offense involving a juvenile passenger
fail to appear in court or comply with a subpoena, (age 17 or younger) in the vehicle at the time of the offense
summons or warrant related to paternity or child carries an additional mandatory five-day jail term plus all
support hearings other fines and jail sentences. You may also be charged
an additional fine of at least $500 and up to $1,000. A
Refer to the D MV website under Reinstatement for second D UI offense with a juvenile in the vehicle carries an
information on eligibility for restricted driving privileges and additional 80-hour community service requirement plus all
requirements to reinstate your driving privilege. other fines and jail sentences.
Alcohol and the Law Vehicle Im pound m ent

Your vehicle will be impounded immediately for 30 days if
If you are arrested for drinking and driving, the penalties are you are caught driving after your license has been suspended
severe. If the police have probable cause to stop you and for an alcohol-related offense. The court can impound the
suspect that you have been drinking or using drugs, they will vehicle for an additional 90 days if you are convicted.
ask you to take a breath or blood test. Under implied consent Also, your vehicle will be impounded by law enforcement if
laws, if you operate a motor vehicle on Virginia’s public you operate a motor vehicle without a license after you have
roads, you agree to take a breath test upon request. If you previously been convicted of driving without a license. The
are involved in a motor vehicle crash and a law enforcement vehicle will remain impounded until you obtain a license or
officer has probable cause, you can be arrested for D UI for three days, whichever is less.
within three hours of the crash without a warrant and at any
location.
Restitution
D epending on the laws of the city or county in which you
A d ministrative License Suspension
are driving, you may be responsible for paying the cost (up
If you refuse a breath test or your BAC is .08 percent or to $1,000) for law enforcement, emergency medical services,
higher while you are driving and law enforcement charges fire fighters and rescue personnel who respond to a crash or
you with driving while under the influence of alcohol/drugs, incident resulting from your D UI violation.
your driving privilege will be automatically suspended:
for seven days, for a first offense Alcohol Related Violations and Penalties
for 60 days or until you go to trial, whichever comes Involving Persons Under A ge 21
first, for a second offense Purchasing/Consuming Alcohol: If you are under age 21,
until the trial, for a third D UI offense you cannot purchase, possess or consume alcohol. If you are
convicted of driving after illegally consuming alcohol, and
If you are convicted of D UI, the court and D MV will impose your BAC was at least .02 percent and less than .08 percent,
a suspension/revocation and other penalties in addition to the court penalty will include:
the administrative license suspension. If you receive multiple a suspension of your driving privilege for one year from
D UI convictions, the suspension/revocation periods will run the date of conviction, and
consecutively.
a minimum mandatory fine of $500, or
the requirement that you complete at least 50 hours of
community service.
If you are convicted of driving after illegally consuming
Section 6:
alcohol and your BAC was .08 percent or higher, you may
face the same penalties as an adult.
Providing Alcoholic Beverages: If you provide or sell

alcoholic beverages to a person under age 21 or someone License Types
who is intoxicated or ordered by a court to refrain from
drinking alcohol, you are subject to a fine up to $2,500,
mandatory suspension of your driver’s license for up to one
year, and 12 months in jail.
Misrepresentation of Age: If you are under age 21 and you

use or attempt to use a fake ID to establish a false age in an
attempt to drink or purchase alcohol, you will:
be fined at least $500
be required to perform at least 50 hours of community
service
face up to 12 months in jail, and
face mandatory suspension of your driver’s license for at
least six months but not more than one year
Virginia has a zero tolerance law against underage
drinking
In this section you’ll learn about:
Learner’s Permit
Driver’s License
Commercial Driver’s License
School Bus Driver’s License
Motorcycle Learner’s Permit
Motorcycle Driver’s License
International Driver’s License
Whenever you drive, you must carry a

valid driver’s license or learner’s permit with you. Any misuse
of your driver’s license or learner’s permit is illegal. You could
be fined, sentenced to jail, or your license may be suspended.
Learner’s Permit
A learner’s permit allows you to operate a motor vehicle
when a licensed driver at least 21 years of age is seated in the
front passenger seat. The driver with you must hold a valid
driver’s license, be alert and able to assist you while you are
driving. The licensed driver with you may be age 18, 19, or
20 if he or she is your legal guardian, brother, sister, half-
brother, half-sister, step brother or stepsister. If you are age
19 or older, you must hold a learner’s permit for 60 days, or
present a driver’s education certificate of completion to apply
for a driver’s license. For more information about obtaining
a learner’s permit, refer to the Parents in the Driver’s Seat
(D MV 16) publication available at dmv.virginia.gov and
D MV customer service centers.
Section 6: License Types
Driver’s License International Driver’s License

A driver’s license allows you to operate any vehicle or An international driver’s license is not a valid driver’s
small truck less than 26,001 pounds that is exempt from license and does not allow you to drive. It is only a foreign
commercial driver’s license (C DL) requirements. For more translation of your existing valid driver’s license to be used
information about obtaining a driver’s license, refer to when you are traveling outside of the U.S. These permits
the publication O btaining a Virginia Driver’s License or are issued by your local AAA, except to persons whose
Identification Card (D MV 141) available at dmv.virginia.gov driving privilege is suspended or revoked.
or D MV customer service centers.
If you are visiting the U.S. from a foreign country, you
may drive using your driver’s license issued by your home
Commercial Driver’s License country. Your home country driver’s license should be
accompanied by a translation of the license.
A commercial driver’s license (C DL) allows you to operate
tractor-trailers, passenger buses, tank vehicles, school buses International driver’s licenses marketed by private sector
for 16 or more occupants (including the driver), or vehicles businesses are not valid and do not allow you to legally
carrying hazardous materials. For more information about operate a motor vehicle. Sale of any document claiming to
C DL, refer to the Commercial Driver License Manual (D MV be a driver’s license is a Class 1 misdemeanor.
60V and D MV 60A) available at dmv.virginia.gov under
forms or any D MV customer service center.
School Bus Driver’s License

If you wish to operate a school bus designed to carry 15
occupants (including the driver), you do not need to obtain
a commercial driver’s license. H owever, you will need to
take the commercial driver and school bus tests to obtain the
school bus endorsement on your driver’s license. You will
be restricted to driving a bus designed to carry 15 occupants
(including the driver). This restriction will be printed on your
license. For more information about licensing requirements
to operate larger school buses, refer to Commercial Driver
License Manual (D MV 60V and D MV 60A) available at
dmv.virginia.gov under forms or any D MV customer service
center.
Section 7: Whether you are learning to drive
for the first time, new to Virginia or brushing up on your safe
Other Important driving knowledge, there are additional requirements that all
Virginia drivers should know.
Information Receiving License by Mail

You will receive your new driver’s license in the mail. For
security, D MV does not issue licenses in customer service
centers.
Address Changes
If you move, you are required to notify D MV within 30 days.
The postal service will not forward your license to another
address. If D MV does not have your correct address, the
postal service will return the license to D MV.
New to Virginia
If you are a new Virginia resident and drive, you must obtain
In this section you’ll learn about: a Virginia driver’s license within 60 days of moving here.
Receiving your license by mail
Address changes
Titles, Registrations, License Plates,
New to Virginia
Titles, registrations, license plates, decals
Decals
Safety inspections Title and register your vehicle and obtain Virginia license
Insurance requirements plates within 30 days of moving to Virginia. License plates
must be displayed on the front and rear of the vehicle. D ecals
Applying to register to vote
indicating the month and year that the registration expires
Organ, eye and tissue donation must be placed in the designated areas on the plates (except
for vehicles displaying permanent plates).
You must have the vehicle registration card with you when
operating the vehicle. You must also register your vehicle
in your locality, if required. Check with your city or county
government.
Safety Inspections
Your vehicle must pass an annual vehicle safety inspection
and display a valid safety inspection sticker. In certain
localities, your vehicle also must pass an emissions inspection.
For more information about Virginia safety inspections, visit
the Virginia State Police website at www.vsp.virginia.gov.
Tire Safety Inspection

O nce every month, or before a long road trip, check your
tires for wear and damage problems by using the penny test.
1. Take a penny and hold Abraham Lincoln’s body
between your thumb and forefinger.
Section 7: Other Important Information
2. Select a point on your tire where the tread appears If you are caught driving without insurance and you did not
to be lowest and place Lincoln’s head into one of the pay the uninsured motor vehicle fee, D MV will suspend your
grooves. driving privilege until you:
3. If any part of Lincoln’s head is covered by the tread, pay a $600 noncompliance fee or apply and be
you’re driving with the safe amount of tread. If your approved for a payment plan, and
tread gets below that, your car’s ability to grip the road have your insurance company file a certificate that you
in adverse conditions is greatly reduced. have a policy with the required coverage limits. You will
have to file this certificate of insurance for three years
Prior to entering the vehicle, check tire pressure using a tire
from the date you regain your driving privileges.
pressure gauge. The recommended PSI (pounds per square
inch) is located in the vehicle owner’s manual or the driver’s
side door jamb of the vehicle. Applying to Register to Vote
You may apply to register to vote or to change your voter
Insurance Requirements registration mailing address at any D MV office. Indicate your
intentions on the voter registration section of the driver’s
To register a vehicle and obtain license plates, you must have
license application. To apply to register to vote in Virginia, you
liability insurance or pay the $500 uninsured motor vehicle
must be a U.S. citizen, a resident of Virginia, and be at least
fee. Insure your vehicle with a company authorized to do
18 years old by the next general election. You must have had
business in Virginia. At a minimum, your insurance policy
your voting rights restored by a circuit court if you have been
must provide the following liability insurance coverage:
convicted of a felony or if you have been declared mentally
incompetent.
Liability Insurance Coverage Requirements
To check your voter registration status, contact your local
Injury or registrar or the D epartment of Elections at 1-800-552-9745
Injury or or TTY 711.
death of Property
death of one
two or more damage
person
people
Organ, Eye and Tissue Donation
Policies effective
before Jan. 1, $25,000 $50,000 $20,000 To sign up to be a donor and save lives, check yes on your
2022 driver’s license, learners permit, or ID card application. For
Policies effective more information about organ, eye, and tissue donation or to
on or after sign up online, visit www.donatelifevirginia.org.
$30,000 $60,000 $20,000
Jan. 1, 2022
If you are age 18 or older, your registered decision to be a
donor will be honored. If you are under age 18, you can
indicate your wishes to donate by checking yes; by law, your
Insurance companies may factor in their policy premium the parents and guardians must make the final decision. It is
driving records of any individual of driving age that resides important for all ages to share your decision to be a donor
within an insured’s household. If you have any questions with your friends and family.
regarding the potential impact a newly licensed driver may
have on your policy, you may wish to contact your insurance
agent.
In some cases, liability insurance requirements may be higher.

Refer to dmv.virginia.gov for more information about D MV’s
Insurance Verification Program and Financial Responsibility
Certifications.
Paying the uninsured motor vehicle fee does not provide

insurance coverage, but it allows you to register and operate
the vehicle in Virginia for a one-year period.
Insure your Virginia-registered vehicle during the entire

registration period even if it is not driven or is inoperable.
Before you cancel your insurance, return the license plates to
D MV and cancel the registration.
5. This road sign means:
Section 8: a. You may turn during the red light.

b. Pass only in the right lane.
Sample Knowledge Exam

c. O ne way street.
d. Do not turn during the red light.
6. If you drive after drinking, be aware that alcohol affects:

a. Your coordination.
b. Your vision.
c. Your judgment.
d. All of these.
7. If you are driving on an icy or slippery road and have to

stop:
a. Apply brakes gently.
b. Apply brakes in a normal manner.
c. Keep foot off brake and let compression stop you.
d. Press brakes firmly.
1. This road sign means: 8. The correct hand signal for stopping is:
a. Warning of a hazard. a. Right hand and arm pointing downward.
b. Yield right-of-way. b. Left hand and arm pointing straight out.
c. Railroad crossing. c. Left hand and arm pointing downward.
d. Speed limit. d. Left hand and arm pointing upward.
2. This road sign means: 9. When a school bus stops to load or unload children,
a. No U-turn. vehicles traveling in the same direction as the bus must:
b. Curve. a. Slow down and proceed with caution.
c. Turn right or left. b. Maintain speed.
d. Traffic flows only in the direction c. Stop, then proceed with caution.
of the arrow. d. Stop until all persons are clear and the bus
moves again.
3. This road sign means:

a. Right lane ends soon, merge left. 10. If you are involved in a crash, you must:
b. Soft shoulders. a. Take the person to the nearest hospital.
c. Low place in the road. b. Continue home and file a crash report.
d. Lane ends soon, merge right. c. Stop, help any injured, report the crash to the
police, exchange information and notify your
insurance company.
4. This road sign means: d. Check your car for damages.
a. Church.
b. First aid station. Answers on next page.
c. Intersection.
d. Railroad crossing.
Section 8: Sample Knowledge Exam
Correct Answers
1. A, 2. D, 3. A, 4. C, 5. D,
6. D, 7. A, 8. C, 9. D, 10. C
Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles
P. O. Box 27412
Richmond, Virginia 23269
(804) 497-7100
This manual is an informational tool. It does not supercede

the Code of Virginia, Virginia Administrative Code or any
other statute. To view Virginia’s motor vehicle laws, refer to
the Virginia Code, Title 46.2.
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D ear New Driver,

H O W TO PR OTECT YO UR LIFE BEHIN D T HE W HEEL

Section 1 – Testing Searching ...........................................................................19

Section 6 – License Types

Section 7 – Other Important

Section 8 – Sample Knowledge Exam

You may have the option of completing an 8-hour course

Road Skills Test Vision Screening

Flashing red arrow: At a flashing red arrow, come to a

High Occupancy Vehicle: These signs

Disabled Parking: Parking spaces marked

Reduced Speed Limit Ahead: Prepare

Deer Crossing: D eer cross the roadway in

Horse-Drawn Buggies: Regularly travel in this

Pedestrian Crossing: Watch for

School Zone/School Crossing:

Right Curve with Safe Speed Indicator:

Winding Road: The road ahead winds with

Railroad Crossing: Advance warning signs are

Roundabout: These signs indicate a circular

Right Curve – Side Road: The road ahead

Crossbuck, Flashing Lights and Gate: Gates

Note: School buses must always stop at railroad crossings,

Photo Speed Enforcement: This

Broken yellow center

Many two-lane roads in Virginia do not have lane markings

Solid white lines Yield line is a line of

Slow down as you approach toll plazas. Be extra cautious as

Bus-only lanes are indicated

High Occupancy Vehicles (H OV)

Every time you get behind the wheel, you accept

In this section you’ll learn about:

Passing is unlawful and unsafe:

O ver-correcting occurs when the driver turns the steering

Turning When making a U-turn, turn on your left-turn signal, stop,

Maintaining a Space Cushion Increase your following distance when driving:

Blind Spots overtaken from the rear by a faster-moving vehicle, bicyclists

brake lights, turn signals, and license plate lights are

Use high-beam headlights on highways, unless another

Just one alcoholic drink can affect your driving ability

Traffic Stops Section 4:

Exception: A waiver of the seat belt requirement may be

Criteria for sitting without a booster seat:

If you break certain laws or

Penalties If your license is suspended, your privilege to drive has

Revocation means that your privilege to drive has been

In this section you’ll learn about: Conviction-Related Suspensions and

Driver Improvement Program injuring another person as a result of operating a motor

The court may suspend or revoke your driving privilege if you

Alcohol and the Law Vehicle Im pound m ent

Providing Alcoholic Beverages: If you provide or sell

Misrepresentation of Age: If you are under age 21 and you

Whenever you drive, you must carry a

Driver’s License International Driver’s License

School Bus Driver’s License

Information Receiving License by Mail

Tire Safety Inspection

In some cases, liability insurance requirements may be higher.

Paying the uninsured motor vehicle fee does not provide

Insure your Virginia-registered vehicle during the entire